Cow Manure Hoist

Saline Valley Farms was an experiment in cooperative farming and living begun in 1932 by Harold S. Gray.

Effects of iso-nitrogenous fertilizers as nutrient sources on carp polyculture in Bangladesh

A 120-day long experiment was conducted to find out the effects of urea plus triple super phosphate (UT), cow manure (CM) and poultry manure (PM) having iso-nil:rogen content on pond productivity and fish yield. Three fertilizer treatments, with three replicates each, were randomly assigned into nine earthen ponds of 100 m2 each. The stocking fish were rohu (Labeo ruhita), catla ( Catla catla) and mrigal ( Cirrhinus mrigala) in each treatment pond at the rate of 10000/ha with the ratio of 1:1:1. All ponds were fertilized fortnightly at the rate of 125 kg/ha urea plus 100 kg TSP/ha, 7000 kg/ha cow manure and 3500 kg/ha poultry manure for the treatment of UT, CM and PM, respectively, having an iso-nitrogen content of 56 kg in each. Though the physicochemical water quality parameters were more or less similar in all treatment ponds, the chlorophyll-a content and abundance of total plankton were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the ponds receiving the treatment PM. Final growth as well as per unit production of fish was significantly higher (pmanure proved to be superior to urea plus TSP and cow manure, even when nitrogen content is similar, in carp polyculture system under prevailing conditions.

Effects of iso-nitrogenous and iso-phosphorus fertilizers as nutrient sources on carp polyculture in Bangladesh

A 120 day long experiment was conducted to find out the effects of cow manure with urea and triple super phosphate (CUT), poultry manure with urea and triple super phosphate (PUT) and cow manure with poultry manure (CP) having similar quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus on pond productivity and fish yield. The stocking fish were rohu (Labeo rohita), catla ( Catla catla) and mrigal ( Cirrhinus mrigala) in each treatment pond at the rate of 10000/ha. All ponds were fertilized fortnightly at the rate of 4000 kg/ha cow manure with 62 kg/ha urea and 65 kg/ha TSP, 2700 kg/ha poultry manure with 62 kg/ha urea and 16 kg/ha TSP, and 4000kg/ha cow manure with 2700 kg/ha poultry manure for the treatment CUT, PUT and CP respectively. Each treatment contained an iso-nitrogen and iso-phosphorus of 56 kg and 46 kg respectively. Though the physico-chemical parameters were more or less similar in all ponds, the chlorophyll-a content and abundance of total plankton were significantly higher (P< 0.05) in the ponds receiving the fertilizer treatment of PUT than those of other treatments. Final growth as well as per unit production of fish of treatment PUT (1773 kg/ha) was significantly higher (P< 0.05) than that of treatment CP (1528 kg/ha) followed by that of treatment CUT (1336 kg/ha). The over all results showed that poultry manure with urea and triple super phosphate proved to be superior to cow manure with urea and triple super phosphate, and poultry manure with cow manure, even when nitrogen and phosphorus content was similar, in carp polyculture system under prevailing conditions.

Effects of cultural system (organic and conventional) on growth, photosynthesis and yield components of sweet corn (zea mays L.) under semi-arid environment

Organic sweet maize consists of a new industrial crop product. Field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of cultural systems on growth, photosynthesis and yield components of sweet maize crop (Zea mays L. F-1 hybrid 'Midas'). A randomized complete block design was employed with four replicates per treatment (organic fertilization: cow manure (5, 10 and 20 t ha(-1)), poultry manure (5, 10 and 20 t ha(-1)) and barley mulch (5, 10 and 20 t ha(-1)), synthetic fertilizer (240 kg N ha(-1)): 21-0-0 and control). The lowest dry weight, height and leaf area index and sod organic matter were measured in the control treatment. Organic matter content was proportionate to the amount of manure applied. The control plots had the lowest yield (1593 kg ha(-1)) and the double rate cow manure plots the had,greatest one. (6104 kg ha(-1)). High correlation between sweet corn yield and organic matter was registered. Moreover, the lowest values of 1000-grain weight were obtained with control plot. The fertilizer plot gave values which were similar to the full rate cow manure treatment. The photosynthetic race of the untreated control was significantly lower than that of the other treatments. The phorosynthetic rate increased as poultry manure and barley mulch ram decreased and as cow manure increased. Furthermore the untreated control had the lowest stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content. Our results indicated that sweet corn growth and yield in the organic plots was significantly higher than those in the conventional plots.

