Un protocole de diffusion des messages dans les réseaux véhiculaires

De nos jours, la voiture est devenue le mode de transport le plus utilisé, mais malheureusement, il est accompagné d’un certain nombre de problèmes (accidents, pollution, embouteillages, etc.), qui vont aller en s’aggravant avec l’augmentation prévue du nombre de voitures particulières, malgré les efforts très importants mis en œuvre pour tenter de les réduire ; le nombre de morts sur les routes demeure très important. Les réseaux sans fil de véhicules, appelés VANET, qui consistent de plusieurs véhicules mobiles sans infrastructure préexistante pour communiquer, font actuellement l’objet d'une attention accrue de la part des constructeurs et des chercheurs, afin d’améliorer la sécurité sur les routes ou encore les aides proposées aux conducteurs. Par exemple, ils peuvent avertir d’autres automobilistes que les routes sont glissantes ou qu’un accident vient de se produire. Dans VANET, les protocoles de diffusion (broadcast) jouent un rôle très important par rapport aux messages unicast, car ils sont conçus pour transmettre des messages de sécurité importants à tous les nœuds. Ces protocoles de diffusion ne sont pas fiables et ils souffrent de plusieurs problèmes, à savoir : (1) Tempête de diffusion (broadcast storm) ; (2) Nœud caché (hidden node) ; (3) Échec de la transmission. Ces problèmes doivent être résolus afin de fournir une diffusion fiable et rapide. L’objectif de notre recherche est de résoudre certains de ces problèmes, tout en assurant le meilleur compromis entre fiabilité, délai garanti, et débit garanti (Qualité de Service : QdS). Le travail de recherche de ce mémoire a porté sur le développement d’une nouvelle technique qui peut être utilisée pour gérer le droit d’accès aux médias (protocole de gestion des émissions), la gestion de grappe (cluster) et la communication. Ce protocole intègre l'approche de gestion centralisée des grappes stables et la transmission des données. Dans cette technique, le temps est divisé en cycles, chaque cycle est partagé entre les canaux de service et de contrôle, et divisé en deux parties. La première partie s’appuie sur TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access). La deuxième partie s’appuie sur CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance) pour gérer l’accès au medium. En outre, notre protocole ajuste d’une manière adaptative le temps consommé dans la diffusion des messages de sécurité, ce qui permettra une amélioration de la capacité des canaux. Il est implanté dans la couche MAC (Medium Access Control), centralisé dans les têtes de grappes (CH, cluster-head) qui s’adaptent continuellement à la dynamique des véhicules. Ainsi, l’utilisation de ce protocole centralisé nous assure une consommation efficace d’intervalles de temps pour le nombre exact de véhicules actifs, y compris les nœuds/véhicules cachés; notre protocole assure également un délai limité pour les applications de sécurité, afin d’accéder au canal de communication, et il permet aussi de réduire le surplus (overhead) à l’aide d’une propagation dirigée de diffusion.

Load-balancing for parallel adaptive unstructured grids

A parallel method for the dynamic partitioning of unstructured meshes is outlined. The method includes diffusive load-balancing techniques and an iterative optimisation technique known as relative gain optimisationwhich both balances theworkload and attempts to minimise the interprocessor communications overhead. It can also optionally include amultilevel strategy. Experiments on a series of adaptively refined meshes indicate that the algorithmprovides partitions of an equivalent or higher quality to static partitioners (which do not reuse the existing partition) and much more rapidly. Perhaps more importantly, the algorithm results in only a small fraction of the amount of data migration compared to the static partitioners.

Parallel dynamic load-balancing for adaptive unstructured meshes

This chapter describes a parallel optimization technique that incorporates a distributed load-balancing algorithm and provides an extremely fast solution to the problem of load-balancing adaptive unstructured meshes. Moreover, a parallel graph contraction technique can be employed to enhance the partition quality and the resulting strategy outperforms or matches results from existing state-of-the-art static mesh partitioning algorithms. The strategy can also be applied to static partitioning problems. Dynamic procedures have been found to be much faster than static techniques, to provide partitions of similar or higher quality and, in comparison, involve the migration of a fraction of the data. The method employs a new iterative optimization technique that balances the workload and attempts to minimize the interprocessor communications overhead. Experiments on a series of adaptively refined meshes indicate that the algorithm provides partitions of an equivalent or higher quality to static partitioners (which do not reuse the existing partition) and much more quickly. The dynamic evolution of load has three major influences on possible partitioning techniques; cost, reuse, and parallelism. The unstructured mesh may be modified every few time-steps and so the load-balancing must have a low cost relative to that of the solution algorithm in between remeshing.

