Camino de Santa Isabel: su historia, conveniencia y practicabilidad y ventajas sobre los demás que atraviesan la Cordillera Central

25 p.

Geochemical constraints on blueschist- and amphibolite-facies rocks of the Central Cordillera of Colombia: the Andean Barragan region

Subduction zones are one of the most characteristic features of planet Earth. Convergent plate junctions exert enormous influence on the formation and recycling of continental crust, and they are also responsible for major mineral resources and earthquakes, which are of crucial importance for society. A subduction-related geologic unit containing high-pressure rocks occurs in the Barragan area (Valle del Cauca Department) on the western flank of the Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. Blueschists and amphibolites, serpentinized meta-ultramafic rocks, graphite-chlorite-muscovite-quartz schists, protocataclasites, and graphite-chlorite-andalusite-andesine-garnet-muscovite +/- titanite schists are exposed in this region. In spite of the petrotectonic importance of blueschists, the high-pressure metamorphism of the Central Cordillera of Colombia has been rarely studied. New geochemical data indicate that protoliths of the blueschist- and amphibolite-facies rocks possessed normal mid-ocean ridge basalt bulk compositions. Ar-40/Ar-39 geochronology for a metapelite rock associated with the blueschists shows a plateau age of similar to 120 million years. We suggest that high-P/T conditions were present from similar to 150 to 125 Ma, depending on the model of generation and exhumation considered.

Extracto de una carta dirigida por D. Carlos de Gimbernat ... a un amigo suyo sobre sus observaciones geológicas, hechas por real orden en la cordillera central de los Alpes, durante los meses de agosto, septiembre y octubre de 1803.

Marca tipográfica en la portada.

LOS DOS LADOS DE LA CORDILLERA CENTRAL DE COSTA RICA

Análisis comparado de los procesos geomorfológicos, hidrográficos y vegetacionales afectados por la ocupación histórica de las vertientes de la Cordillera Volcánica Central. Se estudian las tendencias catastróficas de no producirse una intervención más enérgica para proteger esos recursos naturales

Media bias and central bank response. Evidence from the nominal exchange rate behavior in Colombia

Since 1991 Colombia has had a market-determined Peso - US Dollar Nominal Exchange Rate (NER), after more than 20 years of controlled and multiple exchange rates. The behavior (revaluation / devaluation) of the NER is constantly reported in news, editorials and op-eds of major newspapers of the nation with particular attention to revaluation. The uneven reporting of revaluation episodes can be explained by the existence of an interest group particulary affected by revaluation, looking to increase awareness and sympathy for help from public institutions. Using the number of news and op-eds from a major Colombian newspaper, it is shown that there is an over-reporting of revaluation episodes in contrast to devaluation ones. Secondly, using text analysis upon the content of the news, it is also shown that the words devaluation and revaluation are far apart in the distribution of words within the news; and revaluation is highly correlated with words related to: public institutions, exporters and the need of assistance. Finally it is also shown that the probability of the central bank buying US dollars to lessen revaluation effects increases with the number of news; even though the central bank allegedly intervenes in the exchange rate market only to tame volatility or accumulate international reserves.

Petroleum System Analysis: Middle Magdalena Valley Basin, Colombia, South America

