993 resultados para Comportamento cooperativo
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In Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs), where cooperative behaviour is mandatory, there is a high probability for some nodes to become overloaded with packet forwarding operations in order to support neighbor data exchange. This altruistic behaviour leads to an unbalanced load in the network in terms of traffic and energy consumption. In such scenarios, mobile nodes can benefit from the use of energy efficient and traffic fitting routing protocol that better suits the limited battery capacity and throughput limitation of the network. This PhD work focuses on proposing energy efficient and load balanced routing protocols for ad hoc networks. Where most of the existing routing protocols simply consider the path length metric when choosing the best route between a source and a destination node, in our proposed mechanism, nodes are able to find several routes for each pair of source and destination nodes and select the best route according to energy and traffic parameters, effectively extending the lifespan of the network. Our results show that by applying this novel mechanism, current flat ad hoc routing protocols can achieve higher energy efficiency and load balancing. Also, due to the broadcast nature of the wireless channels in ad hoc networks, other technique such as Network Coding (NC) looks promising for energy efficiency. NC can reduce the number of transmissions, number of re-transmissions, and increase the data transfer rate that directly translates to energy efficiency. However, due to the need to access foreign nodes for coding and forwarding packets, NC needs a mitigation technique against unauthorized accesses and packet corruption. Therefore, we proposed different mechanisms for handling these security attacks by, in particular by serially concatenating codes to support reliability in ad hoc network. As a solution to this problem, we explored a new security framework that proposes an additional degree of protection against eavesdropping attackers based on using concatenated encoding. Therefore, malicious intermediate nodes will find it computationally intractable to decode the transitive packets. We also adopted another code that uses Luby Transform (LT) as a pre-coding code for NC. Primarily being designed for security applications, this code enables the sink nodes to recover corrupted packets even in the presence of byzantine attacks.
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Tese de doutoramento, Ciências do Mar, da Terra e do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015
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Apesar da confiança entre os agentes ser fundamental para a estabilização do relacionamento, são frequentes os eventos de incerteza sobre o comportamento do outro, que podem gerar percepções de violação de confiança entre os agentes. Dada essa constatação, o entendimento de variáveis que podem influenciar os efeitos advindos de uma percepção de violação de confiança ganha relevância cada vez maior nos estudos de confiança. Dos vários elementos estudados na literatura para mediar os efeitos de uma percepção de violação de confiança, o objetivo do estudo foi investigar o efeito que o tipo de relacionamento prévio entre os agentes pode exercer na reação cognitiva e comportamental dos agentes, em situações em que há incerteza sobre o comportamento cooperativo do parceiro. Especificamente, o objetivo do trabalho foi comparar o efeito que diferentes tipos de relacionamento prévio entre os agentes – baseado em confiança calculativa ou relacional – exerce em duas dimensões de reação a um evento negativo na relação. Na dimensão cognitiva, comparou-se os efeitos que diferentes tipos de relacionamento prévio entre os agentes exercem no nível de confiabilidade atribuído à contraparte, após um evento negativo entre eles. Na dimensão comportamental, comparou-se os efeitos que diferentes tipos de relacionamento prévio exercem na posição de risco assumida pelos agentes, após o evento indesejado. Para isto, realizou-se um experimento para testar em ambiente laboratorial a reação dos agentes a um resultado negativo na interação, a partir da criação de dois contextos diferentes de relacionamento entre eles. Os resultados do experimento mostraram que, comparados com relacionamentos de base calculativa, aqueles de base relacional são mais resistentes a distúrbios externos, visto que eles geram atribuição causal mais positiva e maior nível de confiabilidade percebida sobre o outro após um evento negativo entre os agentes. Além disto, esta percepção de confiabilidade influencia positivamente as posições de risco assumidas pelos agentes após o evento negativo, de forma que riscos maiores são assumidos em relacionamentos de base de confiança relacional. Por fim, os resultados também reforçam que quanto maior a posição de risco assumida por um agente, maior é o nível de cooperação do seu parceiro.
