Conformations of cyclic octapeptides and the influence of heterocyclic ring constraints upon calcium binding

A comparison is made between the structures and calcium binding properties of four cyclic octapeptides that differ in the number of heterocyclic thiazole and oxazoline ring constraints. The conformations of the naturally occurring cyclic octapeptides ascidiacyclamide 1 and patellamide D 2, which each contain two oxazoline and two thiazole rings, are compared by H-1 NMR spectroscopy with the analogues cyclo(Thr-D-Val(Thz)-Ile)(2) 3 with just two thiazoles, and cyclo(Thr-D-Val-alpha Abu-Ile)(2) 4, with no 5-membered rings. The conformations observed in the solid state for ascidiacyclamide (saddle) and patellamide D (twisted figure of eight) were retained in solution, whilst peptide 3 was found to have a chair shape and peptide 4 displayed a range of conformations. The solid state structure of 4 revealed that the peptide takes a relatively planar conformation with a number of transannular hydrogen bonds, which are apparently retained in solution. Complexation studies utilising H-1 NMR and CD spectroscopy yielded 1∶1 calcium-peptide binding constants (log K) for the four peptides (2.9 (1), 2.8 (2), 4.0 (3) and 5.5 (4)) as well as a 1 : 2 metal-peptide binding constant for 3 (log K = 4.5). The affinity for Ca2+ thus decreases with increasing number of 5-membered ring constraints in the macrocycle (4 > 3 > 2 approximate to 1).

Conformations of platypus venom C-type natriuretic peptide in aqueous solution and sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to investigate the conformations of the platypus venom C-type natriuretic peptide A (OvCNPa) in aqueous solutions and in solutions containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. The chemically synthesized OvCNPa showed a substantial decrease in flexibility in aqueous solution at 10 degreesC, allowing the observation of medium- and long-range nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) connectivities. Three-dimensional structures calculated using these data showed flexible and reasonably well-defined regions, the locations of which were similar in the two solvents. In aqueous solution, the linear part that spans residues 3-14 was basically an extended conformation while the cyclic portion, defined by residues 23-39, contained a series of beta-turns. The overall shape of the cyclic portion was similar to that observed for an atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) variant in aqueous solution. OvCNPa adopted a different conformation in SDS micelles wherein the N-terminal region, defined by residues 2-10, was more compact, characterised by turns and a helix, while the cyclic region had turns and an overall shape that was fundamentally different from those structures observed in aqueous solution. The hydrophobic cluster, situated at the centre of the ring of the structure in aqueous solution, was absent in the structure in the presence of SDS micelles. Thus, OvCNPa interacts with SDS micelles and can possibly form ion-channels in cell membranes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Distinct conformations of Ly49 natural killer cell receptors mediate MHC class I recognition in trans and cis.

Certain cell-surface receptors engage ligands expressed on juxtaposed cells and ligands on the same cell. The structural basis for trans versus cis binding is not known. Here, we showed that Ly49 natural killer (NK) cell receptors bound two MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules in trans when the two ligand-binding domains were backfolded onto the long stalk region. In contrast, dissociation of the ligand-binding domains from the stalk and their reorientation relative to the NK cell membrane allowed monovalent binding of MHC-I in cis. The distinct conformations (backfolded and extended) define the structural basis for cis-trans binding by Ly49 receptors and explain the divergent functional consequences of cis versus trans interactions. Further analyses identified specific stalk segments that were not required for MHC-I binding in trans but were essential for inhibitory receptor function. These data identify multiple distinct roles of stalk regions for receptor function.

