1000 resultados para Compostos carbonílicos
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As sulfonas são conhecidas pelos químicos orgânicos pela sua versatilidade sintética e actividade biológica, nomeadamente os fármacos conhecidos por sulfa drugs, extremamente importantes em química medicinal. As vinil-sulfonas constituem uma sub-família das sulfonas e têm demonstrado ao longo do tempo a sua capacidade de inibir diversos processos enzimáticos, introduzindo propriedades biológicas únicas. Do ponto de vista sintético, o método mais directo para obter estes compostos é via redução dos produtos de adição de Michael a vinil-di-sulfonas, o que não é favorável em termos de economia de átomos. Por outro lado, o mecanismo da reacção de adição de Michael de compostos carbonílicos a vinil-sulfonas tem levantado algumas dúvidas, devido à existência de dois possíveis mecanismos reacionais. O objectivo principal desta dissertação é racionalizar o mecanismo de adição de compostos carbonílicos a vinil-mono e di-sulfonas, recorrendo a estudos teóricos de DFT e experimentais, incluindo RMN. Foram considerados os mecanismos via intermediário enamina e via catálise básica, e através de estudos de RMN foi possível retirar conclusões sobre as velocidades relativas das reacções, bem como meio de comprovar a formação de alguns produtos. Os resultados teóricos obtidos revelam que, para as mono-sulfonas, o mecanismo via enamina é mais favorável energeticamente. No entanto, a existência de reacções competitivas de energia de activação mais baixa não permitem obter o produto desejado. Para eliminar estas reacções, utilizam-se aminas terciárias e a reacção segue um mecanismo via catálise básica. O estudo dos coeficientes da orbital HOMO dos compostos carbonílicos revelou que a localização do enol é um factor determinante para estas reacções. Por outro lado, os resultados obtidos revelaram que as di-sulfonas sendo extremamente reactivas, podem adoptar qualquer um dos caminhos reacionais, em função do catalisador escolhido, e não são sensíveis ao substrato. Neste caso, as reacções competitivas que ocorrem são reversíveis,e o produto de adição conjugada é sempre favorecido. Estudou-se ainda, teoricamente, a reacção de adição a mono-sulfonas de forma intramolecular, que apresenta claramente um mecanismo via enamina, cuja energia de activação é mais baixa que a respectiva adição competitiva.
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We review herewith the use of solids such as activated alumina and other modern Lewis acid catalysts, as well as the influence of different solvents, including water, on the title reactions, described in the last seven years.
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The presence of low carbonyl compounds (C1-C4) and glutaraldehyde was observed in 14 work-locations in São Paulo city, Brazil, during January to July 1997 period. The quantification of other carbonyls was not possible due to a sampling artifact caused probably by undesirable reactions between the ambient ozone and the organic substract of C18 cartridge used to collect carbonyls. High indoor concentrations, compared to outdoor levels, were observed for all compounds. Formaldehyde was the most abundant species (29 ppb) followed by acetone and acetaldehyde (25 and 17 ppb) with a small contribution of propanal, crotonaldehyde and C4 isomers (0.7 to 1.5 ppb) when related to the total indoor carbonyls level. Glutaraldehyde was observed only in two different occupational locations in a hospital at high concentrations (121 ppb). In general, high individual carbonyl levels as well as total carbonyls levels found in several locations indicated an unpropitious air quality for the occupants of these non-industrial sites.
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Analysis of alcohols, esters and carbonyl compounds were performed using HRGC and HPLC techniques in samples of fusel oils from three different Brazilian alcohol distilleries. High content of isoamyl alcohol (390 g.L-1), isobutyl alcohol (158 g.L-1), ethyl alcohol (28,4 g.L-1), methyl alcohol (16,6 g.L-1) and n-propyl alcohol (11,9 g.L-1) were found. These compounds represent 77 ± 8 % of the approximated weight of a liter of fusel oils. The obtained results show the feasibility of using fusel oils as low-cost raw material for the synthesis of chemicals.
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In the last three decades carbonyl compounds, aldehydes and ketones, have received a great deal of attention due to their strong influence on photochemical smog formation and their recognized adverse human health effects. Carbonyl compounds are directly emitted into the atmosphere by combustion sources and also produced from photochemical oxidation of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds. In this paper it is presented a general overview about the carbonyl compounds sources, reactivity, concentration levels and toxicological effects.
