University of Michigan, 1856

Engraving, 19 x 19 cm. Original painting by J.F. Cropsey dated 1856. Publication information: New York : R. Leggett, 1856

University of Michigan

Campus view from the northeast after oil painting by J.F. Cropsey utilized as letterhead

Cows on hillside close by Huron River

Image taken from photograph album containing views of the Huron River. The album contains copyprints of photographs made by George R. Swain

Top: Res. of William Doty, Sec. 11, Northfield Tp. Mich. Bottom: Res. of Wilson Yanson, Sec 1, Northfield Tp. Mich.

Northfield, Mich. residences. Publication information: Chicago, Ill. : Everts & Stewart, 1874.

Lyndon Township (Mich.) residences

Left to right: Res. of J.H. Collins, Sec. 4, Lyndon Tp. Mich.; Res. of A.E. Collins, Sec 4; Lyndon Tp. Mich.; Res. of E. Skidmore, Sec. 17, Lyndon Tp. Mich.; Res. of Hanson Sessions, Sec. 2, Northfield Tp. Mich. Publication information: Chicago, Ill. : Everts & Stewart, 1874.

Top: Res. of Orman Clark, Sec. 34, Lyndon Tp. Mich. Bottom: Res. of W.E. Wessels, Sec 18, Lyndon Tp. Mich.

Lyndon Township, Mich. residences. Inset: The Old Home. Publication information: Chicago, Ill. : Everts & Stewart, 1874.

Top: Res. of John Allen, Sec. 27, Lima Tp. Mich. Bottom: Res. of John S. Pacey, Sec. 20, Scio Tp. Mich.

Lima and Scio Township (Mich.) residences. Publication information: Chicago, Ill. : Everts & Stewart, 1874.

Res. of Jas C. Allen, Sec. 17, Ann Arbor Tp. Mich.

Ann Arbor, Mich. residence. Publication information: Chicago, Ill. : Everts & Stewart, 1874.

Top: Res. of L. Blaess, Sec. 12, Lodi Tp. Mich. Bottom: Res. of L. Blaess, Esq., Sec. 12, Lodi Tp., Mich.

Lodi Township (Mich.) residences. Publication information: Chicago, Ill. : Everts & Stewart, 1874.

Top: Res. of Asa M. Darling, Sec. 12, Augusta Tp. Mich. Bottom: Res. of C.C. Harmon, Sec 18, Augusta Tp. Mich.

Augusta Township (Mich.) residences. Insets: Built 1849. Hop House. Publication information: Chicago, Ill. : Everts & Stewart, 1874.

Weight of thyroid in dairy cows from different geographical areas within the United States /

"In cooperation with the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York (Cornell and Geneva), North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, and Wisconsin."

Virtual fences for controlling cows

We describe a moving virtual fence algorithm for herding cows. Each animal in the herd is given a smart collar consisting of a GPS, PDA, wireless networking and a sound amplifier. Using the GPS, the animal's location can be verified relative to the fence boundary. When approaching the perimeter, the animal is presented with a sound stimulus whose effect is to move away. We have developed the virtual fence control algorithm for moving a herd. We present simulation results and data from experiments with 8 cows equipped with smart collars.

Dynamic virtual fences for controlling cows

A virtual fence is created by applying an aversive stimulus to an animal when it approaches a predefined boundary. It is implemented by a small animal-borne computer system with a GPS receiver. This approach allows the implementation of virtual paddocks inside a normal physically-fenced paddock. Since the fence lines are virtual they can be moved by programming to meet the needs of animal or land management. This approach enables us to consider animals as agents with natural mobility that are controllable and to apply a vast body of theory in motion planning. In this paper we describe a herd-animal simulator and physical experiments conducted on a small herd of 10 animals using a Smart Collar. The Smart Collar consists of a GPS, PDA, wireless networking and a sound amplifier. We describe a motion planning algorithm that can move a virtual paddock subject to landscape constraints which is suitable for mustering cows. We present simulation results and data from experiments with 8 cows equipped with Smart Collars.

The Validity of the Brief Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (bMAST) as a Problem Drinking Severity Measure

Objective: The Brief Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (bMAST) is a 10-item test derived from the 25-item Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST). It is widely used in the assessment of alcohol dependence. In the absence of previous validation studies, the principal aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the bMAST as a measure of the severity of problem drinking. Method: There were 6,594 patients (4,854 men, 1,740 women) who had been referred for alcohol-use disorders to a hospital alcohol and drug service who voluntarily participated in this study. Results: An exploratory factor analysis defined a two-factor solution, consisting of Perception of Current Drinking and Drinking Consequences factors. Structural equation modeling confirmed that the fit of a nine-item, two-factor model was superior to the original one-factor model. Concurrent validity was assessed through simultaneous administration of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and associations with alcohol consumption and clinically assessed features of alcohol dependence. The two-factor bMAST model showed moderate correlations with the AUDIT. The two-factor bMAST and AUDIT were similarly associated with quantity of alcohol consumption and clinically assessed dependence severity features. No differences were observed between the existing weighted scoring system and the proposed simple scoring system. Conclusions: In this study, both the existing bMAST total score and the two-factor model identified were as effective as the AUDIT in assessing problem drinking severity. There are additional advantages of employing the two-factor bMAST in the assessment and treatment planning of patients seeking treatment for alcohol-use disorders. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 68: 771-779,2007)