Conformations of poly{G}-poly{C} π stacks with high hole mobility

Charge transfer properties of DNA depend strongly on the π stack conformation. In the present paper, we identify conformations of homogeneous poly-{G}-poly-{C} stacks that should exhibit high charge mobility. Two different computational approaches were applied. First, we calculated the electronic coupling squared, V2, between adjacent base pairs for all 1 ps snapshots extracted from 15 ns molecular dynamics trajectory of the duplex G15. The average value of the coupling squared 〈 V2 〉 is found to be 0.0065 eV2. Then we analyze the base-pair and step parameters of the configurations in which V2 is at least an order of magnitude larger than 〈 V2 〉. To obtain more consistent data, ∼65 000 configurations of the (G:C)2 stack were built using systematic screening of the step parameters shift, slide, and twist. We show that undertwisted structures (twist<20°) are of special interest, because the π stack conformations with strong electronic couplings are found for a wide range of slide and shift. Although effective hole transfer can also occur in configurations with twist=30° and 35°, large mutual displacements of neighboring base pairs are required for that. Overtwisted conformation (twist38°) seems to be of limited interest in the context of effective hole transfer. The results may be helpful in the search for DNA based elements for nanoelectronics

Splitting statistical potentials into meaningful scoring functions: testing the prediction of near-native structures from decoy conformations

Background: Recent advances on high-throughput technologies have produced a vast amount of protein sequences, while the number of high-resolution structures has seen a limited increase. This has impelled the production of many strategies to built protein structures from its sequence, generating a considerable amount of alternative models. The selection of the closest model to the native conformation has thus become crucial for structure prediction. Several methods have been developed to score protein models by energies, knowledge-based potentials and combination of both.Results: Here, we present and demonstrate a theory to split the knowledge-based potentials in scoring terms biologically meaningful and to combine them in new scores to predict near-native structures. Our strategy allows circumventing the problem of defining the reference state. In this approach we give the proof for a simple and linear application that can be further improved by optimizing the combination of Zscores. Using the simplest composite score () we obtained predictions similar to state-of-the-art methods. Besides, our approach has the advantage of identifying the most relevant terms involved in the stability of the protein structure. Finally, we also use the composite Zscores to assess the conformation of models and to detect local errors.Conclusion: We have introduced a method to split knowledge-based potentials and to solve the problem of defining a reference state. The new scores have detected near-native structures as accurately as state-of-art methods and have been successful to identify wrongly modeled regions of many near-native conformations.

Conforma: a program for determining ring conformations and puckering coordinates

A program (CONFORMA) was developed to calculate ring puckering coordinates using Cremer and Pople's (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 1354) methodology, which quantifies the conformation of five or more atom rings. The program performs, also, a conformational analysis based on these results.

Assessing the Reproducibility of Clustering of Molecular Dynamics Conformations on Self-Organizing Maps

The goal of most clustering algorithms is to find the optimal number of clusters (i.e. fewest number of clusters). However, analysis of molecular conformations of biological macromolecules obtained from computer simulations may benefit from a larger array of clusters. The Self-Organizing Map (SOM) clustering method has the advantage of generating large numbers of clusters, but often gives ambiguous results. In this work, SOMs have been shown to be reproducible when the same conformational dataset is independently clustered multiple times (~100), with the help of the Cramérs V-index (C_v). The ability of C_v to determine which SOMs are reproduced is generalizable across different SOM source codes. The conformational ensembles produced from MD (molecular dynamics) and REMD (replica exchange molecular dynamics) simulations of the penta peptide Met-enkephalin (MET) and the 34 amino acid protein human Parathyroid Hormone (hPTH) were used to evaluate SOM reproducibility. The training length for the SOM has a huge impact on the reproducibility. Analysis of MET conformational data definitively determined that toroidal SOMs cluster data better than bordered maps due to the fact that toroidal maps do not have an edge effect. For the source code from MATLAB, it was determined that the learning rate function should be LINEAR with an initial learning rate factor of 0.05 and the SOM should be trained by a sequential algorithm. The trained SOMs can be used as a supervised classification for another dataset. The toroidal 10×10 hexagonal SOMs produced from the MATLAB program for hPTH conformational data produced three sets of reproducible clusters (27%, 15%, and 13% of 100 independent runs) which find similar partitionings to those of smaller 6×6 SOMs. The χ^2 values produced as part of the C_v calculation were used to locate clusters with identical conformational memberships on independently trained SOMs, even those with different dimensions. The χ^2 values could relate the different SOM partitionings to each other.

