The standpoint of professionals on the presence and demands of men on the healthcare services: perspectives for the analysis of the implementation of the Comprehensive Healthcare Policy for Men

In 2009, the Brazilian Comprehensive Healthcare Policy for Men (PNAISH) was launched in Brazil, seeking to reduce morbidity and mortality in this population group. This article strives to analyze the conceptions that health professionals have about the specific demands and behaviors of the male population served by the healthcare services. The data analyzed are part of a larger research project, the objective of which was to evaluate the initial actions of the implementation of PNAISH. Ethnographic observations in 11 health services and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 health professionals. From the perspective of health professionals, the presence of men in the healthcare services is still limited. According to them, it is comprised of two types of clients: workers and the elderly. The male behavior characteristics - haste, objectivity, fear and resistance - and the difficulty faced by health services in receiving this population are the main factors that drive men away from health services. Although the concept of gender is central to PNAISH, it is only triggered by healthcare professionals in order to justify the social standards expected in terms of men's behavior. The attribution of men's behavior to cultural factors ultimately obscures the relations of power that underlie gender relations.

Capitalizing on success against childhood HIV/AIDS in Botswana: Towards a comprehensive healthcare policy for pediatric oncology in Botswana

Pediatric HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa has been a major public health crisis with an estimated 3.5 million children infected. Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative (BIPAI) has created a network of centers providing care and treatment for these children in several countries. In Botswana, where the first BIPAI center in Africa was opened, childhood mortality from HIV/AIDS is now less than 1%. Botswana is a middle-income country that previously held the highest HIV prevalence rate in the world. Efforts against HIV/AIDS have resulted in the building of a strong medical infrastructure with clear success against pediatric HIV/AIDS. The WHO predicts the next global health crisis will be cancer. Given the increased incidence of cancer in the setting of HIV/AIDS, Botswana has already implemented strategies to combat HIV-related malignancies in adults, but efforts in pediatrics have been lagging. This policy paper describes the importance of building on success against pediatric HIV/AIDS and extending this success to pediatric cancer in general. Specifically, it outlines a comprehensive pediatric cancer policy for the education and training of health professionals, the development of a pediatric cancer program, a pediatric cancer registry, public awareness efforts, and an appropriate, country specific pediatric cancer research agenda.^

The viewpoint of health professionals on the role of basic units in the healthcare network of the Brazilian Unified Health System

In the process of creation of the Unified Health System (SUS) as a universal policy seeking to ensure comprehensive care, unscheduled assistance in primary healthcare units (UBS) is an unresolved challenge. The scope of this paper is to analyze the viewpoint of health professionals on the role of primary healthcare units in meeting this demand. It is a transversal study of qualitative data obtained through questionnaires and interviews with 106 medical practitioners from 6 emergency medical services and 190 professionals from 30 units. They explained why people seek emergency care for occurrences pertaining to primary care. The content analysis technique with thematic categories was used for data analysis. Lack of resources and problems with primary health unit work processes (50.8%) were the reasons most frequently cited by emergency care physicians to explain this inadequate demand. Only 33.3% of the health unit professionals agreed that these occurrences should be attended in the primary healthcare services. The limited viewpoint of the role of health services on the unscheduled care, particularly among primary care professionals, possibly leads to restrictive practices for access by the population.

Cuidado ao paciente com Doença Renal Crônica no nível primário: pensando a integralidade e o matriciamento

A Doença Renal Crônica é um problema de saúde pública crescente no mundo. A detecção e o tratamento precoces reduziriam as altas taxas de morbimortalidade e os custos associados. Este trabalho buscou identificar o panorama do acesso ao cuidado a partir da conduta dos médicos da Atenção Primária à Saúde na linha de cuidado da doença. Aplicaram-se questionários para 62 médicos de família dos Centros de Saúde da Família do município de Fortaleza. Os achados apontam que a Taxa de Filtração Glomerular foi mensurada por apenas 8.1% dos médicos para pacientes diabéticos e 4.8% para pacientes hipertensos. Mais da metade dos médicos (51.2%) referenciariam o paciente apresentando redução leve/moderada da Taxa de Filtração Glomerular ao nível secundário. Por outro lado, 25.8% dos médicos não referenciariam o paciente com Doença Renal Crônica avançada ao especialista. A lacuna entre esses dois níveis da atenção implica em barreira de acesso ao usuário, podendo comprometer avanços no plano da integralidade. A criação de novos dispositivos no processo de trabalho torna-se urgente e o apoio matricial apresenta-se como proposta viável para a articulação das ações entre os níveis da atenção no cuidado do portador da Doença Renal Crônica ou seus fatores de risco.

