Theoretical and numerical investigation of bending properties of Cu nanowires

Based on the AFM-bending experiments, a molecular dynamics (MD) bending simulation model is established which could accurately account for the full spectrum of the mechanical properties of NWs in a double clamped beam configuration, ranging from elasticity to plasticity and failure. It is found that, loading rate exerts significant influence to the mechanical behaviours of nanowires (NWs). Specifically, a loading rate lower than 10 m/s is found reasonable for a homogonous bending deformation. Both loading rate and potential between the tip and the NW are found to play an important role in the adhesive phenomenon. The force versus displacement (F-d) curve from MD simulation is highly consistent in shapes with that from experiments. Symmetrical F-d curves during loading and unloading processes are observed, which reveal the linear-elastic and non-elastic bending deformation of NWs. The typical bending induced tensile-compressive features are observed. Meanwhile, the simulation results are excellently fitted by the classical Euler-Bernoulli beam theory with axial effect. It is concluded that, axial tensile force becomes crucial in bending deformation when the beam size is down to nanoscale for double clamped NWs. In addition, we find shorter NWs will have an earlier yielding and a larger yielding force. Mechanical properties (Young’s modulus & yield strength) obtained from both bending and tensile deformations are found comparable with each other. Specifically, the modulus is essentially similar under these two loading methods, while the yield strength during bending is observed larger than that during tension.

Torsional properties of bamboo-like structured Cu nanowires

Recently, researchers reported that nanowires (NWs) are often polycrystalline, which contain grain or twin boundaries that transect the whole NW normal to its axial direction into a bamboo like structure. In this work, large-scale molecular dynamics simulation is employed to investigate the torsional behaviours of bamboo-like structured Cu NWs. The existence of grain boundaries is found to induce a considerably large reduction to the critical angle, and the more of grain boundaries the less reduction appears, whereas, the presence of twin boundaries only results in a relatively smaller reduction to the critical angle. The introduction of grain boundaries reduces the torsional rigidity of the NW, whereas, the twin boundaries exert insignificant influence to the torsional rigidity. NWs with grain boundaries are inclined to produce a local HCP structure during loading, and the plastic deformation is usually evenly distributed along the axial axis of the NW. The plastic deformation of both perfect NW and NWs with twin boundaries is dominated by the nucleation and propagation of parallel intrinsic stacking faults. This study will enrich the current understanding of the mechanical properties of NWs, which will eventually shed lights on their applications.

Grain Boundary Effects On Plastic Deformation And Fracture Mechanisms In Cu Nanowires: Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Metallic nanowires have many attractive properties such as ultra-high yield strength and large tensile elongation. However, recent experiments show that metallic nanowires often contain grain boundaries, which are expected to significantly affect mechanical properties. By using molecular dynamics simulations, here, we demonstrate that polycrystalline Cu nanowires exhibit tensile deformation behavior distinctly different from their single-crystal counterparts. A significantly lowered yield strength was observed as a result of dislocation emission from grain boundaries rather than from free surfaces, despite of the very high surface to volume ratio. Necking starts from the grain boundary followed by fracture, resulting in reduced tensile ductility. The high stresses found in the grain boundary region clearly play a dominant role in controlling both inelastic deformation and fracture processes in nanoscale objects. These findings have implications for designing stronger and more ductile structures and devices on nanoscale.

Controlled crystallinity and crystallographic orientation of Cu nanowires fabricated in ion-track templates

The hallmark of materials science is the ability to tailor the structures of a given material to provide a desired response. In this work, the structures involving crystallinity and crystallographic orientation of Cu nanowires electrochemically fabricated in ion-track templates have been investigated as a function of fabrication condition. Both single crystalline and polycrystalline nanowires were obtained by adjusting applied voltages and temperatures of electrochemical deposition. The anti-Hall-Petch effect was experimentally evidenced in the polycrystalline nanowires. The dominant crystallographic orientations of wires along [111], [100], or [110] directions were obtained by selecting electrochemical deposition conditions, i.e., H2SO4 concentration in electrolyte, applied voltage, and electrodeposition temperature.