Étude de la relation entre les conformations et la signalisation des 7TMRs

L’interaction d’un ligand avec un récepteur à sept domaines transmembranaires (7TMR) couplé aux protéines G, mène à l’adoption de différentes conformations par le récepteur. Ces diverses conformations pourraient expliquer l’activation différentielle des voies de signalisation. Or, le lien entre la conformation et l’activité du récepteur n’est pas tout à fait claire. Selon les modèles classiques pharmacologiques, comme le modèle du complexe ternaire, il n’existe qu’un nombre limité de conformations qu’un récepteur peut adopter. Afin d’établir un lien entre la structure et la fonction des récepteurs, nous avons choisi dans un premier temps, le récepteur de chimiokine CXCR4 comme récepteur modèle. Ce dernier, est une cible thérapeutique prometteuse, impliqué dans l’entrée du VIH-1 dans les cellules cibles et dans la dissémination de métastases cancéreuses. Grâce au transfert d’énergie par résonance de bioluminescence (BRET) nous pouvons détecter les changements conformationnels des homodimères constitutifs de CXCR4 dans les cellules vivantes. En conséquence, nous avons mesuré les conformations de mutants de CXCR4 dont les mutations affecteraient sa fonction. Nous montrons que la capacité des mutants à activer la protéine Galphai est altérée suite au traitement avec l’agoniste SDF-1. Notamment, ces mutations altèrent la conformation du récepteur à l’état basal ainsi que la réponse conformationnelle induite suite au traitement avec l’agoniste SDF-1, l’agoniste partiel AMD3100 ou l’agoniste inverse TC14012. Ainsi, différentes conformations de CXCR4 peuvent donner lieu à une activation similaire de la protéine G, ce qui implique une flexibilité des récepteurs actifs qui ne peut pas être expliquée par le modèle du complexe ternaire (Berchiche et al. 2007). Également, nous nous sommes intéressés au récepteur de chimiokine CCR2, exprimé à la surface des cellules immunitaires. Il joue un rôle important dans l’inflammation et dans des pathologies inflammatoires telles que l’asthme. CCR2 forme des homodimères constitutifs et possède différents ligands naturels dont la redondance fonctionnelle a été suggérée. Nous avons étudié le lien entre les conformations et les activations d’effecteurs (fonctions) de CCR2. Notre hypothèse est que les différents ligands naturels induisent différentes conformations du récepteur menant à différentes fonctions. Nous montrons que les réponses de CCR2 aux différents ligands ne sont pas redondantes au niveau pharmacologique et que les chimiokines CCL8, CCL7 et CCL13 (MCP-2 à MCP-4) sont des agonistes partiels de CCR2, du moins dans les systèmes que nous avons étudiés. Ainsi, l’absence de redondance fonctionnelle parmi les chimiokines liant le même récepteur, ne résulterait pas de mécanismes complexes de régulation in vivo, mais ferait partie de leurs propriétés pharmacologiques intrinsèques (Berchiche et al. 2011). Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés au récepteur de chimiokine CXCR7. Récemment identifié, CXCR7 est le deuxième récepteur cible de la chimiokine SDF-1. Cette chimiokine a été considérée comme étant capable d’interagir uniquement avec le récepteur CXCR4. Notamment, CXCR4 et CXCR7 possèdent un patron d’expression semblable dans les tissus. Nous avons évalué l’effet de l’AMD3100, ligand synthétique de CXCR4, sur la conformation et la signalisation de CXCR7. Nos résultats montrent qu’AMD3100, tout comme SDF-1, lie CXCR7 et augmente la liaison de SDF-1 à CXCR7. Grâce au BRET, nous montrons aussi qu’AMD3100 seul est un agoniste de CXCR7 et qu’il est un modulateur allostérique positif de la liaison de SDF-1 à CXCR7. Aussi, nous montrons pour la première fois le recrutement de la beta-arrestine 2 à CXCR7 en réponse à un agoniste. L’AMD3100 est un ligand de CXCR4 et de CXCR7 avec des effets opposés, ce qui appelle à la prudence lors de l’utilisation de cette molécule pour l’étude des voies de signalisation impliquant SDF-1 (Kalatskaya et al. 2009). En conclusion, nos travaux amènent des évidences qu’il existe plusieurs conformations actives des récepteurs et appuient les modèles de structure-activité des récepteurs qui prennent en considération leur flexibilité conformationnelle.