Dynamic load-balancing for parallel adaptive unstructured meshes

A parallel method for dynamic partitioning of unstructured meshes is described. The method employs a new iterative optimisation technique which both balances the workload and attempts to minimise the interprocessor communications overhead. Experiments on a series of adaptively refined meshes indicate that the algorithm provides partitions of an equivalent or higher quality to static partitioners (which do not reuse the existing partition) and much more quickly. Perhaps more importantly, the algorithm results in only a small fraction of the amount of data migration compared to the static partitioners.

Parallel dynamic graph-partitioning for unstructured meshes

A parallel method for the dynamic partitioning of unstructured meshes is described. The method introduces a new iterative optimisation technique known as relative gain optimisation which both balances the workload and attempts to minimise the interprocessor communications overhead. Experiments on a series of adaptively refined meshes indicate that the algorithm provides partitions of an equivalent or higher quality to static partitioners (which do not reuse the existing partition) and much more rapidly. Perhaps more importantly, the algorithm results in only a small fraction of the amount of data migration compared to the static partitioners.

Reducing communication overhead for cooperative localization using nonparametric belief propagation

A number of methods for cooperative localization has been proposed, but most of them provide only location estimate, without associated uncertainty. On the other hand, nonparametric belief propagation (NBP), which provides approximated posterior distributions of the location estimates, is expensive mostly because of the transmission of the particles. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to reduce communication overhead for cooperative positioning using NBP. It is based on: i) communication of the beliefs (instead of the messages), ii) approximation of the belief with Gaussian mixture of very few components, and iii) censoring. According to our simulations results, these modifications reduce significantly communication overhead while providing the estimates almost as accurate as the transmission of the particles.

WHERE2 location aided communications

This paper presents an overview of preliminary results of investigations within the WHERE2 Project on identifying promising avenues for location aided enhancements to wireless communication systems. The wide ranging contributions are organized according to the following targeted systems: cellular networks, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and cognitive radio. Location based approaches are found to alleviate significant signaling overhead in various forms of modern communication paradigms that are very information hungry in terms of channel state information at the transmitter(s). And this at a reasonable cost given the ubiquitous availability of location information in recent wireless standards or smart phones. Location tracking furthermore opens the new perspective of slow fading prediction.

Risk optimization of a steel frame communications tower subject to tornado winds

The structural engineering community in Brazil faces new challenges with the recent occurrence of high intensity tornados. Satellite surveillance data shows that the area covering the south-east of Brazil, Uruguay and some of Argentina is one of the world most tornado-prone areas, second only to the infamous tornado alley in central United States. The design of structures subject to tornado winds is a typical example of decision making in the presence of uncertainty. Structural design involves finding a good balance between the competing goals of safety and economy. This paper presents a methodology to find the optimum balance between these goals in the presence of uncertainty. In this paper, reliability-based risk optimization is used to find the optimal safety coefficient that minimizes the total expected cost of a steel frame communications tower, subject to extreme storm and tornado wind loads. The technique is not new, but it is applied to a practical problem of increasing interest to Brazilian structural engineers. The problem is formulated in the partial safety factor format used in current design codes, with all additional partial factor introduced to serve as optimization variable. The expected cost of failure (or risk) is defined as the product of a. limit state exceedance probability by a limit state exceedance cost. These costs include costs of repairing, rebuilding, and paying compensation for injury and loss of life. The total expected failure cost is the sum of individual expected costs over all failure modes. The steel frame communications, tower subject of this study has become very common in Brazil due to increasing mobile phone coverage. The study shows that optimum reliability is strongly dependent on the cost (or consequences) of failure. Since failure consequences depend oil actual tower location, it turn,,; out that different optimum designs should be used in different locations. Failure consequences are also different for the different parties involved in the design, construction and operation of the tower. Hence, it is important that risk is well understood by the parties involved, so that proper contracts call be made. The investigation shows that when non-structural terms dominate design costs (e.g, in residential or office buildings) it is not too costly to over-design; this observation is in agreement with the observed practice for non-optimized structural systems. In this situation, is much easier to loose money by under-design. When by under-design. When structural material cost is a significant part of design cost (e.g. concrete dam or bridge), one is likely to lose significantmoney by over-design. In this situation, a cost-risk-benefit optimization analysis is highly recommended. Finally, the study also shows that under time-varying loads like tornados, the optimum reliability is strongly dependent on the selected design life.