Molecular dynamics study of dynamic buckling properties of nanowires with defects

Based on the embedded atom method (EAM) and molecular dynamics (MD) method, the deformation properties of Cu nanowires with different single defects under dynamic compression have been studied. The mechanical behaviours of the perfect nanowire are first studied, and the critical stress decreases with the increase of the nanowire’s length, which is well agreed with the modified Euler theory. We then consider the effects to the buckling phenomenon resulted from different defects. It is found that obvious decrease of the critical stress is resulted from different defects, and the largest decrease is found in nanowire with the surface vertical defect. Surface defects are found exerting larger influence than internal defects. The buckling duration is found shortened due to different defects except the nanowire with surface horizon defect, which is also found possessing the largest deflection. Different deflections are also observed for different defected nanowires. It is find that due to surface defects, only deflection in one direction is happened, but for internal defects, more complex deflection circumstances are observed.

Atomistic exploration of deformation properties of copper nanowires with pre-existing defects

Based on the embedded atom method (EAM) and molecular dynamics (MD) method, in this paper, the tensile deformation properties of Cu nanowires (NWs) with different pre-existing defects, including single surface defects, surface bi-defects and single internal defects, are systematically studied. In-depth deformation mechanisms of NWs with pre-existing defects are also explored. It is found that Young's modulus is insensitive to different pre-existing defects, but yield strength shows an obvious decrease. Defects are observed influencing greatly on NWs' tensile deformation mechanisms, and playing a role of dislocation sources. Besides of the traditional deformation process dominated by the nucleation and propagation of partial dislocations, the generations of twins, grain boundaries, fivefold deformation twins, hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure and phase transformation from face-centred cubic (FCC) structure to HCP structure have been triggered by pre-existing defects. It is found that surface defect intends to induce larger influence to yield strength than internal defect. Most importantly, the defect that lies on slip planes exerts larger influence than other defects. As expected, it is also found that the more or longer of the defect, the bigger influence will be induced.

An ultra-stable Cu nanowire under thermo-mechanical loading: A molecular dynamic study

We report on the formation of a stable Body-Centered Heptahedral (BCH) crystalline nanobridge structure of diameter ~ 1nm under high strain rate tensile loading to a <100> Cu nanowire. Extensive Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are performed. Six different cross-sectional dimensions of Cu nanowires are analyzed, i.e. 0.3615 x 0.3615 nm2, 0.723 x 0.723 nm2, 1.0845 x 1.0845 nm2, 1.446 x 1.446 nm2, 1.8075 x 1.8075 nm2, and 2.169 x 2.169 nm2. The strain rates used in the present simulations are 1 x 109 s-1, 1 x 108 s-1, and 1 x 107 s-1. We have shown that the length of the nanobridge can be characterized by larger plastic strain. A large plastic deformation is an indication that the structure is highly stable. The BCH nanobridge structure also shows enhanced mechanical properties such as higher fracture toughness and higher failure strain. The effect of temperature, strain rate and size of the nanowire on the formation of BCH structure is also explained in details. We also show that the initial orientation of the nanowires play an important role on the formation of BCH crystalline structure. Results indicate that proper tailoring of temperature and strain rate during processing or in the device can lead to very long BCH nanobridge structure of Cu with enhanced mechanical properties, which may find potential application for nano-scale electronic circuits.