Effect of substrata on the development of stem cuttings of Lippia alba (Mill.) NEBR. - Limonene-carvone chemotype

Studies were conducted to show the effect of different substrata on the development of stem cuttings of Lippia alba made of limonene-carvone chemotype. The experiment was done in the College of Agronomical Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil in 2000. The cuttings were planted in polystyrene trays consisting of 72 cells. The cuttings had about 0.20 m of length and were put in the following substrata:Fine sand (T1), commercial substratum (T2), carbonised rice peel and local soil (T3), local soil, cow manure and carbonised rice peel (T4), vermiculite (T5), and carbonised rice peel (T6). After 40 days the development of stem cuttings were evaluated. High rate of rooting of stem cuttings was verified, with average of 95 10 and no significant difference between the treatments. In relation to dry mass of aerial parts and dry mass of roots, significant differences were found. For dry mass production of aerial parts the commercial substratum (T2) and the local soil, cow manure, carbonised rice peel (T4) were optimal. For mass of roots the local soil, cow manure, carbonised rice peel (T4) proved to be the best.

Efeito de biofertilizantes sobre o crescimento micelial e a germinação de esporos de alguns fungos fitopatogênicos

The biofertilizer was produced through anaerobic fermentation of cow manure adding milk, sugar, salts, cow liver parts and bone powder. After 73 days of fermentation it was evaluated the effect on micelial growth of Pythium aphanidermatum, Alternaria solani, Stemphylium solani, Septoria licopersici, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli and spores germination of B. cinerea, A. solani, Hemileia vastatrix and Coleosporium plumierae. In relation to micelial growth inhibition, the growth rate was calculated and it was found that, in general, concentrations over 10% caused a total inhibition of growth for the majority of fungi assayed. In case of spores germination, biofertilizer concentration over 20% has inhibited completely the germination of B. cinerea, over 10% inhibited A. solani, 5 and 1% of C. plumierae and H. vastatrix, respectively. Three different biofertilizers were also tested and one of them was less effective, which was the one produced with manure from confined cows opposed to the others produced with grazing cows.

Effect of substrata on the development of stem cuttings of Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. BR. - Limonene-carvone chemotype

Studies were conducted to show the effect of different substrata on the development of stem cuttings of Lippia alba made of limonene-carvone chemotype. The experiment was done in the College of Agronomical Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil in 2000. The cuttings were planted in polystyrene trays consisting of 72 cells. The cuttings had about 0.20 m of length and were put in the following substrata: Fine sand (T1), commercial substratum (T2), carbonised rice peel and local soil (T3), local soil, cow manure and carbonised rice peel (T4), vermiculite (T5), and carbonised rice peel (T6). After 40 days the development of stem cuttings were evaluated. High rate of rooting of stem cuttings was verified, with average of 95% and no significant difference between the treatments. In relation to dry mass of aerial parts and dry mass of roots, significant differences were found. For dry mass production of aerial parts the commercial substratum (T2) and the local soil, cow manure, carbonised rice peel (T4) were optimal. For mass of roots the local soil, cow manure, carbonised rice peel (T4) proved to be the best.

Produtividade e teor de nitrato de alface e rúcula em cultivo consorciado e monocultivo em função da adubação com N-ureia e esterco bovino