CARING FOR TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS IN THE FAMILY HEALTH STRATEGY: THE NURSES' PERCEPTIONS

The objective of this study was to analyze the nurses' perceptions regarding tuberculosis control, according to the theoretical axis of comprehensive healthcare and the concepts of attachment and teamwork. This qualitative study involved 13 nurses from the Family Health Strategy of a priority city in the metropolitan region of Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil. Data were collected in focal groups and subjected to thematic content analysis. Factors that strengthen tuberculosis control were: supervised treatment, free medication and the provision of supplies. Weakening factors were: worker's turnover, the lack of encouragement for patients and incipient educational actions. The factors that, according to the nurses, weaken tuberculosis patient care should be reviewed by administrators, workers, users and educators with a view to redefining healthcare activities that strengthen attachment, comprehensive healthcare and teamwork.

Necessidades de saúde, políticas públicas e gênero: a perspectiva das práticas profissionais

Examina-se a relação entre políticas públicas e práticas dos profissionais, relativamente às necessidades de saúde. Em abordagem teórico-conceitual, as práticas são definidas como desempenhos permeados por determinantes técnico-cien­tíficos e sócio-históricos para a produção social de um trabalho, analisando-se suas possibilidades de mudanças culturais, éticas e políticas, para um agir crítico das desigualdades de gênero. Tomando-se a atenção integral à saúde dos homens, examina-se a relevância da distinção entre necessidades masculinas e femininas, enquanto realidades parciais não necessariamente convergentes na (re)produção daquelas desigualdades. Igualmente se examinam as práticas profissionais, como realidade parcial e distinta das políticas, estabelecendo relações não imediatas. Desenvolve-se que são obstáculos simbólicos e práticos para mudanças: a normalização biomédica redutora das necessidades, a cultura do trabalho autônomo e da abordagem individualizante das necessidades, a cultura tradicional de gênero conservando práticas desiguais para homens e mulheres e a ausência de inscrição dos direitos como parte do agir profissio­nal. Isto exige propostas específicas às práticas de saúde e às necessidades masculinas para maior convergência com as reformas das políticas.

Caminhos da integralidade: adolescentes e jovens na atenção primária à saúde

Adolescentes e jovens constituem importante desafio para a construção da integralidade na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Isso se deve à complexa apreensão e resposta ao conjunto de suas necessidades de saúde, decorrentes do processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento, próprio da fase, mas, sobretudo, dos aspectos socioculturais relacionados. O presente estudo buscou reconhecer alcances e limites em como o princípio da integralidade vem sendo operado em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde. Embora tenha sido possível identificar uma efetiva percepção da especificidade necessária à atenção à saúde desse grupo, também se verificaram importantes limitações relacionadas à construção de projetos de cuidado capazes de integrar as diversas finalidades do trabalho no cotidiano da Unidade, com destaque para a insuficiência de interações profissionais e setoriais, e fragilidades na comunicação de profissionais entre si e de profissionais e usuários.

Educação Alimentar e Nutricional na Atenção Primária à Saúde na perspectiva do profissional não nutricionista

Introdução: O Direito Humano a Alimentação Adequada (DHAA), na perspectiva da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN), destacou-se devido à compreensão dos determinantes para a Promoção da Saúde (PS). A Educação Alimentar e Nutricional (EAN) é uma ferramenta capaz de promover a reflexão dos cidadãos sobre como realizar esse direito. No Brasil, o quadro de insegurança alimentar entre crianças e adolescentes torna os profissionais de saúde da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) atores promissores para a reversão desse quadro, já que esses trabalham com os principais influenciadores desse público: a família. Objetivo: Analisar a atuação de profissionais de saúde não nutricionistas coordenadores de grupos educativos com conteúdo de alimentação e nutrição, desenvolvidos na APS do município de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, com aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise por meio do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Foram levantados os dados a respeito da formação desses profissionais e identificadas suas percepções sobre seus papéis nos grupos que coordenam e a importância atribuída a eles. Resultados: A profissão dos 21 entrevistados reflete a atual configuração da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Há predominância de profissionais do sexo feminino com pós-graduação em temas de saúde coletiva. Foram identificadas 13 Ideias Centrais dividas em 2 Eixos Temáticos. Levantaram-se percepções contrárias e outras a favor aos referenciais teóricos trabalhados. Como favoráveis, identificou-se a valorização dos grupos como espaços de participação, troca de experiências e criação de vínculo entre seus membros, sendo o coordenador do grupo responsável pela condução desses. A importância na atuação interprofissional para o atendimento integral à saúde e atualização entre os profissionais também foi destacada. Já as desfavoráveis trouxeram a desvalorização das atividades em grupo, ou a atribuição de sua importância como forma de acesso a serviços, medicamentos ou informação, a identificação dos coordenadores como responsáveis por mudanças de comportamentos nos participantes, modelos a serem seguidos, e sendo considerados detentores do conhecimento, o que parece sobrecarregá-los, desmotivá-los e frustrá-los. Assim, alguns buscam seu reconhecimento trazendo atividades que agradam os usuários, independentemente da constatação das necessidades do território. Conclusões: A percepção dos profissionais parece refletir a forma em que atuam, evidenciando um momento heterogêneo sobre as formas de se abordar os aspectos relacionados à alimentação, além do despreparo para a coordenação de grupos. Dessa forma, recomenda-se a aproximação entre os campos da saúde e da educação, visando práticas mais significativas e libertadoras, bem como a reflexão sobre a formação desses profissionais, já que suas atuações parecem refletir a educação na qual foram moldados. Os princípios da PS, do DHAA, da SAN, da EAN e das características essenciais a um coordenador de grupos, devem ser trabalhados com esses atores, e, para tanto, como produto dessa pesquisa, sugeriu-se um curso de atualização.

