Esponjas (Demospongiae, Halichondrida) da costa do Maranhão, Brasil

Three species of Halichondrida, Dragmacidon reticulatus (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) (Axinellidae), Myrmekioderma rea (Laubenfels, 1934) (Desmoxyidae) and Topsentia ophiraphidites (Laubenfels, 1934) (Halichondriidae), collected from 30 to 184 m depths, were recorded for the first time from State of Maranhão, north-northeast coast of Brazilian shelf.

Freshwater sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) indicators of some coastal habitats in South America: redescriptions and key to identification

Surveys for freshwater sponges were performed at several water bodies at sandy environments along a north-south direction of particularly the Brazilian coastal line. The results allowed for the distinction of four different species-specific environments along this coastal border. The main fact considered was the dominant or the sole recurrent occurrence of a single sponge species at one particular habitat. The first one is that of the lagoonal mesohaline habitats at the tropical and subtropical realms, indicated by Spongilla alba Carter, 1849. The second one refers to shallow ponds among dunes at the tropical area indicated by Corvoheteromeyenia heterosclera (Ezcurra de Drago, 1974). The third one is that of also shallow ponds close to the dune belt at the temperate region indicated by Racekiela sheilae (Volkmer-Ribeiro, De Rosa-Barbosa & Tavares, 1988). The fourth one is that of organically enriched environments, at the marginal areas of lagoons and mouth of small rivers, evolving towards freshwater muddy ponds and coastal swamps, not far from the ocean border: Ephydatia facunda Weltner, 1895 is the species to occupy this habitat with almost exclusiveness. The above species are thus proposed as indicators of such habitats and have their descriptions improved and that of their environments summarized. A taxonomic key based on the spicules of the four species is proposed. The results presented aim to contribute to the identification of spicules of these sponges in sediment columns recovered at the Brazilian and South American coastal area. Determination of paleo ocean borders are a present issue of upmost importance in what respects projections of timing and fluctuations of ascending/regressing sea levels.

Freshwater sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) in a benthic filter feeding community at the Guanacaste Dry Forest, Costa Rica

The freshwater sponges Trochospongilla variabilis Bonetto & Ezcurra de Drago (1973), Radiospongilla crateriformis (Potts, 1882), Spongilla cenota Penney & Racek (1968) and Corvoheteromeyenia heterosclera (Ezcurra de Drago, 1974) compose with the sphaerid bivalve Eupera cubensis (Prime, 1865) and several Phylactolaemata bryozoans a benthic filter feeding community living in seasonal lentic and lotic habitats with high Particulate Organic Carbon (POC), low conductivity and acid pH within the Costa Rica Dry Forest biome. The sponge specimens gathered led to the re-description of the four species.

Acanthotylotra alvarengai (Porifera, Demospongiae) new genus and species of sponge from Tocantins river, Pará State, Brazil

Acanthotylotra a new monotypic genus of freshwater sponge is defined. Its sole species A. alvarengai sp. nov. is described based upon microscopic specimens recovered from the Tocantins river, Pará State, Brazil, when the deep rocky substrate was temporarily exposed downstream from the dam at the time it was closed for lake formation. A unique set of megascleres, allied to the paucity of spongin, the renieroid skeleton and the fact that gemmules or new specimens remain undetected, call for the proposition of a new monospecific genus to be retained as incertae sedis until new larger and probably gemmuliferous specimens come to be found.

Dosilia (Porifera, Demospongiae) redefined

Dosilia plumosa (Carter, 1849), type species of the genus, and D. brouni (Kirkpatrick, 1906), with distribution respectively in the Oriental and Ethiopic regions, are revised based on a SEM analysis of spicules, gemmules and skeletal structure. The lectotype here designated for D. plumosa is illustrated as well as the holotype by monotypy determined for D. brouni. Dosilia palmeri (Potts, 1885) and D. radiospiculata (Mills, 1888) distributed in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions and D. pydanieli Volkmer-Ribeiro, 1992, found in the Neotropical region, are revised based on a SEM analysis of spicules, gemules and skeletal structure. The holotype by monotypy is determined for D. radiospiculata. Heteromeyenia plumosa Weltner,1895 is synonymyzed with D. radiospiculata. Upon the revision of its five species, the genus is redefined and a key presented.

