ALTERATIONS IN THE OMMATIDIA OF THE COMPOUND EYES OF APIS-MELLIFERA EYE-COLOR MUTANT WORKERS .3.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON PIGMENT GRANULES AND PIGMENT DISTRIBUTION IN THE COMPOUND EYES OF WILD-TYPE AND MUTANT WORKER HONEYBEES .2. AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

The compound eyes of Machilis.

Mode of access: Internet.

Electrophysiological evidence for linear polarization sensitivity in the compound eyes of the stomatopod crustacean Gonodactylus chiragra

Gonodactyloid stomatopod crustaceans possess polarization vision, which enables them to discriminate light of different e-vector angle. Their unusual apposition compound eyes are divided by an equatorial band of six rows of enlarged, structurally modified ommatidia, the mid-band (MB). The rhabdoms of the two most ventral MB rows 5 and 6 are structurally designed for polarization vision. Here we show, with electrophysiological recordings, that the photoreceptors R1-R7 within these two MB rows in Gonodactylus chiragra are highly sensitive to linear polarized light of two orthogonal directions (PS=6.1). They possess a narrow spectral sensitivity peaking at 565 nm. Unexpectedly, photoreceptors within the distal rhabdomal tier of MB row 2 also possess highly sensitive linear polarization receptors, which are in their spectral and polarization characteristics similar to the receptors of MB rows 5 and 6. Photoreceptors R1-R7 within the remainder of the MB exhibit low polarization sensitivity (PS=2.3). Outside the MB, in the two hemispheres, R1-R7 possess medium linear polarization sensitivity (PS=3.8) and a broad spectral sensitivity peaking at around 500 nm, typical for most crustaceans. Throughout the retina the most distally situated UV-sensitive R8 cells are not sensitive to linear polarized light.

Visual ecology of Indian carpenter bees II: adaptations of eyes and ocelli to nocturnal and diurnal lifestyles

Most bees are diurnal, with behaviour that is largely visually mediated, but several groups have made evolutionary shifts to nocturnality, despite having apposition compound eyes unsuited to vision in dim light. We compared the anatomy and optics of the apposition eyes and the ocelli of the nocturnal carpenter bee, Xylocopa tranquebarica, with two sympatric species, the strictly diurnal X. leucothorax and the occasionally crepuscular X. tenuiscapa. The ocelli of the nocturnal X. tranquebarica are unusually large (diameter ca. 1 mm) and poorly focussed. Moreover, their apposition eyes show specific visual adaptations for vision in dim light, including large size, large facets and very wide rhabdoms, which together make these eyes 9 times more sensitive than those of X. tenuiscapa and 27 times more sensitive than those of X. leucothorax. These differences in optical sensitivity are surprisingly small considering that X. tranquebarica can fly on moonless nights when background luminance is as low as 10(-5) cd m(-2), implying that this bee must employ additional visual strategies to forage and find its way back to the nest. These strategies may include photoreceptors with longer integration times and higher contrast gains as well as higher neural summation mechanisms for increasing visual reliability in dim light.

Changes in the structure and pigmentation of the eyes of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) queens with the limão mutation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

[Collection of papers on arthropod eyes].

Bibliographies accompany some of the papers.

Leichhardt's vanishing thrips: A remarkable new genus and species of Insecta, Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae

Leichhardtithrips evanidus gen. et sp. nov., a wingless, fungus-feeding species of Phlaeothripidae, is described from a single female taken in D'Aguilar National Park, Brisbane. This species has exceptionally reduced sclerotisation rendering systematic comparisons of the new genus difficult. The cylindrical form of the eighth antennal segment is unique in the family, and the compound eyes are not developed on the ventral surface of the head. © The State of Queensland, Queensland Museum 2013.

Vision in click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae): pigments and spectral correspondence between visual sensitivity and species bioluminescence emission

Among lampyrids, intraspecific sexual communication is facilitated by spectral correspondence between visual sensitivity and bioluminescence emission from the single lantern in the tail. Could a similar strategy be utilized by the elaterids (click beetles), which have one ventral abdominal and two dorsal prothoracic lanterns? Spectral sensitivity [S(lambda)] and bioluminescence were investigated in four Brazilian click beetle species Fulgeochlizus bruchii, Pyrearinus termitilluminans, Pyrophorus punctatissimus and P. divergens, representing three genera. In addition, in situ microspectrophotometric absorption spectra were obtained for visual and screening pigments in P. punctatissimus and P. divergens species. In all species, the electroretinographic S(lambda) functions showed broad peaks in the green with a shoulder in the near-ultraviolet, suggesting the presence of short- and long-wavelength receptors in the compound eyes. The long-wavelength receptor in Pyrophorus species is mediated by a P540 rhodopsin in conjunction with a species-specific screening pigment. A correspondence was found between green to yellow bioluminescence emissions and its broad S(lambda) maximum in each of the four species. It is hypothesized that in elaterids, bioluminescence of the abdominal lantern is an optical signal for intraspecifc sexual communication, while the signals from the prothoracic lanterns serve to warn predators and may also provide illumination in flight.