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A sincronização, como comportamento cooperativo universal e mecanismo fundamental na natureza, tem sido extensivamente estudada em conexão com inúmeros fenômenos em física, química e biologia [1, 2]. Em particular, a sincronização da atividade neural tem sido observada em diferentes espécies e sob condições fisiológicas distintas [3, 4]. Neste trabalho, estudamos sincronização em neurônios de Hindmarsh-Rose (HR), um modelo de potencial de membrana que representa com fidelidade o comportamento de disparos encontrado em neurônios reais [9, 10]. Iniciamos considerando o caso de um neurônio HR isolado e suas propriedades dinâmicas de geração de pulsos. Em seguida, analisamos o acoplamento entre neurônios em um sistema de dois neurônios, e em redes unidimensionais (HR-1D) e bidimensionais (HR-2D). Nessas arquiteturas, a sincronização dos elementos da rede da origem a um comportamento ordenado, coerente, que está associado não somente à produção de informação biológica [5, 6], mas também às potenciais aplicações em comunicação [7] e identificação de sistemas [8].
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Through the assessment of the fourth round of the High Performance Manufacturing (HPM) project and the introduction of Hofstede’s Cultural Classification, the present work aims to deepen the comprehension of the impact of National Cultures on firms’ Operations Strategy. The ANOVA comparisons of four Operations Strategy elements in countries with different industrialization and development backgrounds (e.g. Germany, China, Brazil and South Korea) suggest that while Integrating Leadership and Implementation of Manufacturing Strategy are affected by the cultural levels of Power Distance, Individualism vs. Collectivism and Uncertainty Avoidance, the other two elements of Operations Strategy, Functional Integration and Formal Manufacturing Strategy, show effects of the degree of Individualism vs. Collectivism and Long-Term Orientation. The results of the study are expected to offer new perspectives on the planning and implementation of strategic and operations management for both practitioners and academics. More specifically, the analysis of cross-cultural influence over operations strategy may contribute to a better understanding of how cooperative behavior may lead firms to generate higher rents through the strengths and weaknesses of their relations, particularly in terms of global supply chains.
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Cooperation is a well known behavior and influenced by all cultures. Probably selective pressures brought advantages to individuals that cooperate, and then this behavior is current in human societies. Most of it is studied about cooperation and natural selection was understood by the game theory, a mathematical approach that helps to understand the conflict and cooperation. We believe that natural selection and game theory could facilitate understanding these behaviors and two theoretical articles were written regarding this view. It was also found that most of data about cooperation was obtained in (with) adults. Since game theory is effective to understand this phenomenon, and to be used and understood, two games were used with five and eleven year old children: the common pool and public goods games. The results are presented in four empirical articles. We found that children respond to social dilemmas of game theory like the adults do. They adjust their rounds regarding the feedback obtained of their partness; in the beginning they cooperate and reduce the degree of cooperation along (throughout) the following session; in the absence of punition the level of opportunism increased, mainly in larger groups; boys and girls behave differently when donate. This research suggest that cooperation has an evolutionary basis in human and it is since earlier in the behavioral pattern shown by adults.