BRACHYURAN CRABS (DECAPODA, BRACHYURA) ASSOCIATED WITH THE GREEN SPONGE AMPHIMEDON VIRIDIS (DEMOSPONGIAE) FROM ITAGUA BEACH, SOUTH-EASTERN COAST of BRAZIL

This study provides information on the community structure of brachyuran crabs associated with the green sponge, Amphimedon viridis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864, from a beach on the south-eastern coast of Brazil. Monthly collections from May 2002 through August 2003 were carried out on the rocky bottoms off Itagua Beach (23 degrees 27'07 '' S 45 degrees 02'49 '' W). Crabs on the green sponge banks were hand-caught during snorkelling sessions, and 638 crabs belonging to 31 species, 19 genera, and 10 families were obtained. Biological parameters, including sponge volume, number of individuals, density, richness, diversity, evenness, and dominance changed considerably over time. Species recruitment and foraging habit are some of the factors that drive the richness, dominance, and diversity patterns of this community. The green sponge banks are important sites for recruitment, refuge, and feeding of many species of brachyurans. Therefore, they are also important for the conservation of this group on the south-eastern coast of Brazil.

Struttura e dinamica di popolazione di Axinella polypoides (Schmidt, 1862) (Porifera, Demospongiae) presso l’Isola Gallinara (SV)

I poriferi rappresentano un importante campo di ricerca anche in ambito applicativo in quanto potenzialmente utili come fonte di metaboliti secondari da impiegarsi in ambito clinico (antitumorali, antibiotici, antivirali, ecc.) e industriale (antifouling). I processi di biosilicificazione interessano invece per aspetti legati alle biotecnologie marine. Questo Phylum ha un importante ruolo strutturale e funzionale nell’ecologia dei popolamenti bentonici, in quanto può essere dominante in numerosi habitat e svolgere un ruolo ecologico fondamentale nelle dinamiche degli ecosistemi marini. Per questo, la variazione spaziale e temporale della loro abbondanza può avere effetti considerevoli su altri membri della comunità. Lo studio delle dinamiche di popolazione e del ciclo riproduttivo dei poriferi potrebbe permettere di valutare come i cambiamenti climatici ne influenzino la crescita e la riproduzione e potrebbe quindi fornire una base per lo sviluppo di corrette tecniche di gestione ambientale. La spugna Axinella polypoides è inserita all’interno delle liste di protezione della Convenzione di Berna e di Barcellona, dove sono elencate le specie da proteggere perché minacciate o in pericolo di estinzione. Questa specie, avendo una morfologia eretta, è fortemente minacciata soprattutto da attività antropiche quali pesca e ancoraggi, ma nonostante questo la letteratura relativa ad essa è scarsa, La sua importanza è legata soprattutto al recente utilizzo come modello per numerosi esperimenti. A. polypoides rappresenta, infatti, il più basso livello nella scala evolutiva in cui sono stati rinvenuti meccanismi biochimici cellulari di reazione all’aumento di temperatura (incremento dell’attività ADP-ribosil ciclasica, sintesi di ossido nitrico) tipici degli organismi superiori. Lo scopo di questa tesi è di aumentare le conoscenze sull’ecologia e sulla biologia di questo porifero, al fine di consentire una migliore predisposizione di eventuali piani di tutela. Dallo studio delle colonie effettuato presso l’Isola Gallinara (SV), emerge una dinamica di crescita lenta ed un ciclo riproduttivo estivo, coerentemente con quanto osservato per altre specie mediterranee del genere Axinella. Le analisi istologiche effettuate hanno mostrato variabilità temporale nella densità e nella dimensione di particolari cellule sferulose, che si ipotizza siano collegate a fenomeni di proliferazione cellulare e rigenerazione in seguito a danni. È stata individuata inoltre la presenza di una particolare tipologia cellulare dendritica la cui funzione si ritiene abbia affinità con le funzioni sensoriali di Phyla superiori. Queste osservazioni, e l’evidente vulnerabilità della specie agli impatti antropici, hanno evidenziato la necessità di sviluppare adeguati piani di monitoraggio e di conservazione.

