Improve construction knowledge management system by using the soft system methodology

The construction industry has a poor record in the management of its knowledge and results into huge wastage of resources and detrimental effect to quality. Research has shown that data and information management system plus knowledge management are a critical part of today's project management practice for construction projects. Few people will deny that 'quality information' and 'useful knowledge' are extremely important to any decision-making. However, the current processes of handling information and knowledge in the construction industry and increasingly costly. One of the major reasons is the nature of this industry is not conducive to good knowledge management and the traditional data/information systems used in the industry has long been critisized. It is very common that information is often duplicated, inconsistent and not current. In turn, making knowledge becomes difficult to manage properly. Project managers have in the past found it very difficult to source and analyse data in order to make sound decisions. This paper is part of a doctoral research project which summarizes three exploratory surveys; namely ERP system, Partnering strategy and Leadership impact of a knowledge management system in a construction company. Those findings are described by using the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) which later becomes the basis for actions research. SSM is useful to reveal complexities of the knowledge management situations that occur in construction industry. The first stage was to conduct interviews of the different practices in knowledge and reporting process. Then, the SSM rich picture was developed to present the problematic areas including difficulties in inputting data to enable the knowledge platform in place. The research then develops root definition and CATWOE, and a conceptual model was formed. Interviewees were conducted with structured questions to identify prioritized actions and activities that can be undertaken to improve and manage the knowledge platform.

Knowledge transfer : a model framework for construction knowledge integration

Managing information and knowledge in the construction industry is an important focus for research. The goal is to expedite better integration of construction knowledge amongst the stakeholders. Better use of this knowledge could allow the building industry to achieve quality outputs making best use of resources – the linked goals of time, cost and quality. Information networks and knowledge transfer are central to this and are recognized as integral to an industry strategy to improve productivity. However, poor delivery of information to those at the construction site and lack of effective methods of transferring knowledge between parties involved in construction become major challenges. Based on a critical review of literature and an interview survey, this paper identifies the information networks adopted in the Malaysian construction industry and models these using four knowledge transfer components classified as ‘control’, ‘innovation’, ‘best practice’ and ‘audit’ element. Knowledge integration practices - attitude, communication, skills, commitment and monitoring; and factors related to information barriers including accessibility, service delivery, information updates and publication, were identified as critical features for the success of knowledge integration in the Malaysian construction industry. A framework for knowledge transfer is proposed to promote better practices in the Malaysian construction industry.

Analyzing and defining information requirements of knowledge intensive construction management tasks on BIM

With the increasing popularity and adoption of building information modeling (BIM), the amount of digital information available about a building is overwhelming. Enormous challenges remain however in identifying meaningful and required information from a complex BIM model to support a particular construction management (CM) task. Detailed specifications of information required by different construction domains and expressive and easy-to-use BIM reasoning mechanisms are seen as an important means in addressing these challenges. This paper analyzes some of the characteristics and requirements of component-specific construction knowledge in relation to the current work practice and BIM-based applications. It is argued that domain ontologies and information extraction approaches, such as queries could significantly bring much needed support for knowledge sharing and integration of information between design, construction and facility management.

Knowledge inquiry in the construction management domain through structured research process and methodology

Construction works are project-based and interdisciplinary. Many construction management (CM) problems are ill defined. The knowledge required to address such problems is not readily available and mostly tacit in nature. Moreover, the researchers, especially the students in the higher education, often face difficulty in defining the research problem, adopting an appropriate research process and methodology for designing and validating their research. This paper describes a ‘Horseshoe’ research process approach and its application to address a research problem of extracting construction-relevant information from a building information model (BIM). It describes the different steps of the process for understanding a problem, formulating appropriate research question/s, defining different research tasks, including a methodology for developing, implementing and validating the research. It is argued that a structure research approach and the use of mixed research methods would provide a sound basis for research design and validation in order to make contribution to existing knowledge.