Mitosis and cell death in the optic lobes of workers, queens and drones of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) during metamorphosis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estruturas do olho do Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae): estudo utilizando microscopia óptica e de varredura.

O gênero Macrobrachium contém mais de 120 espécies e ocorre nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais de todo o mundo (VALENTI, 1987). São camarões de água doce da família Palaemonidae e da ordem Decapoda (RAFINESQUE, 1815; LATREILLER, 1802). No Brasil existem 18 espécies, até agora classificadas, distribuídas ao longo da bacia amazônica (MELO 2003). Entre estas, o Macrobrachium amazonicum (HELLER, 1862) conhecido popularmente como camarão-sossego ou camarão-canela, amplamente empregados na carcinicultura. Os crustáceos dispõem de estruturas sensitivas localizadas no cefalotórax, que permitem receber estímulos do meio para localizar e capturar o alimento (BARNES, 1998). Os olhos compostos estão presentes em todas as classes de crustáceo. Assim, a hipótese levantada nessa pesquisa foi que no Macrobrachium amazonicum, estes olhos são do tipo de superposição reflexiva, onde o aparelho dióptrico e o rabdômero se estendem em camadas e está separado por uma zona clara não pigmentada. Neste trabalho temos como objetivos: Avaliar os aspectos morfológicos do olho do Macrobrachium amazonicum em microscopia eletrônica de varredura; Caracterizar a morfologia das células fotorreceptoras; Descrever as estruturas morfológicas do olho do M. amazonicum; Caracterizar as relações morfométricas entre o olho e as demais estruturas do M. amazonicum. Os animais foram adquiridos no distrito de Mosqueiro nos períodos de chuvas, março de 2009 e março de 2010, com pescadores no município de Santa Bárbara, área metropolitana de Belém, e transportados para o laboratório em caixas de isopor, sendo mantidos em quarentena em um recipiente contendo uma solução de permanganato de potássio a 1,3 mg/L (CARNEIRO et al., 005). Os animais foram fixados em Davidson e Karnovisky, em seguida os olhos de cada animal foram cuidadosamente seccionados e colocados em frascos plásticos. Nas relações biométricas foram realizadas a análise de variância com α = 0,05, foi realizada com Bio Estat 5.0 para os comprimentos do olho látero-lateral e ântero-posterior dos quatro morfotipos, e SigmaPlot 11.0 e regressão linear simples, para as variáveis olho total e cefalotórax. Observou-se que o tamanho médio do cefalotórax, do corpo, do olho é respectivamente: 21,03 mm; 70,62 mm e 4,52 mm, sendo que, o peso médio do camarão foi de 7,97 g. Os valores máximos registrados dessas estruturas foram de 31,95 mm para o cefalotórax; 100,10 mm para o tamanho do corpo; 6,80 mm para o tamanho do olho e de 20,54 g para o peso do camarão. Após análise histológica foram identificadas as seguintes estruturas (Figs. 13 e 14 A-B): córnea, cone cristalino, pigmento distal, haste do cone, zona clara, cutícula, retina, rabdoma, fibras do nervo óptico e lamina. Com relação à microscopia eletrônica de varredura, foram selecionadas para observação as principais estruturas e especialmente o arranjo em seção transversal quadrada dos omatídeos (Figs. 16 A-B). As análises morfométrica e morfológica (por histologia e microscopia eletrônica de varredura) apontaram características próprias de Macrobrachium amazonicum adultos oriundos da região metropolitana de Belém. Estes achados incluem uma óptica de superposição reflexiva com olhos adaptados a percepção de estímulos luminosos.

Tropidomyrmex elianae, a new myrmicine ant genus and species from Brazil, tentatively assigned to Solenopsidini (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

A new myrmicine ant, Tropidomyrmex elianae gen. n. & sp. n., is described from southeastern and central Brazil, based on workers, ergatoid gynes, males and larvae. Tropidomyrmex workers are relatively small, monomorphic, characterized mainly by the feebly pigmented and extremely thin integument; subfalcate mandibles bearing a single apical tooth; palpal formula 1,2; clypeus relatively broad and convex; reduced compound eyes; propodeum unarmed and with a strongly medially depressed declivous face; double and bilobed well developed subpostpetiolar processes; and peculiarities in the sting apparatus. A colony fragment of T. elianae containing workers, ergatoid gynes, males, and brood was found inside a ground termite nest (Anoplotermes pacificus Apicotermitinae) in a montane rocky scrubland in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Tropidomyrmex elianae is known also from two workers collected in leaf litter samples processed with a Winkler extractor, from the state of Tocantins, central-north Brazil. Despite the differences from the accepted solenopsidine genera, Tropidomyrmex is tentatively assigned to this tribe. Within the solenopsidine ants, the genus is apparently related to Tranopelta. Tropidomyrmex is marked by extreme reductions, perhaps reflecting adaptations to particular habits and habitats.