Diversità della fauna associata di Geodia cydonium (demospongiae: geodidae) in Mediterraneo

È ormai noto che numerosi organismi marini, dalle alghe unicellulari ai pesci coabitino con diverse specie di spugne, con un rapporto che varia, secondo i casi, dal semplice inquilinismo facoltativo alle più complesse simbiosi obbligate. All’interno di molte spugne si trovano degli endobionti, alcuni organismi rappresentano degli ospiti puramente occasionali, altri manifestano una notevole costanza e l’esistenza in associazione alla spugna sembra rappresenti la norma. In Adriatico settentrionale, nell’area compresa tra Grado ed il delta del fiume Po, sono presenti degli affioramenti rocciosi organogeni carbonatici che prendono il nome di tegnùe. In questi affioramenti è stata riscontrata una grande varietà di specie macrobentoniche sia sessili che vagili. Tra queste specie, è presente con elevate abbondanze e grandi dimensioni, fuori dal comune, la spugna massiva Geodia cydonium, oggetto del nostro studio. Lo scopo del presente lavoro è di caratterizzare la diversità della fauna associata alla demospongia Geodia cydonium, cercando di mettere in evidenza l’importante ruolo ecologico legato proprio all’elevato numero di inquilini che ospita. Sono stati prelevati campioni di spugna, con la relativa fauna associata, da tre siti presenti all’interno della Zona di Tutela Biologica di Chioggia. Date le grandi dimensioni degli esemplari e per non danneggiare la popolazione naturale di questa rara specie protetta, sono stati prelevati in immersione delle porzioni di spugna, incidendo verticalmente gli esemplari. Nei campioni sono stati riscontrati 28 taxa, tra cui prevalgono per abbondanza i policheti come Ceratonereis costae e Sphaerosyllis bulbosa e piccoli crostacei come Apseudopsis acutifrons e Leptochelia savignyi. Per molte specie prevalgono individui giovanili rispetto agli adulti. L’abbondanza e la ricchezza dei popolamenti associati alla spugna non risultano variare ne tra i siti di campionamento ne in relazione alle dimensioni degli esemplari da cui provengono i campioni. Questo fa supporre che la spugna crei un ambiente ideale per alcune specie, almeno nelle fasi giovanili, creando così associazioni relativamente stabili, più di quanto non sia la naturale variabilità dei popolamenti circostanti. Queste relazioni meritano di essere approfondite, investigando i cicli vitali e i comportamenti delle singole specie.

Cladorhiza corona sp. nov. (Porifera : Demospongiae : Cladorhizidae) from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska)

A new species of Cladorhizidac, front the Aleutian Islands is described and compared with all known species of Cladorhizza worldwide. Cladorhiza corona sp. now has a unique growth form with two planes of differently shaped appendages. Appendages are Inserted directly at the stalk; a spherical or conical body at the stalk is lacking. It is the only species reported where different spicule types occur in three morphologically different areas of the sponge. The spiculation of the basal plate is characterized by the occurrence of short, thick anisoxcas and the lack of anisochelae. Anisochelac arc found in the stalk and the basal appendages only. Flattened sigmancistras and (sub-)tylostyles are restricted to the crown. The arrangement of spicules is different in the basal plate, the stalk with the basal appendages, and in the distal append ages. The dimensions and combination of spicule types separate C. corona sp. nov. from all known members of the genus.

Cytological basis of photoresponsive behavior in a sponge larva

Ontogenetic changes in the photoresponse of larvae from the demosponge Reneira sp. were studied by analyzing the swimming paths of individual larvae exposed to diffuse white light. Larvae swam upward upon release from the adult, but were negatively phototactic until at least 12 hours after release. The larval photoreceptors are presumed to be a posterior ring of columnar monociliated epithelial cells that possess 120-mum-long cilia and pigment-filled protrusions. A sudden increase in light intensity caused these cilia to become rigidly straight. If the light intensity remained high, the cilia gradually bent over the pigmented vesicles in the adjacent cytoplasm, and thus covered one entire pole of the larva. The response was reversed upon a sudden decrease in light intensity. The ciliated cells were sensitive to changes in light intensity in larvae of all ages. This response is similar to the shadow response in tunicate larvae or the shading of the photoreceptor in Euglena and is postulated to allow the larvae to steer away from brighter light to darker areas, such as under coral rubble-the preferred site of the adult sponge on the reef flat. In the absence of a coordinating system in cellular sponges, the spatial organization and autonomous behavior of the pigmented posterior cells control the rapid responses to light shown by these larvae.

