Examination of DWI conviction rate procedures.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Prevalence and characteristics of Indigenous drink-driving convictions in Queensland, Australia

Alcohol-involved accidents are one of the leading contributors towards high injury rates among Indigenous Australians. However, there is limited information available to inform existing policies to change current rates. The study aims to provide information about the prevalence and the characteristics of such behaviour. Drink driving convictions from 2006-2010 were extracted from the Queensland Department of Justice and Attorney General database. Convictions were regrouped by gender, age, Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia classification (using court location) and sentence severity. A number of cross tabulations were carried out to identify relationships between variables. Standardised adjusted residuals were calculated for each cell in order to determine cell differences that contributed to the chi-square test results. Analysis revealed there were 9,323 convictions, of which the majority were for offences by males (77.5%). In relation to age, 52.6% of the convictions were of persons under 25 years of age. Age was significantly different across the five regions for males only (χ2=90.8, p<0.001), with a larger number of convictions in the ‘very remote’ region of persons over 40+ years of age. Increased remoteness was linked with high range BAC convictions for both males (χ2=168.4, p<0.001) and females (χ2=22.5, p=0.004). Monetary penalties were the primary sentence received for both males and females in all regions. The findings identify the Indigenous drink driving conviction rate to be 6 times that of the general Queensland rate and indicate that a multipronged approach is needed, with tailored strategies for remote offenders, young adults and offenders with alcohol misuse and dependency issues. Further attention is warranted in this area of road safety.

Sexual offences against children: An exploration of attrition in the Northern Ireland criminal justice system

Objective: This paper uses data provided by the Police Service for Northern Ireland (PSNI) to compare the characteristics and outcomes of reported sexual offences involving child and adult victims and explore the factors associated with case outcomes.
Method: PSNI provided data on 8,789 sexual offences recorded between April 2001 and March 2006. Case outcomes were based on whether a case was recorded by police as having sufficient evidence to summons, charge, or caution an offender (detected). Where an offender was summonsed, charged, or cautioned, this is classified as detection with a formal sanction. A case can also be classified as "detected" without a formal sanction. The analysis focused on two key categories of detection without formal sanction: cases in which the police deem there to be sufficient evidence to charge an offender but took no further action because the victim did not wish to prosecute, or because the police or the Public Prosecution Service (PPS) decided that no useful purpose would be served by proceeding.
Results: The analysis confirmed that the characteristics of recorded sexual offences involving adult and child victims vary significantly according to gender, offence type, the timing of report and victim-offender relationship. Almost half of child sex abuse cases are not detected by police and a quarter do not proceed through the criminal justice system because either the victim declines to prosecute or the Police/PPS decide not to proceed. Only one in five child cases involved detection with a formal sanction. Child groups with lower detection with formal sanction rates included children under 5, teenagers, those who do not report when the abuse occurs but disclose at a later date; and those who experience abuse at the hands of peers and adults known to them but not related. The analysis also highlighted variation in formal sanction rates depending on where the offence was reported.
Conclusions: Consideration needs to be given to improving the criminal justice response to specific child groups as well as monitoring detection rates in different police areas in order to address potential practice variation.
Practice implications: Consideration needs to be given to improving the professional response in relation to with particularly lower detection with formal sanction rates. There is also a need to monitor case outcomes to ensure that child victims in different areas receive a similar service.

Les facteurs liés au cheminement judiciaire des incidents commis en contexte conjugal