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The cooperative behavior is no longer a dilemma for the theory of evolution, since there are models that explain the evolution of this behavior by means of natural selection at the individual level. However, there have been few studies on the proximal factors that interfere with cooperative behavior. In the study of the influence of cognition on cooperation, many authors have been interested in situations in which individuals decide whether to act cooperatively and select partners with different qualities to cooperate. Of the factors studied, we highlight the need for understanding the apparatus and communication between partners to the occurrence of cooperation. Recently, highlight is the proposal that the ability to cooperate would be greater in species with cooperative breeding system. Thus, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a New World monkey which stands as a valuable species for this type of study because it presents cooperative actions in nature, such as sharing food and protection of the community territory. Our experiment investigated whether common marmosets unrelated females (n = 6) were able to cooperate using an electrical and a mechanical apparatus, if this cooperation is a byproduct of individual actions or involve social attention, if it occurs inter-individual variation in the use of devices and formation of roles (producer / scrounger) in dyads. We use the number of rewards obtained by animals (Ratio of Correct Pulls) as indicators of cooperation and glances for partners (Ratio of Correct Glances) as indicators of social attention and communication. The results indicate that the type of apparatus was not a constraint for the occurrence of cooperation between the marmosets, but still has not been verified formation of roles in the dyads. The performance of animals in the two devices showed a large variation in the learning time, not having relationship with the performance in the tests phase. In both devices the level of social glances at control phases were casually correlated with any other phase, but the data showed that there was not social attention, that is, the monkeys realized that they gave food to the partners, but the partners did
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Human cooperation is fundamentally affected by reciprocal exchange, but it is also remarkably common on the context of large and symbolically marked in-groups, which promote cooperation through the feeling of belonging to a group. In this thesis, two empirical articles were produced in order to investigate how human cooperation is affected by factors such as reciprocity, in-group behavior, in-group markers and gender. We investigated this subject through the administration of online games consisting of token donations, on which the subjects faced virtual players controlled by the experiment. We found that cooperative behavior is strongly influenced by reciprocity, and it is also affected by the in-group behavior, observed on the context of the social variables place of birth, ethnicity, and religions, once all of them acted as in-group markers. The subjects´ in-group behavior was enhanced when they played with generous in-group opponents, but weakened when their in-group opponents were non-generous. It was also found that cooperation is not affected by gender, but men and women cooperated in different ways under the influence of reciprocity and in-group behavior. Women are much more reciprocal on their cooperative behavior and men are less willing to cooperate with outgroupers, even when they act generously. The overall results contribute to a better understanding of the adaptive value of cooperation, reciprocity and in-group behavior on the solution of important challenges through the human evolutionary history
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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The Ultimatum Game is a methodology of the Game Theory that intends to investigate the individuals cooperative behavior in situations of resources division. Studies have shown that half of the subjects don’t accept unfair division of resources, and prefer to bear a momentary cost to revenge the deceivers. However, people who have assertiveness impairment, such as social phobic individuals, could have some difficulties to reject unfair offer division resource, especially in situations that cause over anxiety, like being in the presence of an individual considered to be in a high hierarchical level. A negative perception about his own worth can also make the person thinks that he does not deserve a fair division. These individuals also have a strong desire to convey a positive impression to the others, which could cause them to be more generous in a resource division. The aim of this study was to verify, through the Ultimatum Game, if social anxiety individuals would accept more high confederate’s unfair offers that low confederate’s unfair offers; and if they would be more generous in goods division, in the same game, when compared to individuals without social anxiety. Ninety-five (95) college students participated in this study answering the Social Phobia Inventory, the Factorial Scale of Extroversion, socio-demographic questionnaire, situational anxiety scale and, finally, the Ultimatum Game in four rounds (1st and 3rd – confederate representing high or low ranking using an unfair proposal; 2nd – confederate without social status using fair proposal; 4th – subject’s research proposes the offer). The results showed a significant negative correlation between social anxiety and haughtiness, and social anxiety and assertiveness, and a significant positive correlation between social anxiety and situational anxiety. There was no significant difference in situational anxiety due to the status for anxious individuals. Also we found no significant difference in the amount of donated goods, showing that generous behavior does not differ between groups. Finally, the social status did not influence the decision in response to the game for anxious individuals. These results corroborate to other studies that show the relationship between social anxiety and assertiveness, and social anxiety and negative self-perception capability and value (low haughtiness). As show the results of situational anxiety scale, the high status stimulus was not perceived as threatening to the individual, which may have affected his answer in the game. The results for the Ultimatum Game follow the same direction as the acceptance rate for unfair proposals (approximately 50%) in studies with non-clinical sample.