Distribution of a nematocyst-bearing sponge in relation to potential coral donors

Haliclona sp. 628 (Demospongiae, Haplosclerida, Chalinidae), a sponge found on the reef slope below 5 in depth on the Great Barrier Reef, has two unusual characteristics. It contains a symbiotic dinoflagellate, Symbiodinium sp., similar in structure to the dinoflagellate found within Acropora nobilis (S. microadriaticum), and it contains coral nematocysts randomly distributed between the ectosome and endosome and usually undischarged in intact sponge tissue. Given the unusual occurrence of nematocysts in Haliclona sp. 628, the focus of this study was to determine the distribution of this species of sponge on the reef slope at Heron Island Reef in relation to the distribution of potential coral donors. A combination of line and belt transects was used to estimate the abundance of Halielona sp. 628 and a co-occurring congener, Haliclona sp. 1031, which does not contain nematocysts, at three widely separated sites on the reef slope at Heron Island Reef. The abundance of different types of substratum (sand, sand-covered coral rubble, dead A. nobilis, live A. nobilis, other live coral, and other dead coral) along the transects and the substratum to which each sponge colony was attached were also recorded. Despite the predominance of live A. nobilis and sand-covered rubble at all sites, between 30 and 55% of Haliclona sp. 628 colonies were attached to dead A. nobilis which comprised less than 8% of the available substratum along any transect. In contrast, Haliclona sp. 1031 was found significantly more frequently on other dead corals and less frequently on live A. nobilis than would be expected based on the availability of the different substrata in the sites. Potential explanations to account for the distribution of Haliclona sp. 628 in relation to potential coral donors are discussed.

Alcalóides alquilpiridínicos de esponjas marinhas

The chemistry of alkylpyridine alkaloids originating from marine sponges is comprehensively reviewed, with emphasis on their natural occurrence, methods for their isolation, spectroscopic characterization, biological activities e chemical synthesis. A likely chemotaxonomic role is suggested, as markers for sponges of the Order Haplosclerida (Demospongiae).

Sponges as substrata and early life history of the tubulariid Zyzzyzus warreni (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) in the Sao Sebastiao Channel, Brazil

The hydroid Zyzzyzus warreni is usually found in shallow coastal waters forming aggregations of solitary polyps embedded in demosponges. Early life history transformations and settlement responses by the actinulae of this hydroid were studied in the laboratory using 13 species of sponges and 2 species of algae collected in the Sao Sebastiao Channel (Brazil) as substrata. The absence of oral tentacles and mouth in the actinulae and early events of metamorphosis suggest that these larvae are unable to spend long periods in the plankton and attach quickly near conspecifics when a preferred substratum is encountered. The time required for settlement and the number of elicited settlings indicated four settlement responses: (a) frequent and short-time settlement, in actinulae exposed to Halichondria cebimarensis, Mycale angulosa, M. aff. americana, M. laxissima (skeleton) and Tedania ignis; (b) moderate and delayed settlement, in actinulae exposed to Aplysina caissara, A. fulva, Haliclona melana and M. microsigmatosa; (c) no settlement, in actinulae exposed to Suberites aurantiacus and to the algae Hypnea musciformis and Sargassum cymosum; and (d) lethal response, in actinulae exposed to Amphimedon viridis, Aplysilla rosea, Dragmacidon reticulatum and M. laxissima. These responses indicate a considerable degree of species discrimination by the actinulae and are consistent with substrata used by the hydroid in the natural environment.

Taxonomic and Functional Microbial Signatures of the Endemic Marine Sponge Arenosclera brasiliensis

The endemic marine sponge Arenosclera brasiliensis (Porifera, Demospongiae, Haplosclerida) is a known source of secondary metabolites such as arenosclerins A-C. In the present study, we established the composition of the A. brasiliensis microbiome and the metabolic pathways associated with this community. We used 454 shotgun pyrosequencing to generate approximately 640,000 high-quality sponge-derived sequences (similar to 150 Mb). Clustering analysis including sponge, seawater and twenty-three other metagenomes derived from marine animal microbiomes shows that A. brasiliensis contains a specific microbiome. Fourteen bacterial phyla (including Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Cloroflexi) were consistently found in the A. brasiliensis metagenomes. The A. brasiliensis microbiome is enriched for Betaproteobacteria (e.g., Burkholderia) and Gammaproteobacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas and Alteromonas) compared with the surrounding planktonic microbial communities. Functional analysis based on Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (RAST) indicated that the A. brasiliensis microbiome is enriched for sequences associated with membrane transport and one-carbon metabolism. In addition, there was an overrepresentation of sequences associated with aerobic and anaerobic metabolism as well as the synthesis and degradation of secondary metabolites. This study represents the first analysis of sponge-associated microbial communities via shotgun pyrosequencing, a strategy commonly applied in similar analyses in other marine invertebrate hosts, such as corals and algae. We demonstrate that A. brasiliensis has a unique microbiome that is distinct from that of the surrounding planktonic microbes and from other marine organisms, indicating a species-specific microbiome.