A difícil aceitação dos números negativos: um estudo da teoria dos números de Peter Barlow (1776-1862)

The present study seeks to present a historico-epistemological analysis of the development of the mathematical concept of negative number. In order to do so, we analyzed the different forms and conditions of the construction of mathematical knowledge in different mathematical communities and, thus, identified the characteristics in the establishment of this concept. By understanding the historically constructed barriers, especially, the ones having ontologicas significant, that made the concept of negative number incompatible with that of natural number, thereby hindering the development of the concept of negative, we were able to sketch the reasons for the rejection of negative numbers by the English author Peter Barlow (1776 -1862) in his An Elementary Investigation of the Theory of Numbers, published in 1811. We also show the continuity of his difficulties with the treatment of negative numbers in the middle of the nineteenth century

La aparición simultánea de los sentidos de uso de los números negativos y el cero en alumnos de secundaria : un estudio de caso.

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Acercamiento histórico epistemológico de la optimización

El discurso escolar del contenido de programación lineal, en los establecimientos educacionales chilenos, se ha convertido en un proceso mecánico y sin sentido para el estudiante. Para revertir esta mirada, se intenta dar respuesta a la siguiente interrogante ¿Cuáles son los significados reales que emergen y dan fuerza a la programación lineal? Se evidenciará el estudio del rol actual de la programación lineal y los procesos históricos de su surgimiento, con el fin de identificar aquellos factores que le dan fuerza a su desarrollo y construcción.

Números negativos.

Este vídeo forma parte de un curso completo de matemáticas para EGB

Significados de los números negativos fraccionarios en estudiantes de Secundaria.

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Algunas investigaciones sobre la enseñanza de los números negativos.

Se estudia la enseñanza de los números negativos. Para ello en primer lugar se realiza una síntesis de las anteriores investigaciones al respecto de la Universidad de la Laguna. En la segunda parte se realiza una investigación de campo. La misma consiste en la entrega a los alumnos de material elaborado por los investigadores para el aprendizaje de los números negativos. Se analiza el resultado de dicho proceso, con resultado positivo.

Metodología de una investigación sobre métodos de enseñanza de problemas aditivos con números negativos.

Se presenta un método de investigación sobre métodos de enseñanza. Se expone la puesta en práctica de dicho sistema de investigación sobre varios métodos de enseñanza de problemas aditivos. El método de investigación consiste en la división de los alumnos en grupos. A dichos grupos se les asignan distintos métodos de enseñanza. Los métodos de enseñanza estudiados en el ejemplo se denominan 'método redactar' y 'método resolver'. El 'método redactar' consiste en dejar en manos de los alumnos la redacción de los problemas. Una vez redactados, los escolares han de resolver los problemas redactados por sus compañeros. El 'método resolver' se basa en la resolución por parte de los alumnos de una serie de problemas. Dichos problemas están ordenados de manera ascendente según su dificultad. Por ultimo, se contrasta el aprendizaje de ambos grupos con el de los escolares que siguen el currículo normal.

Situaciones asociadas a los números negativos en textos de matemáticas españoles de los siglos XVIII y XIX.

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Metodología de una investigación sobre métodos de enseñanza de problemas aditivos con números negativos.

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O uso pedagógico de uma seqüência didática para a aquisição de algumas idéias relacionadas ao conceito de números complexos

The aim of the present work is to contribute to the teaching-learning process in Mathematics through an alternative which tries to motivate the student so that he/she will learn the basic concepts of Complex Numbers and realize that they are not pointless. Therefore, this work s general objective is to construct a didactic sequence which contains structured activities that intends to build up, in each student s thought, the concept of Complex Numbers. The didactic sequence is initially based on a review of the main historical aspects which begot the construction of those numbers. Based on these aspects, and the theories of Richard Skemp, was elaborated a sequence of structured activities linked with Maths history, having the solution of quadratic equations as a main starting point. This should make learning more accessible, because this concept permeates the students previous work and, thus, they should be more familiar with it. The methodological intervention began with the application of that sequence of activities with grade students in public schools who did not yet know the concept of Complex Numbers. It was performed in three phases: a draft study, a draft study II and the final study. Each phase was applied in a different institution, where the classes were randomly divided into groups and each group would discuss and write down the concepts they had developed about Complex Numbers. We also use of another instrument of analysis which consisted of a recorded interview of a semi-structured type, trying to find out the ways the students thought in order to construct their own concepts, i.e. the solutions of the previous activity. Their ideas about Complex Numbers were categorized according to their similarities and then analyzed. The results of the analysis show that the concepts constructed by the students were pertinent and that they complemented each other this supports the conclusion that the use of structured activities is an efficient alternative for the teaching of mathematics

