Experimental Infection of Culex Annulirostris, Culex Gelidus, and Aedes Vigilax With a Yellow Fever/Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Chimera (Chimerivax TM-JE)

Australian mosquitoes from which Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has been recovered (Culex annulirostris, Culex gelidus, and Aedes vigilax) were assessed for their ability to be infected with the ChimeriVax-JE vaccine, with yellow fever vaccine virus 17D (YF 17D) from which the backbone of ChimeriVax-JE vaccine is derived and with JEV-Nakayama. None of the mosquitoes became infected after being fed orally with 6.1 log(10) plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL of ChimeriVax-JE vaccine, which is greater than the peak viremia in vaccinees (mean peak viremia = 4.8 PFU/mL, range = 0-30 PFU/mL of 0.9 days mean duration, range = 0-11 days). Some members of all three species of mosquito became infected when fed on JEV-Nakayama, but only Ae. vigilax was infected when fed on YF 17D. The results suggest that none of these three species of mosquito are likely to set up secondary cycles of transmission of ChimeriVax-JE in Australia after feeding on a viremic vaccinee.

Flavivirus isolations from mosquitoes collected from Saibai Island in the Torres Strait, Australia, during an incursion of Japanese encephalitis virus

Adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were collected in January and February 2000 from Saibai Island in the Torres Strait of northern Australia, and processed for arbovirus isolation during a period of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus activity on nearby Badu Island. A total of 84 2 10 mosquitoes were processed for virus isolation, yielding six flavivirus isolates. Viruses obtained were single isolates of JE and Kokobera (KOK) and four of Kunjin (KUN). All virus isolates were from members of the Culex sitiens Weidemann subgroup, which comprised 53.1 % of mosquitoes processed. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the pre-membrane region of the genome of JE isolate TS5313 indicated that it was closely related to other isolates from a sentinel pig and a pool of Cx. gelidus Theobald from Badu Island during the same period. Also molecular analyses of part of the envelope gene of KUN virus isolates showed that they were closely related to other KUN virus strains from Cape York Peninsula. The results indicate that flaviviruses are dynamic in the area, and suggest patterns of movement south from New Guinea and north from the Australian mainland.

Transmission of Japanese Encephalitis Virus from the Black Flying Fox, Pteropus alecto, to Culex annulirostris Mosquitoes, Despite the Absence of Detectable Viremia.

To determine the potential role of flying foxes in transmission cycles of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in Australia, we exposed Pteropus alecto (Megachiroptera: Pteropididae) to JEV via infected Culex annulirostris mosquitoes or inoculation. No flying foxes developed symptoms consistent with JEV infection. Anti-JEV IgG antibodies developed in 6/10 flying foxes exposed to infected Cx. annulirostris and in 5/5 inoculated flying foxes. Low-level viremia was detected by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in 1/5 inoculated flying foxes and this animal was able to infect recipient mosquitoes. Although viremia was not detected in any of the 10 flying foxes that were exposed to JEV by mosquito bite, two animals infected recipient mosquitoes. Likewise, an inoculated flying fox without detectable viremia infected recipient mosquitoes. Although infection rates in recipient mosquitoes were low, the high population densities in roosting camps, coupled with migratory behavior indicate that flying foxes could play a role in the dispersal of JEV.

Insecticide resistance in Chinese populations of the Culex pipiens complex through esterase overproduction

In most parts of China, mosquitoes have been subjected to organophosphate (OP) insecticide treatments since the mid-1960s, and resistance gene monitoring in the Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) started in only a few locations from the end of the 1980s. Many resistant alleles at the Ester locus have been found in field populations, including those commonly found around the world (Ester(B1) and Ester(2)), and those endemic to China (Ester(B6), Ester(B7), Ester(8), and Ester(9)). This situation is atypical, and may represent a complex situation for the evolution of insecticide resistance genes in China. To increase our understanding of the Chinese situation and our ability to manage resistance in the C. pipiens complex, a large study was performed. Twenty field populations were sampled from Beijing to Guangzhou. Bioassays with five insecticides (dichlorvos, parathion, chlorpyrifos, 2-sec-butylphenyl methyl carbamate, and propoxur) disclosed resistance levels variable according to the geographic origin, and up to 85-fold for dichlorvos. Six overproduced esterases were identified, including two that have not been previously described. Most of them were found in all samples, although at variable frequencies, suggesting variable selection or a transient situation, e.g., each one was recently restricted to a particular geographic area. The results are discussed in the context of recent alterations to insecticide campaigns, and of the evolution of resistance genes in Chinese C. pipiens populations.

