水分梯度上不同灌木生长对干旱河谷土壤理化和生物学性质的影响

岷江上游干旱河谷区水土流失强烈，地质灾害频繁，生态环境十分脆弱，而土壤条件恶劣（水分不足和养分缺乏）是阻碍该区植被恢复的关键因子，因此研究水分和乡土灌木生长对土壤的影响对该区的生态恢复具有指导意义。本文通过定点模拟实验，选取三种优势豆科灌木为研究对象，分别是白刺花（Sophora davidii）、小马鞍羊蹄甲（Bauhinia faberi var. microphylla）和小雀花（Campylotropics polyantha），设置5 个水分梯度，分别为100%、80%、60%、40%和20%田间持水量（FC），对栽种植物与不种植物下土壤理化性质和酶活性进行测定分析，系统比较和研究了不同水分条件和不同乡土灌木生长对干旱河谷区土壤结构、养分循环、酶活性以及微生物量的影响。主要结果如下：1. 无论生长植物与否，土壤的毛管持水量和毛管孔隙度都随着水分含量的减少而降低，最大持水量、总孔隙度和容重变化不大，相应地，土壤中的非毛管孔隙随含水量的减少而升高。各水分条件下，种植植物的毛管持水量和毛管孔隙度低于无植物生长的土壤，非毛管孔隙度相应地高于无植物土壤。土壤含水量在100%－40% FC 时，三种豆科灌木的毛管持水量和毛管孔隙度存在差异，而20% FC 条件下，三种豆科灌木土壤的物理性质基本相同。2. 水分胁迫影响土壤中养分的矿化和积累，主要表现在降低了水溶性碳和铵态氮的含量，中等程度胁迫时（60% FC）促进了有机碳和硝态氮的富集，对速效钾和有效磷没有明显作用。种植豆科灌木后各水分梯度上都增加了有机碳、铵态氮、速效钾和有效磷的积累。增加程度上三种豆科灌木间有一定差异，对于土壤有机碳总量，种植白刺花和小马鞍羊蹄甲明显高于小雀花，同样的情况还出现在铵态氮和速效钾上，但是对于有效磷，种植小雀花后的增加程度则明显高于白刺花和小马鞍羊蹄甲。种植豆科灌木不仅增加了土壤养分的相对含量，也改变了其在水分梯度上的变化趋势及其变化幅度，这种作用主要体现在碳元素和氮元素上。3. 无植物生长时脲酶活性随水分含量的减少而升高，水分胁迫对磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的作用不显著，蔗糖酶也保持在相对较高的水平。种植植物后，蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性与无植物时相比有较大幅度的提高，种植白刺花的脲酶活性也升高，其升高的程度在不同水分含量时不同。种植植物还降低了酶活性在水分梯度上的变幅，使之在水分梯度间的差异显著性降低。脲酶活性在指示土壤性质改变方面是较敏感的指标，其它三种酶在不同植物间的差异不明显。4. 在无植物生长时，中等程度的水分胁迫（60% FC）提高了土壤微生物量碳含量，过高或过低的土壤水分均不利于微生物碳的积累。种植小马鞍羊蹄甲后微生物量碳在水分梯度上的变化趋势与无植物生长时一致，而种植白刺花和小雀花后微生物量碳随着水分含量的减少而降低。不同种类植物的微生物量碳在水分梯度上的变化特征也不同，100% FC 条件下三种植物间没有差异，80%和60% FC 条件下小马鞍羊蹄甲显著高于白刺花和小雀花，40%和20% FC 条件下白刺花和小马鞍羊蹄甲也显著高于小雀花，说明不同种类植物随着干旱胁迫程度的加深微生物量碳的降低幅度不同，在极度干旱时，白刺花和小马鞍羊蹄甲土壤依然保持了较高的微生物活性，而小雀花土壤微生物量则明显下降。The dry valley of the upper reaches of the Minjiang River is seriously degradedmountain ecosystem. It was endangered by extremely soil lost and frequentlygeological disaster. Previous studies showed that short of water and nutrients in soilwas the principal limiting factors of vegetation restoration in this area. The typical soiland three dominant leguminous shrubs Sophora davidii, Bauhinia faberi var.microphylla and Campylotropics polyantha in upper reaches of arid Minjiang Rivervalley were considered as experimental material. Two-month old seedlings of eachspecies were exposed to five water supplies (100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% waterfield capacity (FC)) in a temperature and light-controlled greenhouse. Afterthree-month water treatment, soil physiochemical variables and soil microbialactivities were determined by conventional methods. The main results showed that:1. Soil capillary capacity and capillary porosity decreased along water supplyregimes in all treatments, while saturated water capacity, total porosity and bulkdensity kept in a relatively stable level, as a result, the non-capillary porosity andcapacity increased with decrease of water supply. Compared to non-planted soil, theplant-soil systems had a higher non-capillary porosity and capacity, suggestingappropriate oxygen was present in soil to maintain the living of microorganism. Soilof three type shrub species shared the same capillary capacity and capillary porosityunder 20% FC.2. Water soluble carbon and NH4+-N decreased in response to water stress, whiletotal organic carbon and NO3--N promoted by moderate water stress and inhibited by 100% and 20% FC. Total organic carbon, NH4+-N, rapidly available K and availableP increased after the planting of leguminous shrubs in five water supply regimescompared to non-planted soil. For TOC, NH4+-N and rapidly available K, thepromotion effect was higher in S. davidii and B. faberi var. microphylla than C.polyantha planted soil, while available P displayed the opposite side. The planting ofshrubs also reduced the variance of observed traits along water supply gradients.3. Drought stress increased urease activity in non-planted soil, while insignificantdifferences were observed in phosphatase and catalase activity among five watersupply regimes. The planting of leguminous shrubs facilitated the β-glucosidase andphosphatase activity compared to the non-planted soil. It also reduced the variance ofenzyme activity along water supply gradients. Urease was more sensitive to waterstress than other three enzymes.4. Soil water content significantly affected microbial biomass carbon andCmic:Corg. S. davidii and B. faberi var. microphylla showed more drought toleranceability than C. polyantha, attributing not only to their relatively smaller variance ofmicrobial biomass carbon along soil water supply gradients, but also to the highlevel of microbial activity under severe water stress. S. davidii and B. faberi var.microphylla benefited reproduction of soil microorganism at 60%-80% FC, whilesevere drought limited it due to the competition of water and nutrients between plantand soil microorganism.