Audit and comprehensive health assessment programme in the primary healthcare of adults with intellectual disability: a pilot study

International research has demonstrated significant shortcomings in the health of adults with intellectual disability (ID). Because general practitioners (GPs) are the main providers of primary healthcare for this population, strategies to improve general practice care are an important aspect of rectifying these shortcomings. The present pilot study aimed to determine the effect of various interventions on health maintenance activities and to assess their acceptability to GPs, with a view to informing larger scale studies. The GPs were recruited through an earlier questionnaire-based postal survey. The GPs identified all their adult patients with ID, then obtained consent for participation from three patients randomly selected by the investigators. The GPs completed two self-evaluation forms and case note audits 12 months apart, read a synopsis of the relevant literature provided by the researchers, and completed a comprehensive health assessment (CHA) of their three patients. Forty-five GPs agreed to participate in the CHA programme (CHAP), and 15 completed the project. Thirty-eight patients completed the project. The number of patient-GP dyads who completed the project was too small to demonstrate statistically significant changes in health issues over time. The GPs found that the synopsis of the literature was the best intervention for increasing knowledge and was also the most practical to use in general practice. The CHAP was the intervention that prompted the most action from the GP which would not have been undertaken otherwise. The CHAP appeared to provide a superior review process compared to the other interventions used in the present study. The numbers of health maintenance activities found to be overdue and the number of health issues detected as a result of the process were considerable. The CHAP served as a communication tool and an educative instrument, providing a basis for future studies and strategies to improve the general practice care of adults with ID.

The andalusian comprehensive cancer plan 2002-2006 : Andalusian Public Health System

Cancer is a major health problem in our Autonomous Community and is the second cause of death in both males and females. The incidence, mortality, potential years of life lost and resource consumption alongside the suffering endured by patients and families call for a commitment to be made by the Health Administration, healthcare professionals, patients and caregivers. This Plan is based on updated analyses of the mortality, incidence and survival of Cancer in Andalusia, of the situation of Cancer care and the resources available and of the expectations of patients and main caregivers, and on the conclusions of different Work Groups on the Management of Processes related to Cancer. The Andalusian Comprehensive Cancer Plan establishes an action programme that involves organisational and functional changes, new proposals for the training of professionals and a specific funding base.

Complicated intra-abdominal infections in Europe: a comprehensive review of the CIAO study.

The CIAO Study ("Complicated Intra-Abdominal infection Observational" Study) is a multicenter investigation performed in 68 medical institutions throughout Europe over the course of a 6-month observational period (January-June 2012).Patients with either community-acquired or healthcare-associated complicated intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) were included in the study.2,152 patients with a mean age of 53.8 years (range: 4-98 years) were enrolled in the study. 46.3% of the patients were women and 53.7% were men. Intraperitoneal specimens were collected from 62.2% of the enrolled patients, and from these samples, a variety of microorganisms were collectively identified.The overall mortality rate was 7.5% (163/2.152).According to multivariate analysis of the compiled data, several criteria were found to be independent variables predictive of patient mortality, including patient age, the presence of an intestinal non-appendicular source of infection (colonic non-diverticular perforation, complicated diverticulitis, small bowel perforation), a delayed initial intervention (a delay exceeding 24 hours), sepsis and septic shock in the immediate post-operative period, and ICU admission.Given the sweeping geographical distribution of the participating medical centers, the CIAO Study gives an accurate description of the epidemiological, clinical, microbiological, and treatment profiles of complicated intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) throughout Europe.