Deformation mechanisms of face-centered-cubic metal nanowires with twin boundaries

This letter addresses the issue of deformation mechanisms and mechanical tensile behavior of the twinned metal nanowires using atomistic simulations. Free surfaces are always the preferential dislocation nucleation sites in the initial inelastic deformation stage, while with further plastic deformation, twin boundary interfaces will act as sources of dislocations with the assistance of the newly formed defects. The smaller the twin boundary spacing, the higher the yielding stresses of the twinned nanowires. Twin boundaries, which serve both as obstacles to dislocation motion and dislocation sources, can lead to hardening effects and contribute to the tensile ductility. This work illustrates that the mechanical properties of metal nanowires could be controlled by tailoring internal growth twin structures. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

云母模板中Cu纳米线的制备及其光学性质研究

Nanopores with diameters between 30 nm and 180 nm have been fabricated by inducing latent track with fast heavy ions and etching process in 25 μm thick,single-crystal muscovite mica.For short etching time,the nanopores are columns with circular cross section.For long etching time the cross section of nanopores becomes rhombic.Thus the shape of nanopores depends on the etching time.Cu nanowires have been fabricated with controlled dimensions by electrodeposition into the nanopores.The ultraviolet-visible lig...中文文摘：利用快重离子辐照的单晶白云母片产生潜径迹,蚀刻得到直径在30—180nm纳米孔道.孔道形状依赖于蚀刻时间,蚀刻时间短得到圆柱形孔道,蚀刻时间长得到菱柱形孔道.从而在云母模板孔道中电化学沉积得到不同直径和形状的Cu纳米线.通过紫外可见光谱分析,发现铜纳米线的尺寸和形状影响其光学性质.直径小于60nm的近似为圆柱状Cu纳米线有一个明显的表面等离子体共振峰和一个微弱的次峰.随着直径增加,菱柱状的Cu纳米线主峰有明显的红移,次峰逐渐增强.同时利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射对Cu纳米线的形貌和晶体结构特征进行了表征.

Controlled growth of anodic aluminium oxide films with hexagonal array of nanometer-sized pores filled with textured copper nanowires

Anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) films exhibiting a homogeneous morphology of parallel pores perpendicular to the surface were prepared in a two-step anodization process and filled with copper by electrochemical deposition. The optimum growth conditions for the formation of freestanding AAO films with hexagonal compact array of cylindrical pores were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering. The results show well-defined periodic structures with uniform pores size distribution for films with pore diameters between 40 and 70 nm prepared using different voltages and temperatures during the second anodization step. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis of AAO films filled with copper show the formation of nanowires with high structural order, exhibiting a preferential crystalline orientation along the (2 2 0) axis and only small fraction of copper oxides. The best results for textured Cu nanowires were obtained at a reduction potential of -300 mV. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of Isothermal and Adiabatic Thermal Loadings on Size and Strain Rate Dependence of Copper Nanowire

In the present paper, the size and strain rate effects on ultra-thin < 100 >/{100} Cu nanowires at an initial temperature of 10 K have been discussed. Extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed using Embedded atom method (EAM) to investigate the structural behaviours and properties under high strain rate. Velocity-Verlet algorithm has been used to solve the equation of motions. Two different thermal loading cases have been considered: (i) Isothermal loading, in which Nose-Hoover thermostat is used to maintain the constant system temperature, and (ii) Adiabatic loading, i.e., without any thermostat. Five different wire cross-sections were considered ranging from 0.723 x 0.723 nm(2) to 2.169 x 2.169 nm(2) The strain rates used in the present study were 1 x 10(9) s(-1), 1 x 10(8) s(-1), and 1 x 10(7) s(-1). The effect of strain rate on the mechanical properties of copper nanowires was analysed, which shows that elastic properties are independent of thermal loading for a given strain rate and cross-sectional dimension of nanowire. It showed a decreasing yield stress and yield strain with decreasing strain rate for a given cross- section. Also, a decreasing yield stress and increasing yield strain were observed for a given strain rate with increasing cross-sectional area. Elastic modulus was found to be similar to 100 GPa, which was independent of processing temperature, strain rate, and size for a given initial temperature. Reorientation of < 100 >/{100} square cross-sectional copper nanowire into a series of stable ultra-thin Pentagon copper nanobridge structures with dia of similar to 1 nm at 10 K was observed under high strain rate tensile loading. The effect of isothermal and adiabatic loading on the formation of such pentagonal nanobridge structure has been discussed.