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The Ultimatum Game is a methodology of the Game Theory that intends to investigate the individuals cooperative behavior in situations of resources division. Studies have shown that half of the subjects don’t accept unfair division of resources, and prefer to bear a momentary cost to revenge the deceivers. However, people who have assertiveness impairment, such as social phobic individuals, could have some difficulties to reject unfair offer division resource, especially in situations that cause over anxiety, like being in the presence of an individual considered to be in a high hierarchical level. A negative perception about his own worth can also make the person thinks that he does not deserve a fair division. These individuals also have a strong desire to convey a positive impression to the others, which could cause them to be more generous in a resource division. The aim of this study was to verify, through the Ultimatum Game, if social anxiety individuals would accept more high confederate’s unfair offers that low confederate’s unfair offers; and if they would be more generous in goods division, in the same game, when compared to individuals without social anxiety. Ninety-five (95) college students participated in this study answering the Social Phobia Inventory, the Factorial Scale of Extroversion, socio-demographic questionnaire, situational anxiety scale and, finally, the Ultimatum Game in four rounds (1st and 3rd – confederate representing high or low ranking using an unfair proposal; 2nd – confederate without social status using fair proposal; 4th – subject’s research proposes the offer). The results showed a significant negative correlation between social anxiety and haughtiness, and social anxiety and assertiveness, and a significant positive correlation between social anxiety and situational anxiety. There was no significant difference in situational anxiety due to the status for anxious individuals. Also we found no significant difference in the amount of donated goods, showing that generous behavior does not differ between groups. Finally, the social status did not influence the decision in response to the game for anxious individuals. These results corroborate to other studies that show the relationship between social anxiety and assertiveness, and social anxiety and negative self-perception capability and value (low haughtiness). As show the results of situational anxiety scale, the high status stimulus was not perceived as threatening to the individual, which may have affected his answer in the game. The results for the Ultimatum Game follow the same direction as the acceptance rate for unfair proposals (approximately 50%) in studies with non-clinical sample.
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A cooperação apresenta-se como a base de qualquer organização, mas também das equipas desportivas. O comportamento cooperativo é influenciado pela estima e confiança que o indivíduo tem em si. A confiança entre os indivíduos resulta da mediação entre o comportamento de interesse próprio e o interesse pelo outro, promovendo desta forma a cooperação entre os membros. Vários autores referem as noções de competência relacionadas com comportamentos de confiança. Desta forma estudaram-se no presente estudo as correlações entre a cooperação desportiva e o auto-conceito de competência. A amostra foi constituída por 120 atletas do sexo masculino de equipas profissionais e semi-profissionais de futebol. Os instrumentos utilizados "Questionário de Cooperação Desportiva" e "Questionário de Auto-Conceito de Competência", revelaram possuir qualidades psicométicas aceitáveis. A análise dos resultados revelou correlações estatisticamente significativas entre a dimensão de cooperação situacional e as dimensões, cognitiva, social e criativa do auto-conceito de competência, assim como a dimensão de cooperação incondicionada com as dimensões cognitiva e social do auto-conceito de competência. /ABSTRACT: The cooperation comes as the foundation of any organization but also of sports teams. The cooperative behavior is influenced by the esteem and confidence that the individual has in himself. Trust between individuals result of mediation between the behavior of self-interest and concern for others, thereby promoting cooperation among members. Several authors refer to the notions of competence-related behaviors of confidence. Thus it was studied in the present study the correlations between the sporting cooperation and self-concept of competence. The sample was composed of 120 male athletes of professional teams and semi-professional football. The instruments used "Cooperation Sports Questionnaire" and "Self-Concept Questionnaire for Competence," have revealed qualities psicométicas acceptable. The results showed statistically significant correlations between the dimension of cooperation and situational dimensions, cognitive, social and creative self-concept of ability, as well as the size of unconditional cooperation with the cognitive and social dimensions of self-concept of competence.