Supporting knowledge-intensive construction management tasks in BIM

The delivery of products and services for construction-based businesses is increasingly becoming knowledge-driven and information-intensive. The proliferation of building information modelling (BIM) has increased business opportunities as well as introduced new challenges for the architectural, engineering and construction and facilities management (AEC/FM) industry. As such, the effective use, sharing and exchange of building life cycle information and knowledge management in building design, construction, maintenance and operation assumes a position of paramount importance. This paper identifies a subset of construction management (CM) relevant knowledge for different design conditions of building components through a critical, comprehensive review of synthesized literature and other information gathering and knowledge acquisition techniques. It then explores how such domain knowledge can be formalized as ontologies and, subsequently, a query vocabulary in order to equip BIM users with the capacity to query digital models of a building for the retrieval of useful and relevant domain-specific information. The formalized construction knowledge is validated through interviews with domain experts in relation to four case study projects. Additionally, retrospective analyses of several design conditions are used to demonstrate the soundness (realism), completeness, and appeal of the knowledge base and query-based reasoning approach in relation to the state-of-the-art tools, Solibri Model Checker and Navisworks. The knowledge engineering process and the methods applied in this research for information representation and retrieval could provide useful mechanisms to leverage BIM in support of a number of knowledge intensive CM/FM tasks and functions.

Effectiveness of constructability concept in the provision of infrastructure assets

The concept of constructability is to use construction knowledge and experience during all phases of a project, particularly in the earliest phases of planning and design. It facilitates project objectives before delivery stage, and decreases unnecessary costs during construction phase. Despite the extensive use, constructability concept fails to address many issues related to Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of construction projects. Extending constructability concept, to include the O&M issues, could lead to the projects that are not fitted for construction purposes only, but also fitted for use. This study reviews the literature of constructability implementation, its benefits and shortcomings during the infrastructure life cycle, as well as the delivery success factors of infrastructure projects. This contributes to the propose need of a model to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of infrastructure project by extending the concept of constructability to include O&M. Development of such a model can facilitate post-occupancy stakeholders’ participation in a constructability program. It will help infrastructure owners eliminate project reworks, and improve O&M effectiveness and efficiency.

The application of early contractor involvement and its impact on project performance

Early contractor involvement is a topic that has attracted attention from construction practitioners and researchers in the UK since the 1990s. It has been adopted to introduce construction knowledge and experience to the design process, and to integrate design with construction. In contrast with the limited number of previous studies on early contractor involvement, which used case studies, a questionnaire survey was conducted in this study, to investigate the application of early contractor involvement in current practice and its impact on project performance in terms of time, cost and quality. From an analysis of the questionnaire results, early contractor involvement is found to be increasingly used in the construction industry, and to have a significant impact on cost and time performance. This research provides empirical evidence related to the practice of early contractor involvement. It demonstrates the major influence of early contractor involvement on management processes and working relationships during a project, which contribute to performance improvement and project success.

New high technology product development: The case of light emitting diodes

New high technology products usher in novel possibilities to transform the design, production and use of buildings. The high technology companies which design, develop and introduce these new products by generating and applying novel scientific and technical knowledge are faced with significant market uncertainty, technological uncertainty and competitive volatility. These characteristics present unique innovation challenges compared to low- and medium technology companies. This paper reports on an ongoing Construction Knowledge Exchange funded project which is tracking, real time, the new product development process of a new family of light emitting diode (LEDs) technologies. LEDs offer significant functional and environmental performance improvements over incumbent tungsten and halogen lamps. Hitherto, the use of energy efficient, low maintenance LEDs has been constrained by technical limitations. Rapid improvements in basic science and technology mean that for the first time LEDs can provide realistic general and accent lighting solutions. Interim results will be presented on the complex, emergent new high technology product development processes which are being revealed by the integrated supply chain of a LED module manufacture, a luminaire (light fitting) manufacture and end user involved in the project.

Arquitetura física e arquitetura organizacional: construção de paralelo hitórico e conexção funcional

o objetivo do presente trabalho é refletir e discutir através da construção de um paralelo histórico entre as arquiteturas física e organizacional, a possibilidade de aprendizado mútuo entre as duas arquiteturas. Desta forma, pretendemos verificar a relação direta entre as arquiteturas no que diz respeito à evolução do conhecimento humano e seus reflexos em ciências correlatas, bem como criar uma conexão funcional para o desenvolvimento de novos projetos, possibilitado pela lógica do pensamento desenvolvido ao longo desta pesquisa. Vamos observar ao longo deste trabalho que as arquiteturas não só têm muito a contribuir mutuamente na construção de novos projetos arquitetônicos adequados ao desenvolvimento das mais diversas atividades humanas, como também no implemento e análise de novas técnicas e metodologias de gestão, considerando-se a interação do conhecimento produzido pelas arquiteturas. Ainda no que diz respeito ao aprendizado, poderemos avaliar a situação atual do ensino da administração e da arquitetura, especificamente na possibilidade interdisciplinar das duas ciências, através de entrevistas com profissionais das respectivas áreas. Da mesma forma, a questão da utilização de novas tecnologias no âmbito das organizações, deverá ser analisada, objetivando identificar sua real utilidade, e consistência com um projeto sócio-político ideológico.