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Studies on identification of compounds that make up the aroma and flavor in wines involve research evaluating mainly the influence of terpenes, esters, lactones and alcohols upon these sensory characteristics. However, carbonylic compounds (CC) play an important role concerning the substances that impact aroma to these drinks. Their origin is reported to be linked to the grape's chemical composition, must fermentation or micro-oxidation occurring during storage in barrels. Some CCs, like E-ionone, E-damascenone, siryngaldehyde, can contribute a pleasant aroma and improve the wine quality whereas others are responsible for unpleasant characteristics (acetaldehyde, furfural, 5-hydroxy-methyl furfural, diacetil, E-non-2-enal, etc). A fraction of CCs present is associated with bisulfite ions in the form of hydroxyalkylsulfonic acids. Some of them are stable and play an important role in determining wine quality. The reaction involving the formation of this aduct commonly occurs with CCs of low molar mass, such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. The reaction involving CCs with more than three carbon atoms demands further studies.
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Condensation reactions of glycerol with aldehydes and ketones were performed under thermal heating and microwave irradiation regimes. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts were tested in both conditions. A silica sulfated (SiO2-SO3H) heterogeneous catalyst demonstrated the best performance relative to a selectivity of >95% in favor of 5-membered ketals. For acetals, preference in favor of 5-membered or 6-membered functional groups depends on the nature of the catalyst. Homogenous catalysts favor the more stable 6-membered acetals, whereas heterogeneous catalysts favor the less stable 5-membered acetals. However, the isomer ratios in the acetalization reaction are too low, and hence the reaction cannot be used in a synthetic plan for functional materials. Ketalization processes mediated by SiO2-SO3H show a high selectivity in favor of a 5-membered ring (1,3-dioxolane). The scope of condensation was tested with different ketones. A mechanism for heterogeneous catalysis related to the selectivity in the cyclization process is presented herein. Solketal, a commercial product, was also obtained by a condensation reaction of glycerol and propanone, and showed a high selectivity in favor of 1,3-dioxolane. It was transformed to potential allylic and chiral intermediates. A mesogenic core was connected to the organic framework of glycerol to produce a monomer liquid crystal material with a stable smectic-C mesophase.
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Este trabalho contempla a síntese e caracterização espectroscópica de dois compostos carbonílicos heterometálicos do tipo [Fe(CO)3(m-CS2)(PPh3 )(CuX)], X = Cl, ClO4. Os dados provenientes da espectroscopia no infravermelho e de RMN de 31P{¹H} foram conclusivos quanto à proposição da geometria octaédrica distorcida ao redor do átomo de ferro (0), como também sobre a natureza bimetálica de ambos compostos. Estes dados esclareceram o modo de coordenação dos grupos carbonilos, da trifenilfosfina (PPh3), bem como a disposição do ligante dissulfeto de carbono em ponte entre os átomos de Fe (0) e Cu (I).
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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The binuclear [Fe(CNBut)(CO)4(HgSO4 )] adduct was obtained in the reaction of HgSO4 with [Fe(CNBut)(CO)4] in methanol. This adduct, without a similar in the homoleptic pentacarbonyliron, was characterized by analytical and spectroscopic data. Further Mössbauer and molar conductivity studies have confirmed it's adduct nature.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Caracterização sensorial e química de cachaça mono e bidestilada, envelhecidas em tonéis de carvalho
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Foram preparados compostos carbonílicos heterobimetálicos do tipo [Fe(CO)4(HgX)2] ( X= Cl, Br, I), contendo ligação metal-metal, objetivando investigar suas estabilidades térmicas em função do halogênio coordenado aos átomos de mercúrio. A caracterização destes complexos foi feita usando-se de técnicas espectroscópicas de infravermelho e ressonância magnética nuclear, além de análise elementar. O produto final das termodecomposições foi identificado através de espectroscopia no infravermelho e difratograma de raios-X, método de pó.
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Diazocarbonyl compounds are a very important class of organic substances which have a long history of useful aplications in organic chemistry. The focus of this report deals with the use of diazocarbonyl compounds in a ariety of important reactions and their application in organic synthesis. These reactions are briefly summarized showing their broad scope.
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In this work, we describe a new method for obtaining [Fe(CO)2[(eta5-C5H5)Cl] employing simple techniques and low-cost reagents. It is worth mentioning that this method is faster than others reported in the literature. It was applied in laboratory classes for undergraduate students, exploring different concepts in organometallic chemistry and discussing the steps involved in the synthetic route.