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Nos dias de hoje, fruto de uma sociedade em constante mudança, é essencial que se procurem novas estratégias de ensino que se adeqúem às necessidades dos alunos. Para isso, é fundamental que os professores estejam recetivos às mudanças que têm de ser implementadas e que estejam disponíveis para tirar proveito das experiências e métodos de outros colegas. Para que aprender Matemática deixe de ser uma tarefa árdua é necessário recorrer a novas metodologias de ensino que permitam ao professor chegar a um número cada vez maior de alunos para acabar com a ideia de que “a Matemática é só para alguns”. O Apoio Cooperativo pode ser uma das ferramentas que poderá modificar a forma de ensinar Matemática, permitindo assim melhorar os resultados dos alunos nesta disciplina. Além disso, poderá também ter um papel muito importante no crescimento profissional dos professores. O ponto de partida para a realização deste estudo foi um projeto de Apoio Cooperativo no qual trabalhei durante dois anos, numa escolar da Região Autónoma da Madeira. O objetivo deste estudo consiste em tentar perceber em que medida a existência de um segundo professor de Matemática na sala de aula, desempenhando o papel de professor de apoio, pode influenciar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem dos alunos. Pretende-se também compreender se o trabalho colaborativo pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento profissional dos professores. Para o efeito foram elaborados inquéritos para os alunos de duas turmas da referida escola que participaram no projeto bem como todos os professores realizada um entrevista a uma professora do grupo de Matemática com o objetivo de confrontar as perceções do investigador, enquanto professor participante no projeto. Na sua essência, o Apoio Cooperativo procura novas dinâmicas que favoreçam o processo de ensino/aprendizagem, buscando um equilíbrio entre diversos fatores, tais como comportamento, realização de atividades práticas, cumprimento do programa e simplificação das aprendizagens dos alunos.
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O bullying em contexto escolar, embora não seja um fenómeno novo, só mais recentemente tem vindo a ser objeto de estudo científico, fruto da crescente violência que se verifica nas escolas entre os pares. Trata-se de um comportamento agressivo, de caráter sistemático, repetitivo e em que existe um desequilíbrio de poder entre a vítima e o agressor. Atualmente surge um novo problema que está associado ao constante crescimento das tecnologias de informação e comunicação: o cyberbullying. As agressões que ocorrem em contexto escolar passam a acontecer também através da internet ou do telemóvel. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a existência dos comportamentos de bullying e de cyberbullying, numa escola particular cooperativa, da Região Autónoma da Madeira, bem como as características associadas a cada um destes fenómenos. A amostra é constituída por 651 alunos que frequentam os 2º e o 3º ciclos, com idades compreendidas entre os 10 e os 16 anos. Para avaliar os dois fenómenos em estudo, construiu-se um questionário de autopreenchimento, que foi baseado no “Questionário para o Estudo da Violência entre Pares” de Freire, Simão e Ferreira (2006) e no questionário de cyberbullying de Campos (2009). Verificou-se que, neste estabelecimento de ensino, existe uma baixa prevalência destes fenómenos, quando comparados com os índices de bullying e de cyberbullying encontrados nos diversos estudos realizados sobre este tema. Os resultados obtidos nesta investigação vão ao encontro de algumas das tendências verificadas na literatura, nomeadamente ao nível das diferenças de género e de idade nos comportamentos de agressão e de vitimização, e ainda a existência de uma relação significativa entre o bullying e o cyberbullying.
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Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um método de coordenação e cooperação para uma frota de mini-robôs móveis. O escopo do desenvolvimento é o futebol de robôs. Trata-se de uma plataforma bem estruturada, dinâmica e desenvolvida no mundo inteiro. O futebol de robôs envolve diversos campos do conhecimento incluindo: visão computacional, teoria de controle, desenvolvimento de circuitos microcontrolados, planejamento cooperativo, entre outros. A título de organização os sistema foi dividido em cinco módulos: robô, visão, localização, planejamento e controle. O foco do trabalho se limita ao módulo de planejamento. Para auxiliar seu desenvolvimento um simulador do sistema foi implementado. O simulador funciona em tempo real e substitui os robôs reais. Dessa forma os outros módulos permanecem praticamente inalterados durante uma simulação ou execução com robôs reais. Para organizar o comportamento dos robôs e produzir a cooperação entre eles foi adotada uma arquitetura hierarquizada: no mais alto nível está a escolha do estilo de jogo do time; logo abaixo decide-se o papel que cada jogador deve assumir; associado ao papel temos uma ação específica e finalmente calcula-se a referência de movimento do robô. O papel de um robô dita o comportamento do robô na dada ocasião. Os papéis são alocados dinamicamente durante o jogo de forma que um mesmo robô pode assumir diferentes papéis no decorrer da partida