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) - FCAV

Caldo de cana-de-açúcar na biodigestão anaeróbia com dejetos de vacas em lactação sob diferentes dietas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Viabilidade técnica e econômica da implantação da biodigestão anaeróbia e aplicação de biofertilizante nos atributos de solo e plantas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo da remediação de um aquífero contaminado com sulfato e metais através de barreira reativa permeável orgânica.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral estudar a viabilidade técnica de utilizar bagaço de cana como meio reativo de barreiras reativas permeáveis (BRP) para remoção de sulfato e metais de águas subterrâneas contaminadas. O estudo baseou-se em investigação experimental, por meio de ensaios laboratoriais de coluna, e em modelagem matemática, para a qual utilizaram-se também alguns dados obtidos em um estudo de caso de uma unidade industrial contaminada com sulfato e metais. Neste local contaminado, as características hidrogeológicas e topográficas propiciam a utilização de uma barreira reativa permeável como técnica de remediação. Barreiras reativas permeáveis são uma alternativa para remediação de águas subterrâneas que vem progredindo rapidamente na última década, a partir de ensaios de bancada e coluna em laboratório para implementação em escala real em campo. Três colunas bióticas foram montadas utilizando bagaço de cana como meio reativo e um material de base poroso constituído de areia e cascalho para fornecer adequada condutividade hidráulica, com a proporção de 1:28 em massa seca. Também foi adicionado ao meio reativo um inóculo bacteriano composto por esterco bovino dissolvido. Uma quarta coluna, sem inóculo e contendo um agente biocida, compôs o experimento branco (abiótico). Uma solução sintética foi introduzida nas colunas simulando condições da água subterrânea do estudo de caso, com velocidade de Darcy em torno de 2,0x10-7 m/s composta por sulfato e metais (zinco e níquel) com concentrações de 6.000 mg/L e 15 mg/L, respectivamente. Os resultados das análises da fase líquida das colunas bióticas apresentaram: (i) média da taxa de remoção de sulfato durante todo o tempo do experimento de 49 mg/L/dia; (ii) as concentrações de Zn e Ni diminuíram de 15 mg/L para valores não detectáveis pela técnica analítica utilizada (< 0,01 mg/L); (iii) aumento do pH de 5.5-5.8 para valores entre 6,8-8,0; (iv) redução do valor do potencial de óxido redução (Eh) para valores de até -200mV. Não foram observadas reduções das concentrações de metais e sulfato na fase líquida da coluna abiótica e os valores de pH e Eh permaneceram dentro das faixas iniciais. Análises nas fases sólidas das colunas bióticas por MEV e EDS após o término do experimento identificaram a presença de Ni, Zn, S e Mn, indicando a precipitação desses metais em forma de sulfetos. Estes elementos não foram detectados na fase sólida da coluna abiótica. Assim, pôde-se inferir que toda a remoção de sulfato verificada nas colunas bióticas pode ser atribuída a redução bacteriana de sulfato. A partir das condições experimentais dos ensaios, foi realizada a modelagem e o dimensionamento da BRP. Para a estimativa da cinética de redução de sulfato, aplicou-se a solução analítica de Van Genuchten para transporte de contaminantes com degradação, obtendo-se uma taxa de decaimento de primeira ordem de 0,01 dia-1. A determinação da espessura e tempo de residência da barreira foi realizada considerando que a concentração de sulfato na saída da barreira fosse menor ou igual a 250 mg/L. O resultado do dimensionamento de uma BRP preenchida com bagaço de cana e areia nas proporções de 1:28 em massa seca resultaria em uma BRP de 7,1 m de espessura, com tempo de residência de 950 dias, no local de estudo de caso. Caso fosse utilizado o dobro da proporção de bagaço de cana e areia em massa seca (1:14), a implantação da BRP apresentar-se-ia viável, com espessura aproximada de 4 m. Através destes resultados, pôde ser comprovada a hipótese de que bagaço de cana como substrato e esterco bovino como inóculo compõem um meio reativo viável para a redução de sulfato e precipitação de metais em uma BRP.

Testimonies in favor of salt as a manure and a condiment for horse, cow and sheep, with testimonies of its vast importance in the arts, in manufactures and in the fisheries; accompanied by testimonies in favor of agriculture.

Mode of access: Internet.

Influência do esterco de curral e da calagem na produção de feijão Vigna (Cow-pea) em latosolo amarelo, da região de Belém.

1964

The Viability of B. tuberculosis (Bovinus) on Pasture Land, In Stored Faeces and In Liquid Manure

The object of these experiments was to determine the length of time during which B. tuberculosis in cow's faeces remain alive and virulent on pasture land in the south of England. The method of testing for living B. tuberculosis is given in Appendix II.

Influence of manure scrapers on dairy cows in cubicle housing systems

Manure scrapers are widely used in dairy cow loose-housing systems. In order to evaluate the effects of the scrapers on the cows, we assessed their impact on the animals' cardiac activity, feeding behaviour, and the behavioural reactions of cows confronted with different types of scrapers. In part I of the study, we measured cardiac activity (mean R–R interval and RMSSD, a parameter of heart-rate variability) whilst observing the behaviour of 29 focal cows on three farms during situations with and without active manure scrapers. Lower RMSSD values were observed during scraping events while cows were either lying, standing or walking in the alleyway, standing completely in the lying cubicle, or standing half in the lying cubicle (P=0.03), but only tended to differ while directly confronted with the scraper (P=0.06). This indicates that dairy cows experienced at least some mild stress during manure-scraping events. In part II, the feeding behaviour of 12 cows on each of two farms was recorded by means of a jaw-movement sensor and compared between situations with the manure-scraping event following forage provision either within or outside the main daily feeding period (i.e. within 1 or after 2 h from forage provisioning, respectively). The duration of night-time feeding (P=0.049) and the number of feeding bouts (P=0.036) were higher when a manure-scraping event took place within the main daily feeding period, indicating that the cows' feeding behaviour had been disturbed. In part III, we observed the cows' behaviour on 15 farms during eight manure scraping events per farm, where each of five farms had one of three different scraper types. We assessed the cows' immediate reactions when confronted with the scraper. In addition, we recorded the number of animals present in the alleyways before and after the manure-scraping events. The more cows that were present in the alleyways before the scraping event, the lower the proportion of cows showing direct behavioural reactions both with (P=0.017) and without (P=0.028) scraper contact, and the higher the number of cows that left the alleyways (P<0.001). Scraper type did not influence the proportion of cows showing behavioural reactions. In conclusion, our results show that dairy cows perceive the manure-scraping event negatively in some situations, that feeding behaviour may be disturbed when scrapers are active during the main feeding period, and that cows avoid the scraper during crowded situations.