The bee genus Caenaugochlora (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) and its constituent subgenera, with new species of Caenaugochlora s.str. from Ecuador

Two new species of Caenaugochlora Michener are described and figured from Ecuador. Caenaugochlora quichua sp. n. and C. bennetti sp. n. are both remarkable for the presence of carinate preoccipital carinae, setose compound eyes, strongly rimmed metabasitibial plate, normally pectinate inner metatibial spur, metapostnotal striae not reaching the apical margin, and the male fourth metasomal sterna with lateral projections. The combination of these features intermingle attributes of the presently recognized subgenera, while others are unique to the genus as a whole. A revised diagnosis is provided for the genus and its two subgenera, with Caenaugochlora s.str. accommodating C. bennetti and C. quichua, and brief comments made regarding the implications of the characters exhibited by the aforementioned species.

Photoreceptor projection and termination pattern in the lamina of gonodactyloid stomatopods (mantis shrimp)

The apposition compound eyes of gonodactyloid stomatopods are divided into a ventral and a dorsal hemisphere by six equatorial rows of enlarged ommatidia, the mid-band (MB). Whereas the hemispheres are specialized for spatial vision, the MB consists of four dorsal rows of ommatidia specialized for colour vision and two ventral rows specialized for polarization vision. The eight retinula cell axons (RCAs) from each ommatidium project retinotopically onto one corresponding lamina cartridge, so that the three retinal data streams (spatial, colour and polarization) remain anatomically separated. This study investigates whether the retinal specializations are reflected in differences in the RCA arrangement within the corresponding lamina cartridges. We have found that, in all three eye regions, the seven short visual fibres (svfs) formed by retinula cells 1-7 (R1-R7) terminate at two distinct lamina levels, geometrically separating the terminals of photoreceptors sensitive to either orthogonal e-vector directions or different wavelengths of light. This arrangement is required for the establishment of spectral and polarization opponency mechanisms. The long visual fibres (lvfs) of the eighth retinula cells (R8) pass through the lamina and project retinotopically to the distal medulla externa. Differences between the three eye regions exist in the packing of svf terminals and in the branching patterns of the lvfs within the lamina. We hypothesize that the R8 cells of MB rows 1-4 are incorporated into the colour vision system formed by R1-R7, whereas the R8 cells of MB rows 5 and 6 form a separate neural channel from R1 to R7 for polarization processing.

Spectral sensitivity, spatial resolution and temporal resolution and their implications for conspecific signalling in cleaner shrimp.

Cleaner shrimp (Decapoda) regularly interact with conspecifics and client reef fish, both of which appear colourful and finely patterned to human observers. However, whether cleaner shrimp can perceive the colour patterns of conspecifics and clients is unknown, because cleaner shrimp visual capabilities are unstudied. We quantified spectral sensitivity and temporal resolution using electroretinography (ERG), and spatial resolution using both morphological (inter-ommatidial angle) and behavioural (optomotor) methods in three cleaner shrimp species: Lysmata amboinensis, Ancylomenes pedersoni and Urocaridella antonbruunii. In all three species, we found strong evidence for only a single spectral sensitivity peak of (mean ± s.e.m.) 518 ± 5, 518 ± 2 and 533 ± 3 nm, respectively. Temporal resolution in dark-adapted eyes was 39 ± 1.3, 36 ± 0.6 and 34 ± 1.3 Hz. Spatial resolution was 9.9 ± 0.3, 8.3 ± 0.1 and 11 ± 0.5 deg, respectively, which is low compared with other compound eyes of similar size. Assuming monochromacy, we present approximations of cleaner shrimp perception of both conspecifics and clients, and show that cleaner shrimp visual capabilities are sufficient to detect the outlines of large stimuli, but not to detect the colour patterns of conspecifics or clients, even over short distances. Thus, conspecific viewers have probably not played a role in the evolution of cleaner shrimp appearance; rather, further studies should investigate whether cleaner shrimp colour patterns have evolved to be viewed by client reef fish, many of which possess tri- and tetra-chromatic colour vision and relatively high spatial acuity.