Les récepteurs 5-HT4b adoptent différentes conformations ligand-spécifique ayant des propriétés de signalisation et de régulation distinctes

Les antidépresseurs actuels sont très similaires au niveau de leur mécanisme d’action et sont plus ou moins efficaces. Un des problèmes majeurs est leur long temps de latence à fournir une action thérapeutique dû aux adaptations des sites pré et post synaptiques. Dans un modèle animal, nous avons récemment découvert que l’agoniste RS67333 des récepteurs 5-HT4 était en mesure de produire en trois jours les mêmes effets antidépresseurs qui normalement prennent de deux à trois semaines à apparaître avec les antidépresseurs actuellement disponibles. De plus, nous avons constaté que les effets antidépresseurs de cet agoniste possédaient une résistance à la tolérance. Il y a d’autres agonistes du même récepteur, tel que le prucalopride qui ne produit pas d’effets antidépresseurs comme RS67333. Étant donné que l’efficacité du Prucalopride à stimuler les 5-HT4Rs est similaire sinon plus grande que celle de RS67333, nous avons énoncé l’hypothèse que le récepteur 5-HT4 pourrait adopter différentes conformations actives suite à son activation par différents agonistes. Nous avons ainsi décidé d’explorer les principales réponses fonctionnelles des récepteurs 5-HT4B en observant leurs propriétés de régulation et de signalisation. Nous avons montré que l’isoforme B du récepteur 5-HT4, étant hautement exprimé dans le système limbique, détient une signalisation et une régulation différentes dépendant du ligand activateur. Nos résultats indiquent que chacun des agonistes testés (5-HT, RS67333, ML10302, Zacopride, Prucalopride) modulent distinctivement la production d’AMPc et l’internalisation du récepteur. Les résultats nous ont clairement permis de déterminer que les agonistes possèdent une efficacité et ou puissance différentes les uns par rapport aux autres. De plus, l’ordre d’efficacité des agonistes à moduler la voie de l’AMPc était (Prucalopride > Zacopride = ML10302 = 5-HT > RS67333) et est différente de leur ordre d’efficacité à induire la régulation du récepteur par internalisation (5-HT > Zacopride > Prucalopride > ML10302 = RS67333). Ainsi, nous avons montré que les 5-HT4Rs adoptent des conformations qui sont ligand-spécifiques. Cela implique que la sélectivité fonctionnelle serait un facteur important à considérer dans les mécanismes d’action antidépresseur des agonistes de ce récepteur.

A New Class of Nonionic Photosensitive Surfactants: Some Insights Concerning Conformations

We report on a new class of nonionic, photosensitive surfactants consisting of a polar di(ethylene oxide) head group attached to an alkyl spacer of between two and eight methylene groups, coupled through an ether linkage to an azobenzene moiety. Structural changes associated with the interconversion of the azobenzene group between its cis and trans forms as mediated by the wavelength of an irradiating light source cause changes in the surface tension and self-assembly properties. Differences in saturated surface tensions (surface tension at concentrations above the CMC) were as high as 14.4 mN/m under radiation of different wavelengths. The qualitative behavior of the surfactants changed as the spacer length changed, attributed to the different orientations adopted by the different surfactants depending on their isomerization states, as revealed by neutron reflection studies. The self-assembly of these photosensitive surfactants has been investigated by light scattering, small angle neutron scattering, and cryo-TEM under different illuminations. The significant change in the self-assembly in response to different illumination conditions was attributed to the sign change in Gaussian rigidity, which originated from the azobenzene photoisomerization.