Uma análise histórico-epistemológica do conceito de grupo

This work aims to analyze the historical and epistemological development of the Group concept related to the theory on advanced mathematical thinking proposed by Dreyfus (1991). Thus it presents pedagogical resources that enable learning and teaching of algebraic structures as well as propose greater meaning of this concept in mathematical graduation programs. This study also proposes an answer to the following question: in what way a teaching approach that is centered in the Theory of Numbers and Theory of Equations is a model for the teaching of the concept of Group? To answer this question a historical reconstruction of the development of this concept is done on relating Lagrange to Cayley. This is done considering Foucault s (2007) knowledge archeology proposal theoretically reinforced by Dreyfus (1991). An exploratory research was performed in Mathematic graduation courses in Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). The research aimed to evaluate the formation of concept images of the students in two algebra courses based on a traditional teaching model. Another experience was realized in algebra at UFPA and it involved historical components (MENDES, 2001a; 2001b; 2006b), the development of multiple representations (DREYFUS, 1991) as well as the formation of concept images (VINNER, 1991). The efficiency of this approach related to the extent of learning was evaluated, aiming to acknowledge the conceptual image established in student s minds. At the end, a classification based on Dreyfus (1991) was done relating the historical periods of the historical and epistemological development of group concepts in the process of representation, generalization, synthesis, and abstraction, proposed here for the teaching of algebra in Mathematics graduation course

Euler e os números pentagonais

The present investigation includes a study of Leonhard Euler and the pentagonal numbers is his article Mirabilibus Proprietatibus Numerorum Pentagonalium - E524. After a brief review of the life and work of Euler, we analyze the mathematical concepts covered in that article as well as its historical context. For this purpose, we explain the concept of figurate numbers, showing its mode of generation, as well as its geometric and algebraic representations. Then, we present a brief history of the search for the Eulerian pentagonal number theorem, based on his correspondence on the subject with Daniel Bernoulli, Nikolaus Bernoulli, Christian Goldbach and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert. At first, Euler states the theorem, but admits that he doesn t know to prove it. Finally, in a letter to Goldbach in 1750, he presents a demonstration, which is published in E541, along with an alternative proof. The expansion of the concept of pentagonal number is then explained and justified by compare the geometric and algebraic representations of the new pentagonal numbers pentagonal numbers with those of traditional pentagonal numbers. Then we explain to the pentagonal number theorem, that is, the fact that the infinite product(1 x)(1 xx)(1 x3)(1 x4)(1 x5)(1 x6)(1 x7)... is equal to the infinite series 1 x1 x2+x5+x7 x12 x15+x22+x26 ..., where the exponents are given by the pentagonal numbers (expanded) and the sign is determined by whether as more or less as the exponent is pentagonal number (traditional or expanded). We also mention that Euler relates the pentagonal number theorem to other parts of mathematics, such as the concept of partitions, generating functions, the theory of infinite products and the sum of divisors. We end with an explanation of Euler s demonstration pentagonal number theorem

Perspectivas de investigación en pensamiento algebraico.