Modelo de Gestión del Conocimiento para la Competitividad del Sector de las Construcciones Petroleras, Petroquímicas y Energéticas Venezolanas

La construcción es una de las actividades más valiosas para la sociedad debido a la naturaleza de los servicios que ofrece y por el volumen de empleos y movimiento económico que genera. Por ello es un elemento fundamental para el desarrollo sustentable. Es una industria compleja, cada vez más dependiente del conocimiento. Debido a su naturaleza fragmentaria y temporal y la alta rotación de personal presenta grandes retos y complicaciones particulares. Estas dificultades en oportunidades pueden transformarse en problemas por la complejidad, localización geográfica o los requisitos técnicos, financieros e innovaciones de los proyectos. Debido a sus características, las construcciones sufren cambios en las condiciones planificadas. Con frecuencia estos cambios conducen a retrasos en la ejecución de los proyectos, costes superiores a los presupuestados y conflictos entre los clientes y los ejecutores. Esto genera problemas de competitividad que afectan tanto a países desarrollados como países en vías de desarrollo. Los problemas de la construcción tienen perniciosos efectos para la sociedad, que pierde recursos que deberían permitir mejores resultados en términos de calidad de vida y beneficios sociales y económicos. Debido a la importancia del sector y los ingentes recursos que se invierten en cada proyecto se justifican los máximos esfuerzos para lograr los mejores desempeños de esta industria. Éste interés ha orientado el desarrollo de investigaciones, para apoyar el logro de los objetivos de mejoramiento continuo y construcción sustentable. Los estudios desarrollados han permitido demostrar el valor añadido del conocimiento en todos los sectores productivos. Para la construcción, los conocimientos ofrecen indicadores de desempeño, datos y lecciones aprendidas provenientes de aciertos y errores. Estos deben conducir a aprendizajes fundamentales para sustentar su competitividad. Sin embargo, a pesar de los conocimientos disponibles y los avances en las técnicas de control gerencial y de proyectos, es alarmante la recurrencia de los problemas de construcción. Esta problemática se manifiesta con severidad en los proyectos de construcción industrial que se desarrollan para el sector petrolero, petroquímico y energético venezolano. El sector presenta evidentes necesidades para un mejor desempeño competitivo por la alta incidencia de retrasos de los proyectos, que implican pérdidas de gran parte de los recursos humanos, financieros, técnicos y conocimientos invertidos. Esta investigación plantea como objetivos analizar la importancia de la construcción y su sustentabilidad, los principales problemas que afectan el sector, la gestión del conocimiento y algunos modelos disponibles para gestionarlos. Igualmente examina las lecciones aprendidas y la productividad y competitividad, con particular atención a los problemas de competitividad venezolanos. Adicionalmente se evalúan las implicaciones del conocimiento como activo estratégico y se caracterizan las empresas de construcción industrial venezolanas. Para ello se identifican las dimensiones que sustentan la gestión del conocimiento en estas empresas, para finalmente determinar las que resultan más idóneas para el nuevo modelo a ser propuesto. Con estos objetivos se desarrolló el estudio empírico. Para ello fueron invitados a participar representantes de 105 empresas y expertos de construcción distintos, todos con experiencias de construcción al sector industrial venezolano. Se obtuvieron 112 respuestas en representación de 41 organizaciones y expertos diferentes. El trabajo de campo inició en Junio de 2012 y culminó en Noviembre de 2012. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados con apoyo de técnicas estadísticas descriptivas y multivariables. Los objetivos de la investigación se alcanzaron ya que se logró caracterizar el sector de las construcciones industriales y se propuso un nuevo modelo de gestión del conocimiento adecuado a sus características. El nuevo modelo fue formulado atendiendo a criterios de sencillez, bajos costes y facilidad de adaptación para motivar su utilización en organizaciones de construcción industrial variadas. Con ello se busca que resulte de utilidad aún para las organizaciones más pequeñas, con menores recursos o aquellas que enfrentan entornos constructivos complicados. Por último se presentan algunas sugerencias para motivar la comprensión de los fenómenos estudiados en los grupos de interés de la construcción. Se propone analizar estos problemas desde las etapas iniciales de los estudios de ingeniería, de arquitectura, de construcción, de economía y administración. Igualmente se propone desarrollar acciones conjuntas de parte de los sectores académicos, gubernamentales, industriales y asociaciones para el mejoramiento competitivo y desarrollo sustentable global. La propuesta aporta datos sobre el sector constructivo venezolano en un área que presenta grandes carencias y propone un modelo innovador por su sencillez y orientación hacia el uso diario e intuitivo de los conocimientos como recursos fundamentales para la competitividad. Esta orientación puede tener trascendencia más allá del sector descrito, para