Identification of microRNAs expressed in two mosquito vectors, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression in a variety of organisms, including insects, vertebrates, and plants. miRNAs play important roles in cell development and differentiation as well as in the cellular response to stress and infection. To date, there are limited reports of miRNA identification in mosquitoes, insects that act as essential vectors for the transmission of many human pathogens, including flaviviruses. West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus, members of the Flaviviridae family, are primarily transmitted by Aedes and Culex mosquitoes. Using high-throughput deep sequencing, we examined the miRNA repertoire in Ae. albopictus cells and Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. RESULTS: We identified a total of 65 miRNAs in the Ae. albopictus C7/10 cell line and 77 miRNAs in Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, the majority of which are conserved in other insects such as Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae. The most highly expressed miRNA in both mosquito species was miR-184, a miRNA conserved from insects to vertebrates. Several previously reported Anopheles miRNAs, including miR-1890 and miR-1891, were also found in Culex and Aedes, and appear to be restricted to mosquitoes. We identified seven novel miRNAs, arising from nine different precursors, in C7/10 cells and Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, two of which have predicted orthologs in An. gambiae. Several of these novel miRNAs reside within a ~350 nt long cluster present in both Aedes and Culex. miRNA expression was confirmed by primer extension analysis. To determine whether flavivirus infection affects miRNA expression, we infected female Culex mosquitoes with WNV. Two miRNAs, miR-92 and miR-989, showed significant changes in expression levels following WNV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Aedes and Culex mosquitoes are important flavivirus vectors. Recent advances in both mosquito genomics and high-throughput sequencing technologies enabled us to interrogate the miRNA profile in these two species. Here, we provide evidence for over 60 conserved and seven novel mosquito miRNAs, expanding upon our current understanding of insect miRNAs. Undoubtedly, some of the miRNAs identified will have roles not only in mosquito development, but also in mediating viral infection in the mosquito host.

Analysis of the feeding behaviour of the mosquito Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to West Nile virus

The goal ofthis literature review is to inform the reader on several aspects of West Nile Virus (WNV) transmission by its mosquito vector, Culex pipiens and to elucidate how Cx. pipiens and WNV are intertwined. The first few sections of the literature review describe the life cycle and blood feeding behaviours ofmosquitoes so that baseline data ofmosquito biology are established. In addition to explaining how and why a mosquito blood feeds, the section on "Blood Meal Analysis" describes the different methods for determining the vertebrate source of mosquito blood meals and a brief history of these testing methods. Since this thesis looks at the feeding behaviour of Cx. pipiens, it is important to know how to determine what they are feeding upon. Discussion on other mosquito-borne diseases related to WNV gives a broader perspective to the thesis, and examines other diseases that have occurred in Ontario in the past. This is followed by background information on WNV and theories on how this virus came to North America and how it relates to Cx. pipiens. The final sections discuss Cx. pipiens and give background information to how this species of mosquito exists and behaves within North America.

Susceptibilidad de Culex pipens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera : Culícidae) a larvicidas organofosforados y efecto de dosis - subletales sobre el potencial reproductivo

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Entomología Médica) UANL

Evaluación de tres insecticidas aplicados en ultra bajo volumen: Dursban, Malatión y Mosquito Master 412, para el control de Aedes aegypti (L.) y Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus SAY, en Monterrey, noreste de México

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Entomología Médica) UANL.

Control y efectos morfológicos de Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: culicidae) en contenedores artificiales en el campo agrícola experimental del ITESM en Apodaca, Nuevo León, México

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Entomología Médica) UANL

Impacto del clavicornio del agua Tropisternus sp. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) sobre larvas de Culex pipiens Say (Diptera: Culicidae) [por] Humberto Quiroz Martínez

Tesis (Maestro en Ciencias con especialidad en Entomología Médica) U.A.N.L.