Temperature-pressure-induced solid-solid < 100 > to < 110 > reorientation in FCC metallic nanowire: a molecular dynamic study

Atomistic simulation of initial < 100 > oriented FCC Cu nanowires shows a novel coupled temperature-pressure dependent reorientation from < 100 > to < 110 > phase. A temperature-pressure-induced solid-solid < 100 > to < 110 > reorientation diagram is generated for Cu nanowire with varying cross-sectional sizes. A critical pressure is reported for Cu nanowires with varying cross-sectional sizes, above which an initial < 100 > oriented nanowire shows temperature independent reorientation into the < 110 > phase. The effect of surface stresses on the < 100 > to < 110 > reorientation is also studied. The results indicate that above a critical cross-sectional size for a given temperature-pressure, < 100 > to < 110 > reorientation is not possible. It is also reported here that for a given applied pressure, an increase in temperature is required for the < 100 > to < 110 > reorientation with increasing cross-sectional size of the nanowire. The temperature-pressure-induced solid-solid < 100 > to < 110 > reorientation diagram reported in the present paper could further be used as guidelines for controlling the reorientations/shape memory in nano-scale applications of FCC metallic nanowires.

Compósitos de polímeros naturais e nanopartículas metálicas

Esta tese descreve diversas estratégias de preparação assim como a caracterização de nanocompósitos com base em distintos biopolímeros. Em particular foi estudada a incorporação de nanopartículas (NPs) metálicas, nomeadamente de Ag, Cu e Au. Estes nanomateriais apresentam um potencial prático enorme em diversas áreas, no entanto foi investigada especificamente a sua aplicação como materiais antimicrobianos. No primeiro capítulo apresenta-se uma revisão bibliográfica, onde são realçados os principais tópicos discutidos ao longo da tese. Inicialmente apresenta-se uma contextualização deste trabalho sendo seguidamente apresentadas algumas considerações sobre nanocompósitos e o seu impacto tecnológico atual. Em seguida, descrevem-se as vantagens do uso de NPs como cargas nos materiais compósitos especificamente no caso de bionanocompósitos. Foi focado o uso da celulose como matriz uma vez que foi o composto “base” usado neste trabalho. Fez-se a descrição exaustiva das metodologias existentes na literatura para a preparação dos nanocompósitos celulósicos com diferentes NPs metálicas assim como das respetivas aplicações. Dentro das aplicações, foi dado especial destaque às propriedades antimicrobianas dos materiais preparados seja a nível da sua atividade antibacteriana ou antifúngica. Esta introdução privilegia o trabalho relacionado diretamente com os sistemas descritos nos capítulos subsequentes. No segundo capítulo apresentam-se os resultados obtidos para nanocompósitos de prata em matriz celulósica. Através do uso de metodologias, tais como a síntese in situ e a pós-deposição, foram preparados diversos materiais usando dois substratos celulósicos distintos nomeadamente a celulose vegetal e bacteriana. Estes nanocompósitos foram caracterizados em termos da sua morfologia e composição química, verificando-se a importância destas características na sua atividade antibacteriana. Foi verificado que nanocompósitos com teores de Ag de 5 x 10-4 (% m/m) são suficientes para obter atividade antibacteriana. A libertação de Ag(I) foi estudada em alguns destes materiais de modo a tentar perceber o mecanismo subjacente a este tipo de nanocompósitos. No terceiro capítulo é apresentado o estudo de NPs coloidais de Ag e Au como cargas para a preparação de nanocompósitos à base de quitosano nãomodificado e modificado quimicamente (derivado solúvel em água e derivado anfifílico). Foram preparados filmes finos de espessura de 9-14 μm, caracterizando-se as suas propriedades óticas e antibacterianas. As propriedades óticas foram ajustadas, quer pela variação do teor de NPs de Ag (0,3-3,9% m/m) ou pela utilização de amostras de NPs com distribuição de tamanho de partícula distinta. Foi investigada a atividade antibacteriana tanto para bactérias Gram-negativas (Klebsiella pneumoniae e Escherichia coli) como para Gram-positivas (Staphylococcus aureus). Para nanocompósitos preparados com o quitosano não modificado verificou-se uma dependência em função do teor de Ag. No caso do uso de derivados modificados, os materiais preparados mostraram uma eficiência superior, mesmo sem NPs de Ag. No quarto capítulo é apresentada a síntese e caracterização de nanocompósitos de pululano e NPs de Ag. Neste estudo é avaliada a atividade antifúngica dos filmes compósitos preparados contra o Aspergillus niger usando protocolos padrão. Estes materiais foram preparados na forma de filmes (66-74 μm de espessura) por evaporação de solvente da mistura de pululano e coloides de Ag. Foi observado o aumento da inibição do fungo na presença dos nanocompósitos, tendo sido pela primeira vez mostrado o efeito disruptivo destes materiais sobre os esporos do A. niger através da análise das imagens de SEM. Este efeito ocorre na presença dos filmes devido à presença das cargas de NPs de Ag dispersas no pululano. O desenvolvimento de materiais de papel com NPs de Cu é um desafio devido à propensão destas espécies em oxidar sob condições ambiente. No quinto capítulo é descrita pela primeira vez o estudo comparativo do crescimento e estabilidade de NPs de Cu em celulose vegetal e bacteriana. Para além disso foi avaliado o uso de nanoestruturas com diferentes dimensionalidades como cargas, nomeadamente nanoesferas e nanofios. Foi observado que o uso de nanofios aumenta a resistência à oxidação destes nanocompósitos para tempos de exposição ao ar mais prolongados. As matrizes celulósicas apresentam comportamento distinto no crescimento e/ou adsorção das NPs de Cu. A celulose bacteriana foi o substrato mais eficiente para retardar a oxidação das NPs. A atividade antibacteriana destes nanocompósitos foi avaliada. Ao longo desta dissertação são apresentados métodos distintos para a obtenção de nanocompósitos com base em biopolímeros e NPs metálicas. Estes estudos permitiram não só a preparação de novos nanocompósitos mas também compreender e otimizar os mecanismos subjacentes à sua preparação. Ao mesmo tempo, este trabalho contribuiu para a transferência de tecnologia e conhecimento entre a área da Nanotecnologia e a área dos materiais derivados de fontes renováveis. As propriedades apresentadas por estes nanomateriais mostraram a sua possível aplicação como novos materiais antimicrobianos, no entanto é possível antecipar futuras aplicações em outras áreas tecnológicas.