Fretting fatigue in overhead conductors: Rig design and failure analysis of a Grosbeak aluminium cable steel reinforced conductor

The performance optimisation of overhead conductors depends on the systematic investigation of the fretting fatigue mechanisms in the conductor/clamping system. As a consequence, a fretting fatigue rig was designed and a limited range of fatigue tests was carried out at the middle high cycle fatigue regime in order to access an exploratory S-N curve for a Grosbeak conductor, which was mounted on a mono-articulated aluminium clamping system. Subsequent to these preliminary fatigue tests, the components of the conductor/clamping system, such as ACSR conductor, upper and lower clamps, bolt and nuts, were subjected to a failure analysis procedure in order to investigate the metallurgical free variables interfering on the fatigue test results, aiming at the optimisation of the testing reproducibility. The results indicated that the rupture of the planar fracture surfaces observed in the external At strands of the conductor tested under lower bending amplitude (0.9 mm) occurred by fatigue cracking (I mm deep), followed by shear overload. The V-type fracture surfaces observed in some At strands of the conductor tested under higher bending amplitude (1.3 mm) were also produced by fatigue cracking (approximately 400 mu m deep), followed by shear overload. Shear overload fracture (45 degrees fracture surface) was also observed on the remaining At wires of the conductor tested under higher bending amplitude (1.3 mm). Additionally, the upper and lower Al-cast clamps presented microstructure-sensitive cracking, which was folowed by particle detachment and formation of abrasive debris on the clamp/conductor tribo-interface, promoting even further the fretting mechanism. The detrimental formation of abrasive debris might be inhibited by the selection of a more suitable class of as-cast At alloy for the production of clamps. Finally, the bolt/nut system showed intense degradation of the carbon steel nut (fabricated in ferritic-pearlitic carbon steel, featuring machined threads with 190 HV), with intense plastic deformation and loss of material. Proper selection of both the bolt and nut materials and the finishing processing might prevent the loss in the clamping pressure during the fretting testing. It is important to control the specification of these components (clamps, bolt and nuts) prior to the start of large scale fretting fatigue testing of the overhead conductors in order to increase the reproducibility of this assessment. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Adaptive Carrier Tracking for Mars to Earth Communications During Entry, Descent, and Landing

We propose a robust and low complexity scheme to estimate and track carrier frequency from signals traveling under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions in highly nonstationary channels. These scenarios arise in planetary exploration missions subject to high dynamics, such as the Mars exploration rover missions. The method comprises a bank of adaptive linear predictors (ALP) supervised by a convex combiner that dynamically aggregates the individual predictors. The adaptive combination is able to outperform the best individual estimator in the set, which leads to a universal scheme for frequency estimation and tracking. A simple technique for bias compensation considerably improves the ALP performance. It is also shown that retrieval of frequency content by a fast Fourier transform (FFT)-search method, instead of only inspecting the angle of a particular root of the error predictor filter, enhances performance, particularly at very low SNR levels. Simple techniques that enforce frequency continuity improve further the overall performance. In summary we illustrate by extensive simulations that adaptive linear prediction methods render a robust and competitive frequency tracking technique.

Spectral properties of chaotic signals with applications in communications

This paper investigates the characteristics of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of chaotic signals generated by skew tent maps. The influence of the Lyapunov exponent on the autocorrelation sequence and on the PSD is evaluated via computational simulations. We conclude that the essential bandwidth of these signals is strongly related to this exponent and they can be low-pass or high-pass depending on the family`s parameter. This way, the PSD of a chaotic signal is a function of the generating map although this is not a one-to-one relationship. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lightning-Induced Voltages on Overhead Lines-Application of the Extended Rusck Model

Lightning-induced overvoltages have a considerable impact on the power quality of overhead distribution and telecommunications systems, and various models have been developed for the computation of the electromagnetic transients caused by indirect strokes. The most adequate has been shown to be the one proposed by Agrawal et al.; the Rusck model can be visualized as a particular case, as both models are equivalent when the lightning channel is perpendicular to the ground plane. In this paper, an extension of the Rusck model that enables the calculation of lightning-induced transients considering flashes to nearby elevated structures and realistic line configurations is tested against data obtained from both natural lightning and scale model experiments. The latter, performed under controlled conditions, can be used also to verify the validity of other coupling models and relevant codes. The so-called Extended Rusck Model, which is shown to be sufficiently accurate, is applied to the analysis of lightning-induced voltages on lines with a shield wire and/or surge arresters. The investigation conducted indicates that the ratio between the peak values of the voltages induced by typical first and subsequent strokes can be either greater or smaller than the unity, depending on the line configuration.

Quantum noise limits to terabaud communications

From a general model of fiber optics, we investigate the physical limits of soliton-based terabaud communication systems. In particular we consider Raman and initial quantum noise effects which are often neglected in fiber communications. Simulations of the position diffusion in dark and bright solitons show that these effects become increasingly important at short pulse durations, even over kilometer-scale distances. We also obtain an approximate analytic theory in agreement with numerical simulations, which shows that the Raman effects exceed the Gordon-Haus jitter for sub-picosecond pulses. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.