Conformations of poly{G}-poly{C} π stacks with high hole mobility

Charge transfer properties of DNA depend strongly on the π stack conformation. In the present paper, we identify conformations of homogeneous poly-{G}-poly-{C} stacks that should exhibit high charge mobility. Two different computational approaches were applied. First, we calculated the electronic coupling squared, V2, between adjacent base pairs for all 1 ps snapshots extracted from 15 ns molecular dynamics trajectory of the duplex G15. The average value of the coupling squared 〈 V2 〉 is found to be 0.0065 eV2. Then we analyze the base-pair and step parameters of the configurations in which V2 is at least an order of magnitude larger than 〈 V2 〉. To obtain more consistent data, ∼65 000 configurations of the (G:C)2 stack were built using systematic screening of the step parameters shift, slide, and twist. We show that undertwisted structures (twist<20°) are of special interest, because the π stack conformations with strong electronic couplings are found for a wide range of slide and shift. Although effective hole transfer can also occur in configurations with twist=30° and 35°, large mutual displacements of neighboring base pairs are required for that. Overtwisted conformation (twist38°) seems to be of limited interest in the context of effective hole transfer. The results may be helpful in the search for DNA based elements for nanoelectronics

Syntheses, conformations, and basicities of bicyclic triamines

The multistep syntheses of several bicyclic triamines are described, all of which have an imbedded 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane ring. In 1,5,9-triazabicyclo[7.3.3]pentadecanes 12, 13, 15, and 16, two nitrogens are bridged by three carbons. The monoprotonated forms of these triamines are highly stabilized by a hydrogen-bonded network involving the bridge and both bridgehead nitrogens, producing a difference of more than 8 pK(a) units in acidities of their monoprotonated and diprotonated forms. The one- and zero-carbon bridges in 1,5,9-triazabicyclo[9.1.1]tridecane (23) and 7-methyl-1,5,9-triazabicyclo[5.5.0]dodecane (39) do not enhance the stabilities of their monoprotonated forms. X-ray crystal structures and computational studies of 12.HI and 16.HI reveal similar, but somewhat weaker, hydrogen-bonded networks, relative to 15.HI. The activation free energies for conformational inversion of 13.HI (14.4 +/- 0.2 kcal/mol), 16.HI (15.0 +/- 0.1 kcal/mol) and 16 (8.8 +/- 0.3 kcal/mol) were measured by variable-temperature H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy. These experimental barriers give an estimate of 6.2 kcal/mol for the strength of the bifurcated hydrogen bond between the bridge nitrogen and cavity proton in 16.HI. Computational studies support the hypothesis that N-inversion occurs in an open conformation, leading to an estimate of 10.32 kcal/mol for the enthalpy of the bifurcated hydrogen bond in 16.HI in the gas phase.

Overlapping double turn conformations adopted by tetrapeptides containing non-coded alpha-Amino Isobutyric Acid (AIB) and formation of tape-like structures through supramolecular helix mediated self-assembly

Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies and solvent dependent H-1 NMR titrations reveal that a set of four tetrapeptides with general formula Boc-Xx(1)-Aib(2)-Yy(3)-Zz(4)-OMe, where Xx, Yy and Zz are coded L- amino acids, adopt equivalent conformations that can be described as overlapping double turn conformations stabilized by two 4 -> 1 intramolecular hydrogen bonds between Yy(3)-NH and Boc C=O and Zz(4)-NH and Xx(1)C=O. In the crystalline state, the double turn structures are packed in head-to-tail fashion through intermolecular hydrogen bonds to create supramolecular helical structures. Field emission scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM) images of the tetrapeptides in the solid state reveal that they can form flat tape-like structures. The results establish that synthetic Aib containing supramolecular helices can form highly ordered self-aggregated amyloid plaque like human amylin.