Randomised controlled study in the primary healthcare sector to investigate the effectiveness and safety of auriculotherapy for the treatment of uncomplicated chronic rachialgia: a study protocol.

BACKGROUND Uncomplicated chronic rachialgia is a highly prevalent complaint, and one for which therapeutic results are contradictory. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of treatment with auriculopressure, in the primary healthcare sector, carried out by trained healthcare professionals via a 30-hour course. METHODS/DESIGN The design consists of a multi-centre randomized controlled trial, with placebo, with two parallel groups, and including an economic evaluation. Patients with chronic uncomplicated rachialgia, whose GP is considering referral for auriculopressure sensory stimulation, are eligible for inclusion. Sampling will be by consecutive selection, and randomised allocation to one of the two study arms will be determined using a centralised method, following a 1:1 plan (true auriculopressure; placebo auriculopressure). The implants (true and placebo) will be replaced once weekly, and the treatment will have a duration of 8 weeks. The primary outcome measure will be the change in pain intensity, measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS) of 100 mm, at 9 weeks after beginning the treatment. A follow up study will be performed at 6 months after beginning treatment. An assessment will also be made of the changes measured in the Spanish version of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, of the changes in the Lattinen test, and of the changes in quality of life (SF-12). Also planned is an analysis of cost-effectiveness and also, if necessary, a cost-benefit analysis. DISCUSSION This study will contribute to developing evidence on the use of auriculotherapy using Semen vaccariae [wang bu liu xing] for the treatment of uncomplicated chronic rachialgia. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN01897462.

Comprehensiveness in child healthcare teaching in Undergraduate Nursing: perspective of teachers

This qualitative study analyzed, from the teacher’s perspective, if the principle of comprehensiveness is included in child healthcare teaching in nursing education. The participants were 16 teachers involved in teaching child healthcare in eight undergraduate nursing programs. Data collection was performed through interviews that were submitted to thematic content analysis. The theory in teaching incorporates comprehensive care, as it is based on children’s epidemiological profile, child healthcare policies and programs, and included interventions for the promotion/prevention/rehabilitation in primary health care, hospitals, daycare centers and preschools. The comprehensive conception of health-disease process allows for understanding the child within his/her family and community. However, a contradiction exists between what is proposed and what is practiced, because the teaching is fragmented, without any integration among disciplines, with theory dissociated from practice, and isolated practical teaching that compromises the incorporation of the principle of comprehensiveness in child healthcare teaching.

Convergences and divergences of diabetic patients' and healthcare professionals' opinions of care : a qualitative study

OBJECTIVES: To investigate opinions' convergences and divergences of diabetic patients and health-care professionals on diabetes care and the development of a regional diabetes programme. BACKGROUND: Development and implementation of a regional diabetes programme. RESEARCH DESIGN: Qualitative study using focus groups to elicit diabetic patients' and health-care professionals' opinions, followed by content analysis. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Eight focus groups: four focus groups with diabetic patients (n = 39) and four focus groups with various health-care professionals (n = 34) residing or practicing in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, respectively. RESULTS: Perceived quality of diabetes care varied between individuals and types of participants. To improve quality, patients favoured a comprehensive follow-up while professionals suggested considering existing structures and trained professionals. All participants mentioned communication difficulties between professionals and were favouring teamwork. In addition, they described the role that patients should have in care and self-management. Financial difficulties were also mentioned by both groups of participants. Finally, they were in favour of the development of a regional diabetes programme adapted to actors' needs. For patients indeed, such a programme would represent an opportunity to improve information and to have access to comprehensive care. For professionals, it would help the development of local networks and the reinforcement of existing tools and structures. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Acknowledging convergences and divergences of opinions of both diabetic patients and health-care professionals should help the further development of a programme adapted to users' needs, taking all stakeholders interests and priorities into consideration.

Iowa Maternal and Child Health Comprehensive Title V Assets and Needs Assessment, July 15, 2010

The Iowa Department of Public Health Bureau of Family Health and the Child Health Specialty Clinics embarked on a five-year needs assessment in March 2008 with a daylong strategic planning session involving key administrative and staff personnel from both agencies. As part of the strategic planning, the participants began preparation of a comprehensive assessment to identify the need in Iowa for: preventive and primary care services for pregnant women, mothers, and infants; preventive and primary care services for children; and services for children and youth with special health care needs.