La violence conjugale est un phénomène criminel fréquent au Québec. En 2008, les infractions commises en contexte conjugal représentaient plus de 20 % des crimes contre la personne signalés à la police (Ministère de la Sécurité publique, 2010). L’intervention policière et judiciaire en contexte conjugal est complexe, notamment en raison du lien unissant l’agresseur et la victime. Bien que le pouvoir discrétionnaire des intervenants judiciaires en contexte conjugal ait été grandement limité au cours des dernières décennies, ceux-ci bénéficient toujours d’une certaine latitude dans leur décision de poursuivre, ou non, différentes étapes du processus judiciaire. Au fil du temps, plusieurs études se sont intéressées aux éléments influençant la prise de décision en contexte conjugal. Cependant, celles-ci ne portent généralement que sur une seule étape du processus et certains facteurs décisionnels n’ont jamais été testés empiriquement. C’est notamment le cas des éléments liés aux stéréotypes de la violence conjugale. Certains auteurs mentionnent que les incidents qui ne correspondent pas au stéréotype de l’agresseur masculin violentant une victime qualifiée d’irréprochable et d’innocente font l’objet d’un traitement judiciaire plus sommaire, mais ces affirmations ne reposent, à notre connaissance, sur aucune donnée empirique. Cette étude tente de vérifier cette hypothèse en examinant l’impact de ces éléments sur cinq décisions policières et judiciaires. À partir d’une analyse de contenu quantitative de divers documents liés au cheminement judiciaire de 371 incidents commis en contexte conjugal sur le territoire du Centre opérationnel Nord du Service de police de la Ville de Montréal en 2008, la thèse examine l’utilisation du pouvoir discrétionnaire dans le traitement judiciaire de ces incidents. Elle comporte trois objectifs spécifiques. Le premier objectif permet la description du cheminement judiciaire des incidents commis en contexte conjugal. Nos résultats indiquent que ceux-ci font l’objet d’un traitement plus punitif puisqu’ils font plus fréquemment l’objet de procédures à la cour que les autres types de crimes. Cette judiciarisation plus systématique pourrait expliquer le faible taux de condamnation de ceux-ci (17,2 %). Le second objectif permet la description des principales caractéristiques de ces incidents. La majorité implique des gestes de violence physique et les policiers interviennent généralement auprès de conjoints actuels. La plupart des victimes rapportent la présence de violences antérieures au sein du couple et le tiers veulent porter plainte contre le suspect. Finalement, 78 % des incidents impliquent un agresseur masculin et une victime féminine et 14,29 % des victimes sont soupçonnées d’avoir posé le premier geste hostile ou violent lors de l’incident. Le dernier objectif permet l’identification des principaux éléments associés aux décisions prises en contexte conjugal. Les résultats confirment l’hypothèse selon laquelle les incidents n’impliquant pas un agresseur masculin et une victime féminine ou ceux dont les policiers soupçonnent la victime d’avoir posé le premier geste hostile ou violent font l’objet d’un traitement judiciaire plus sommaire. En outre, la majorité des facteurs décisionnels étudiés perdent de leur influence au cours du processus judiciaire et les décisions prises précédemment influencent fortement les décisions subséquentes. Finalement, le désir de porter plainte de la victime n’influence pas directement les décisions des intervenants judiciaires.

Female rape: an ongoing concern: strategies for improving reporting and conviction levels

Considers the reasons for the low rate of reported female rape. Examines statistics on reported rape and rape convictions. Reviews reasons for the low rate of reported rape progressing to trial and low conviction rates. Comments on substantive and evidential measures introduced to improve conviction rates and on measures to improve the level of reported rape and reported cases progressing to trial. Assesses the impact of the measures. [From Legal Journals Index]

Raman microscopy of formamide-intercalated kaolinites treated by controlled-rate thermal analysis technology

Raman spectroscopy of formamide-intercalated kaolinites treated using controlled-rate thermal analysis technology (CRTA), allowing the separation of adsorbed formamide from intercalated formamide in formamide-intercalated kaolinites, is reported. The Raman spectra of the CRTA-treated formamide-intercalated kaolinites are significantly different from those of the intercalated kaolinites, which display a combination of both intercalated and adsorbed formamide. An intense band is observed at 3629 cm-1, attributed to the inner surface hydroxyls hydrogen bonded to the formamide. Broad bands are observed at 3600 and 3639 cm-1, assigned to the inner surface hydroxyls, which are hydrogen bonded to the adsorbed water molecules. The hydroxyl-stretching band of the inner hydroxyl is observed at 3621 cm-1 in the Raman spectra of the CRTA-treated formamide-intercalated kaolinites. The results of thermal analysis show that the amount of intercalated formamide between the kaolinite layers is independent of the presence of water. Significant differences are observed in the CO stretching region between the adsorbed and intercalated formamide.

Hydrazine-hydrate intercalated halloysite under controlled-rate thermal analysis conditions

The thermal behaviour of halloysite fully expanded with hydrazine-hydrate has been investigated in nitrogen atmosphere under dynamic heating and at a constant, pre-set decomposition rate of 0.15 mg min-1. Under controlled-rate thermal analysis (CRTA) conditions it was possible to resolve the closely overlapping decomposition stages and to distinguish between adsorbed and bonded reagent. Three types of bonded reagent could be identified. The loosely bonded reagent amounting to 0.20 mol hydrazine-hydrate per mol inner surface hydroxyl is connected to the internal and external surfaces of the expanded mineral and is present as a space filler between the sheets of the delaminated mineral. The strongly bonded (intercalated) hydrazine-hydrate is connected to the kaolinite inner surface OH groups by the formation of hydrogen bonds. Based on the thermoanalytical results two different types of bonded reagent could be distinguished in the complex. Type 1 reagent (approx. 0.06 mol hydrazine-hydrate/mol inner surface OH) is liberated between 77 and 103°C. Type 2 reagent is lost between 103 and 227°C, corresponding to a quantity of 0.36 mol hydrazine/mol inner surface OH. When heating the complex to 77°C under CRTA conditions a new reflection appears in the XRD pattern with a d-value of 9.6 Å, in addition to the 10.2 Ĺ reflection. This new reflection disappears in contact with moist air and the complex re-expands to the original d-value of 10.2 Å in a few h. The appearance of the 9.6 Å reflection is interpreted as the expansion of kaolinite with hydrazine alone, while the 10.2 Å one is due to expansion with hydrazine-hydrate. FTIR (DRIFT) spectroscopic results showed that the treated mineral after intercalation/deintercalation and heat treatment to 300°C is slightly more ordered than the original (untreated) clay.