The purpose of this study is to create a petroleum system model and to assess whether or not the La Luna Formation has potential for unconventional exploration and production in the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin (MMVB), Colombia. Today, the Magdalena River valley is an intermontane valley located between the Central and Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. The underlying basin, however, represents a major regional sedimentary basin that received deposits from the Triassic through the Cenozoic. In recent years Colombia has been of great exploration interest because of its potentially vast hydrocarbon resources, existing petroleum infrastructure, and skilled workforce. Since the early 1900s when the MMVB began producing, it has led to discoveries of 1.9 billion barrels of oil (BBO) and 2.5 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of gas (Willatt et al., 2012). Colombia is already the third largest producer of oil in South America, and there is good potential for additional unconventional exploration and production in the Cretaceous source rocks (Willatt et al., 2012). Garcia Gonzalez et al. (2009) estimate the potential remaining hydrocarbons in the La Luna Formation in the MMVB to be between 1.15 and 10.33 billion barrels of oil equivalent (BBOE; P90 and P10 respectively), with 2.02 BBOE cumulative production to date. Throughout the 1900s and early 2000s, Cenozoic continental and transitional clastic reservoirs were the primary exploration interest in the MMVB (Dickey, 1992). The Cretaceous source rocks, such as the La Luna Formation, are now the target for unconventional exploration and production. In the MMVB, the La Luna formation is characterized by relatively high total organic carbon (TOC) values, moderate maturity, and adequate thickness and depth (Veigal and Dzelalijal, 2014). The La Luna Formation is composed of Cenomanian-Santonian aged shales, marls, and limestones (Veigal and Dzelalijal, 2014). In addition to the in-situ hydrocarbons, the fractured limestones in the La Luna formation act as secondary reservoirs for light oil from other formations (Veigal and Dzelalijal, 2014). Thus the system can be considered more of a hybrid play, rather than a pure unconventional play. The Cretaceous source rocks of the MMVB exhibit excellent potential for unconventional exploration and production. Due to the complex structural nature of the MMVB, an understanding of the distribution of rocks and variations in rock qualities is essential for reducing risk in this play.

LA CORDILLERA VOLCÁNICA CENTRAL (COSTA RICA): SUS PELIGROS POTENCIALES Y PREVENCIONES

La Cordillera Volcánica Central está formada por cinco complejos estratovolcánicos principales (Platanar, Poás, Barva, Irazú y Turrialba), alineaba en dirección N60W.  Los aparatos volcánicos cuspidales que han presentado actividad histórica son el Poás, Irazú y Turrialba ( 1723  al presente).  No obstante el relevamiento de campo ha demostrado que la actividad histórica no es representativa de la máxima amenaza que representan estos volcanes.  La amenaza volcánica potencial la representan:  1) caída de piroclastos, 2) flujos de piroclasticos, 3) oleadas piroclasticos, 4) avalanchas volvánicas, 5) flujos de lodo, 6 coladas de lava, 7) apertura de nuevos conos o efusión de lavas, y 8) dispersión de gases volcánicos.  Con base en los datos obtenidos en terreno, se han cartografiado las zonas de riesgo correspondiente a cada evento mencionado.  Asismismo, sesugieren medidas preventivas para ser tomadas en caso de iniciarse ciclos eruptivos en la Cordillera Central. 

Resumen de la situación actual y perspectivas de los sistemas de generación-transmisión eléctrica en América Central: versión preliminar

Incluye Bibliografía

Reassessment of the taxonomic status of Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) with the description of three new species, Amblyomma tonelliae n. sp., Amblyomma interandinum n. sp. and Amblyomma patinoi n. sp., and reinstatement of Amblyomma mixtum Koch, 1844, and Amblyomma sculptum Berlese, 1888 (Ixodida: Ixodidae)

A reassessment of the taxonomic status of Amblyomma cajennense based on the morphological analyses of ticks from the whole distribution area of the species resulted in the redescription of A. cajennense, the validation of 2 species which had been reduced to synonymy in the past, Amblyomma mixtum and Amblyomma sculptum, and the description and definition of 3 new species, Amblyomma tonelliae n. sp., Amblyomma interandinum n. sp., and Amblyomma patinoi n. sp. This study provides descriptions and redescriptions, scanning electron microscopic and stereomicroscopic images, updated synonymies, information on geographical distributions, and host associations for each of the 6 species. Amblyomma cajennense s.s. is found in the Amazonian region of South America, A. interandinum is reported from the northern part of the Inter-Andean valley of Peru, A. mixtum is present from Texas (U.S.A.) to western Ecuador, A. patinoi occurs in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, A. tonelliae is associated with the dry areas of the Chaco region which spans from central-northern Argentina to Bolivia and Paraguay, whereas A. sculptum is distributed from the humid areas of northern Argentina, to the contiguous regions of Bolivia and Paraguay and the coastal and central-western states of Brazil.