Stress-induced martensitic phase transformation in Cu-Zr nanowires

A novel stress-induced martensitic phase transformation in an initial < 100 >/{100} B2-CuZr nanowire is reported for the first time in this letter. Such behavior is observed in a nanowire with cross-sectional dimensions of 19.44 x 19.44 angstrom(2) over a temperature range of 100-400 K and at a strain rate of 1 x 10(9) s(-1) using atomistic simulations. Phase transformation from an initial B2 phase to a BCT (Body-Centered-Tetragonal) phase is observed via nucleation and propagation of {100} twinning plane under high strain rate tensile deformation. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Comment on "Pseudoelasticity of Cu-Zr nanowires via stress-induced martensitic phase transformations"

Recently, a novel stress-induced phase transformation in an initial < 100 >/{100} B2-CuZr nanowire has been reported for the first time [Sutrakar and Mahapatra, Mater. Lett. 63, 1289 (2009)]. Following this, a martenisitic phase transformation in Cu-Zr nanowire was shown [Cheng et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 021911 (2009)] using the same idea (Sutrakar and Mahapatra, Mater. Lett. 63, 1289 (2009)]. The pseudoelastic recovery of the bct phase of Cu-Zr by unloading has also been shown [Cheng et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 021911 (2009)]. They also tested the epitaxial bain path [Alippi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3892 (1997)] and reported that the bct phase in the nanowire is metastable, whereas the bulk counterpart is unstable. This aspect is re-examined in this comment with corrected results.