Se exponen los resultados de las investigaciones del grupo 'Investigación en pensamiento numérico y algebraico' así como análisis de trabajos anteriores al grupo. Se presentan en varios apartados correspondientes a los enfoques desde la psicología cognitiva, el lenguaje, las nuevas tecnologías (ordenadores y calculadoras), histórico-epistemológicas y de la enseñanza. Del enfoque de la psicología cognitiva desprende que los alumnos por norma general tratan de hallar soluciones concretas sin comprender bien el método o algoritmo que están utilizando para hallarlas. Desde el punto de vista del lenguaje se observa que las investigaciones divergen mucho en métodos debido a que siguen distintas corrientes psicolingüísticas. El enfoque de las nuevas tecnologías desprende una gran capacidad de los alumnos para adaptarse a los entornos informáticos así como la utilidad de estos para remarcar a los alumnos los conceptos algebraicos básicos (variable, función,...). El análisis histórico-epistemológico muestra que los alumnos siguen en su aprendizaje un desarrollo paralelo al del propio conocimiento numérico y algebraico a lo largo de la historia. En dicho desarrollo primero se entiende el funcionamiento de los números, más tarde las operaciones entre ellos y por último la manipulación simbólica con letras propia del álgebra. Desde el punto de vista de la enseñanza se encuentra que cada sistema educativo tiene sus peculiaridades. Esto se traduce en que algunos se centran en mostrar el álgebra como una herramienta para resolver los problemas (de manera que el alumno tiene que entenderla y decidir cuando le conviene usarla) mientras que otros la consideran el objetivo educativo en sí, centrándose en enseñar a los alumnos como resolver expresiones algebraicas.

Obstáculos superados pelos matemáticos no passado e vivenciados pelos alunos na atualidade : a polêmica multiplicação de números inteiros

In Mathematics literature some records highlight the difficulties encountered in the teaching-learning process of integers. In the past, and for a long time, many mathematicians have experienced and overcome such difficulties, which become epistemological obstacles imposed on the students and teachers nowadays. The present work comprises the results of a research conducted in the city of Natal, Brazil, in the first half of 2010, at a state school and at a federal university. It involved a total of 45 students: 20 middle high, 9 high school and 16 university students. The central aim of this study was to identify, on the one hand, which approach used for the justification of the multiplication between integers is better understood by the students and, on the other hand, the elements present in the justifications which contribute to surmount the epistemological obstacles in the processes of teaching and learning of integers. To that end, we tried to detect to which extent the epistemological obstacles faced by the students in the learning of integers get closer to the difficulties experienced by mathematicians throughout human history. Given the nature of our object of study, we have based the theoretical foundation of our research on works related to the daily life of Mathematics teaching, as well as on theorists who analyze the process of knowledge building. We conceived two research tools with the purpose of apprehending the following information about our subjects: school life; the diagnosis on the knowledge of integers and their operations, particularly the multiplication of two negative integers; the understanding of four different justifications, as elaborated by mathematicians, for the rule of signs in multiplication. Regarding the types of approach used to explain the rule of signs arithmetic, geometric, algebraic and axiomatic , we have identified in the fieldwork that, when multiplying two negative numbers, the students could better understand the arithmetic approach. Our findings indicate that the approach of the rule of signs which is considered by the majority of students to be the easiest one can be used to help understand the notion of unification of the number line, an obstacle widely known nowadays in the process of teaching-learning

Números complexos: uma proposta de mudança metodológica para uma aprendizagem significativa no ensino médio

This work presents a proposal of a methodological change to the teaching and learning of the complex numbers in the Secondary education. It is based on the inquiries and difficulties of students detected in the classrooms about the teaching of complex numbers and a questioning of the context of the mathematics teaching - that is the reason of the inquiry of this dissertation. In the searching for an efficient learning and placing the work as a research, it is presented a historical reflection of the evolution of the concept of complex numbers pointing out their more relevant focuses, such as: symbolic, numeric, geometrical and algebraic ones. Then, it shows the description of the ways of the research based on the methodology of the didactic engineering. This one is developed from the utilization of its four stages, where in the preliminary analysis stage, two data surveys are presented: the first one is concerning with the way of presenting the contents of the complex numbers in math textbooks, and the second one is concerning to the interview carried out with High school teachers who work with complex numbers in the practice of their professions. At first, in the analysis stage, it is presented the prepared and organized material to be used in the following stage. In the experimentation one, it is presented the carrying out process that was made with the second year High school students in the Centro Federal de Educação tecnológica do Rio Grande do Norte CEFET-RN. At the end, it presents, in the subsequent and validation stages, the revelation of the obtained results from the observations made in classrooms in the carrying out of the didactic sequence, the students talking and the data collection