Age model and stable isotope record of eastern equatorial Pacific sediment cores

Six deep sea cores from the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) were analyzed for planktonic foraminifera and stable isotopes in order to reconstruct sea surface temperatures (SST) for the last 40 ka. South of the Equatorial Front the abundance of Globorotalia inflata increased, and SST decreased by >5°C (core ODP846B), creating a stronger SST meridional gradient and advection of the Peru Current than present for the ~16-35 ka interval. A sharper SST meridional gradient forced stronger Choco jet events and a moisture increase in western Colombia, which supplied, through the San Juan River and the south-flowing equatorial and the Peru-Chile countercurrents, abundant hemipelagic quartz over the northern Peru basin (core TR163-31B). The Choco jet, and its associated mesoscale convective cells, provoked an increase in snow precipitation over the Central Cordillera of Colombia and the advance of the Murillo glacier. In synchrony with the intensified Choco jet events, the "dry island" effect over the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia intensified, and the level of Fuquene Lake dropped.

Floristic notes of Sierra del Rincón Biosphere Reserve (Spain, Madrid province)

New records of vascular plants from Sierra del Rincón Biosphere Reserve and surroundings (Spain, Madrid province) are provided. It is noteworthy the presence of atlantic flora in this continental area and the different shrubby communities in different sectors with different litology: in areas with gneiss they are dominated by leguminous genisteae; where it is schistous, shale or quartzite they are heathlands.

Los grupos paramilitares en Bogotá y Cundinamarca, 1997-2005

Este artículo considera el período comprendido entre la segunda mitad de los 90, cuando aparecieron “grupos paramilitares” en Cundinamarca y Bogotá, y mediados de la primera década de este siglo, cuando fueron desmanteladas algunas de estas estructuras por parte de las autoridades, hubo entrega de armas por otras y surgieron organizaciones paramilitares “sustitutas” que permanecen activas en el ámbito territorial referido en este estudio. Destaca la actividad “antiinsurgente” desarrollada por los paramilitares en zonas coincidentes con aquellas donde las Fuerzas Militares adelantaron operaciones contrainsurgentes. Además, documenta el proceso de transformación y desintegración que sufrieron en el centro del país algunas estructuras paramilitares que acogieron el proceso de diálogo con el gobierno Uribe como parte de las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia –AUC–a la vez que enfrentaban una “guerra interna” con otros grupos paramilitares recalcitrantes a participar del acuerdo. Finalmente presenta una apreciación sobre la evolución futura de los “ejércitos privados” que perviven luego de culminado el desarme de las AUC.-----This article surveys the period that covers the second half of the 1990’s, when “paramilitary groups” became visible in Cundinamarca and Bogotá, and the first half of the present decade, when a number of these structures were diminished as a result of law enforcement operations, a few others engaged in disarmament and new “substitute” paramilitary outfits emerged in the area referred by this study. It highlights the “anti-insurgent” activity of the paramilitary in areas that overlap with those where regular military forces carried out counterinsurgent operations. It also references the process of transformation and disintegration of paramilitary units in central Colombia that joined peace talks with the Uribe administration as part of the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia –AUC–, as they simultaneously engaged in an “internal war” with other paramilitary groups reluctant to the agreement. It concludes with an appreciation about the future evolution of those “private armies” which endure after the AUC disarmament.

Migración interna femenina en el Paraguay

Incluye Bibliografía

La inversión colombiana en Centroamérica

Este documento tiene como objetivo principal analizar las estrategias empresariales que han favorecido el aumento de la inversión extranjera directa (IED) colombiana en los países centroamericanos. Provee un marco teórico para el estudio de los determinantes de la IED, hace una revisión de su dinámica y brinda un marco conceptual que permite identificar, clasificar y analizar los flujos de inversión de Colombia a cada uno de los países centroamericanos.