Hydrothermal synthesis and photoluminescent properties of stacked indium sulfide superstructures

Unusual hierarchical stacked superstructures of cubic beta-In2S3 were fabricated via a facile hydrothermal process in the presence of a surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide CTAB; the 3D superstructures were developed by helical propagation of surface steps from microflakes of 10-20 nm thickness.

Synthesis, characterization and optical property of flower-like indium tin sulfide nanostructures

We report a simple method for novel flower-like In4SnS8 nanostructure synthesis. A flower-like In4SnS8 nanostructure was synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal route using the biomolecule L-cysteine as a sulfur source. The structure was characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption analysis and photoluminescence spectra. This flower-like structure consists of crosslinked nanoflakes and possesses good thermostability and a high BET surface area.

水处理纳米材料的制备、性能及应用研究

工业的高速发展使地球上有限的水资源受到日益严重的污染，去除水中的有毒、有害化学物质已成为环保领域的一项重要工作。纳米材料与技术的开发应用为实现高效、低成本的水处理开辟了新的途径。 本课题组开发的纳米-亚纳米功能新材料（生态宝）可用作养殖生态环境改良剂，它对“三氮”、硫化物、CODCr、BOD5、重金属等有害物质具有很好的去除能力。生态宝用于养殖幼参，有显著的促生长、增加成活率的作用。生态宝用于养殖对虾，对虾体内重金属含量有明显降低。 以粉末状P25型纳米TiO2为光催化剂，系统的研究了它对染料AB80的光催化降解。在紫外光照射下，光催化反应75min，染料AB80溶液完全脱色，光催化反应135min，染料溶液完全矿化；AB80的光催化脱色反应遵从准一级反应动力学；催化剂的最佳剂量为1.0g/L。AB80在TiO2颗粒表面的吸附符合Langmuir方程式，随着pH值的增加吸附量迅速减少；pH值在反应中起着重要的作用，碱性溶液中的反应速度比酸性溶液的大，pH=10.0初始反应速度最大；电子捕获剂（H2O2）的加入能够显著的提高反应速率，H2O2浓度为5mmol/L时，反应速度变为原来的2.78倍。 以硅藻土为载体，采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了负载型的纳米TiO2，SEM分析结果表明，TiO2的包覆量对负载光催化剂的形貌有很大影响，TiO2包覆量较低(14.5%)的复合物无团聚现象发生。XRD分析结果表明，所制备的TiO2为锐钛矿和金红石混晶型，平均粒径11nm。FT-IR分析结果表明，TiO2和硅藻土之间没有生成化学键。以染料AB80和B-2BF为模型污染物，利用制备的光催化剂复合物进行了吸附-光催化试验，结果表明，TiO2包覆量为14.5%的复合物具有较高的吸附-光催化活性，对模型污染物的降解效果好于德国Degussa公司的商品纳米P25-TiO2。溶液pH对TiO2/硅藻土复合物光催化活性影响很大，弱酸性条件有利于反应的进行。TiO2/硅藻土对实际印染废水有较好的降解效果，试验条件下，废水光催化反应3.5h，色度去除率为100%。研究了液固多相光催化反应的催化剂失活原因及再生手段，提出TiO2/硅藻土复合物再生的方法为酸洗和高温烧结。对于模拟印染废水来说，光催化剂重复使用对光催化活性几乎没有影响，重复使用15次后，催化活性仅降低了12%。而对实际印染废水来说，重复使用对光催化活性有影响，光催化剂复合物重复使用7次后，催化活性降低了41%。TiO2/硅藻土复合光催化剂成本低，简便易行，光催化效果好，有望在环境污染物治理中得到广泛的应用。 采用CuCl水解法制得了硅藻土负载的纳米Cu2O，并利用XRD、SEM等手段对其进行表征。研究了负载的纳米Cu2O对B-2BF和AB80染料废水的光催化降解，发现纳米Cu2O经过负载后，团聚减少，分散性好，对染料废水的光催化降解效率成倍增长。纳米Cu2O包覆量为31.3%的光催化剂复合物光催化活性最好，其光催化效率是纯的Cu2O的6倍。负载的纳米Cu2O可以有效的利用太阳光进行光催化反应，而且太阳光下纳米Cu2O的光催化活性比纳米TiO2的强。太阳能是取之不尽、用之不竭的清洁能源，利用太阳能来处理染料废水成本低、无污染，是一种非常有发展前景的环境治理新技术。pH 5-pH 7是负载纳米Cu2O光催化降解B-2BF的最佳反应范围。负载的纳米Cu2O光催化剂有较好的稳定性，重复使用8次以后，其脱色率仍能达到75%以上。