apoyar la solución de problemas de otras industrias en entornos globales. ABSTRACT Construction is one of the most valuable activities for society due to the nature of the services offered and the number of jobs and revenues generated. Therefore it is a key element for sustainable development. Construction is a complex industry increasingly dependent on knowledge. Its temporary and fragmentary nature and the high staff turnover present great challenges and particular complications to construction. In some cases these conditions may evolve to serious problems because of the complexity, geographic location or even technical, financial and innovative requirements of each project. Due to their characteristics, constructions frequently undergo changes in planned conditions. Often these changes lead to delays in project completion, costs higher than budgeted and conflicts between clients and performers. This creates problems of competitiveness affecting both developed and developing countries. The construction problems have harmful effects on society, since it loses resources that would otherwise allow better results in terms of quality of life and social and economic benefits. The importance and the enormous resources invested in each project justify the efforts to achieve the best performance of this industry. This interest has guided the development of multiple research efforts to support the achievement of construction performance improvements and sustainable construction. The studies carried out have demonstrated the added value of knowledge in all productive sectors. For construction, knowledge offers performance indicators, data and lessons learned from successes and failures. These should lead to fundamental learning to sustain sector competitiveness. However, despite the available knowledge and advances in techniques and project management control, the recurrence of construction problems is alarming. This problem shows itself severely in industrial construction projects that are developed for the Venezuelan oil, petrochemical and energy sectors. These sectors have evident needs for better competitive performance because of the high incidence of project delays, involving loss of much of the human, financial, technical and knowledge resources invested. This research analyzes the importance of construction and sustainability, the main problems affecting the sector, knowledge and some models available to manage them. It also examines the lessons learned and the productivity and competitiveness, with particular attention to the problems of Venezuelan competitiveness. Additionally, the Venezuelan industrial construction companies are characterized evaluating the implications of knowledge as an strategic asset for construction. Moreover, the research evaluates the dimensions that support knowledge management in these companies, to finally identify those that are the most suitable for the new model to be proposed. With these objectives in mind the empirical study was developed. 105 different companies and experts with Venezuelan industrial construction experiences were invited to participate on the survey. 112 responses were obtained representing 41 different organizations and experts. Fieldwork started in June 2012 and ended in November 2012. The data obtained was analyzed with descriptive and multivariate statistical techniques. The research objectives were achieved since the industrial construction sector was characterized and a new management model was proposed based on the particular characteristics of these companies. The new model was formulated according to the criteria of simplicity, low cost and ease of adaptation. This was performed to motivate the use of the new model in various industrial construction organizations, even in smaller companies, with limited resources or those facing complex construction environments. Finally some suggestions to encourage understanding of the phenomena studied among construction stakeholders were proposed. The importance of studying these problems at an early stage of the engineering, architectural, construction, economic and administration studies is highlighted. Additionally, academic, government, industrial organizations and associations are invited to join efforts to improve the competitive and sustainable global development. The proposal provides data on the Venezuelan construction sector in an area that has large gaps and proposes a model which is innovative for its simplicity and suggests the daily and intuitive use of knowledge resources as a key issue to competitiveness. This orientation may have implications beyond the described sector to support the solution of problems of other industries in a global environment.

The Pleasure of Learning

The evolution, from an education centered in teaching to a perspective of learning, constitutes a change of paradigm as stated by the author in this article - who invites us to use the pleasure of learning as a facilitator for the construction of the senses. The author underlines that education must advance from the non-critical repetition of content to the generation of pleasant learning, and that the search for alternatives for an education that overcomes the traditional paradigm leads to the need to promote an authentic learning pleasure.