Diseño y evaluación de formulados de Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis en laboratorio y campo en Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Say) y Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus)

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Entomología Médica) U.A.N.L.

Comparación del efecto residual del abate (Temephos) 5% pellets contra abate 1% granular para el control de larvas de Aedes aegypti (L.) y Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Díptera: Culicidae) en condiciones de campo y en laboratorio [por] María del Ros

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Entomología Médica) U.A.N.L.

Bionomía de Culex p. quinquefasciatus SAY, 1823 y detección del virus del Oeste del Nilo (VON) en los mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) en municipios del Área Metropolitana de Monterrey, Nuevo León, México

Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias con Especialidad en Entomología) U.A.N.L.

Molecular comparisons of the Culex pipiens (L.) complex esterase gene amplicons

The amplification of carboxylesterase genes is a mechanism of organophosphate resistance in Culex mosquitoes. Amplified carboxylesterase genes from an insecticide resistant Culex pipiens strain collected in Cyprus were analysed and compared to other Culex amplified carboxylesterase alleles. A 12 kb section of genomic DNA containing two gene loci coding for carboxylesterase alleles A5 and B5 was cloned and sequenced. A comparison between this amplicon and one from a strain with co-amplified carboxylesterase alleles A2 and B2 revealed a number of differences. The intergenic spacer was 3.7 kb in length in the A5-B5 amplicon (2.7 kb in A2-B2) and contained putative Juan and transposable elements upstream of B5. A fragment of a gene with high homology to aldehyde oxidase was also present immediately downstream of A5. The comparison revealed no differences that would explain the successful spread of the A2-B2 amplicon worldwide whilst the A5-B5 amplicon is restricted to the Mediterranean. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Avaliação da α-glicosidase Cqm1 de Culex quinquefasciatus e o impacto de suas mutações na fisiologia de larvas

Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Lsp) é uma bactéria entomopatógena que produz a toxina Bináriav(Bin) com atividade larvicida para culicídeos. A sua ação em Culex quinquefasciatus depende da ligação da toxina Bin à α-glicosidase (Aglu) Cqm1, que atua como receptor no epitélio intestinal de larvas. Na colônia R2362, foram caracterizados dois alelos de resistência ao Lsp: cqm1REC e cqm1REC-2, cujas mutações impedem a expressão da Aglu Cqm1. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade catalítica da Cqm1 e comparar a atividade α-glicosidase e o desenvolvimento pré-imaginal de larvas de indivíduos susceptíveis (S) e resistentes (R) para cada alelo. Para isto, foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: atividade catalítica da Cqm1 recombinante; padrão de transcrição de outras Aglus parálogas à Cqm1; atividade de Aglus nativas em larvas; sobrevivência de indivíduos frente a diferentes dietas. A Aglu Cqm1 mostrou atividade enzimática ótima à 37o C, pH 7,5-8,0 e utilizando o substrato sintético pNαG. A atividade α-glicosidase total em larvas S e R foi similar, apesar da ausência de expressão da Cqm1 nas larvas R. A investigação in silico revelou 18 proteínas parálogas à Cqm1 e, dentre 11 investigadas, nove são expressas em larvas S e R. A análise quantitativa de três parálogas demonstrou que duas tem um padrão de transcrição mais elevado em larvas resistentes, sugerindo a existência de um mecanismo de compensação de expressão de α-glicosidases. O desenvolvimento pré-imaginal de larvas S foi decrescente nas seguintes dietas: ração de gatos, ração de peixes, leite desnatado, extrato de levedura e sacarose. De uma forma global, a taxa de sobrevivência de larvas R foi inferior à S em todas as dietas testadas. Os dados obtidos mostram que as mutações ligadas aos alelos cqm1REC e cqm1REC-2 não parecem impactar a atividade Aglu nas larvas e que o custo biológico observado poderia estar relacionado a outros genes e vias metabólicas.