El sector de la fruta dulce en Espa��a: nuevas corrientes comerciales y competitividad

El articulo analiza el sector de la fruta dulce en Espa��a, entendido ��ste como el formado por las producciones de manzana, pera y melocot��n, en los per��odos que anteceden y preceden a la adhesi��n de Espa��a a la CEE. El estudio de los pilares sobre los que fue evolucionando la relaci��n Espa��a-CEE y la realidad productiva en la que se apoyaba el sector, facilitan el posterior examen que se realiza del comercio internacional. En este ��ltimo plano, el prop��sito es analizar los efectos de la integraci��n de la econom��a espa��ola en la CEE, sobre los intercambios exteriores del sector. Se estudian los posibles canales de creaci��n y desviaci��n de comercio aparecidos con la integraci��n, as�� como las variaciones en indicadores de competitividad, a fin de poder discernir los cambios producidos en las corrientes comerciales, tanto en lo relativo a la capacidad exportadora como a la penetraci��n de las importaciones.

Proceso del desarrollo exportador de las empresas industriales espa��olas que participan en un consorcio de exportaci��n: un estudio de caso

El proceso de internacionalizaci��n ha dejado de ser visto como una aventura individual por parte de las empresas, porque cada vez se convierten en parte de una red de acuerdos que trascienden fronteras. Por lo tanto, el camino directo a la proyecci��n internacional ha sido reemplazado por nuevos m��todos de cooperaci��n; de tal forma que, la elecci��n de los socios, y el ��mbito de los acuerdos y f��rmulas contractuales se ha convertido en aspectos claves en la estrategia internacional de las empresas. En ��ste ��mbito, han surgido los denominados consorcios de exportaci��n los cuales se vienen desarrollando en Espa��a durante las ��ltimas d��cadas a trav��s de los programas de promoci��n para la creaci��n de consorcios de exportaci��n, a trav��s del Instituto Espa��ol de Comercio Exterior (ICEX) y el Consorcio de Promoci��n Comercial de Catalu��a (COPCA). Sin embargo, son pocos los consorcios existentes en Espa��a y muchos de los que se intentan, no llegan a constituirse. Por otra parte, son pocos los estudios existentes en ��ste ��rea, por lo que se detecta un vac��o en el cuerpo de la literatura existente sobre la internacionalizaci��n de las empresas. Raz��n por la cual, la presente investigaci��n est�� dirigida al an��lisis de las fases del proceso del desarrollo de internacionalizaci��n de algunas empresas industriales espa��olas que participan en un prototipo real de consorcio de exportaci��n, y a la identificaci��n de los factores que influyen en la elecci��n del mismo como una v��a alternativa para penetrar en los mercados extranjeros, por parte de las empresas.

El mercat del vi espanyol als Estats Units

L���objecte d���estudi d���aquest projecte final, ��s el mercat del vi espanyol als Estats Units. Es tracta d���un mercat relativament jove degut a que la cultura del vi per un nord-americ�� amb una renda mitja es nova. Encara aix��, els Estats Units es el tercer pa��s amb major consum per volum del m��n. Per tal de poder entendre millor aquest mercat, s���estudiaran les diferents caracter��stiques del pa��s, les regions on es produeix el vi i la seva distribuci�� i els diferents agents que s���impliquen en aquest proc��s en el pa��s. Un cop analitzat els aspectes econ��mics i les caracter��stiques m��s importants d���Estats Units, es realitzar�� una an��lisi de l���oferta i de la demanda del sector del vi en aquest pa��s per poder realitzar una comparativa m��s endavant amb el mercat del vi espanyol i de la perspectiva que es t�� a Estats Units sobre aquest tipus de vi. Un aspecte molt important que s���ha observat es la dificultat d���acc��s al mercat del vi a Estats Units. Per aix��, s���ha dedicat un cap��tol sencer a analitzar els diferents controls i regulacions que s���han de tenir en compte alhora d���importar vi a aquest pa��s americ��. Per ��ltim, es realitza un an��lisi del mercat del vi espanyol i la perspectiva que es t�� dels vins espanyols a Estats Units. En aquest cap��tol s���analitzar�� sobre tot la producci��, el consum i les exportacions espanyoles i s���explicar�� amb detall el concepte de denominacions d���origen.

La recerca d'una regulaci�� del comerç internacional de diamants

Els esfor��os de les campanyes fetes per les ONG van portar a un primer pl��nol internacional els diamants de guerra - els conflictes lligats als conflictes armats -a finals dels anys noranta. Com a resposta, es va formar el Proc��s de Kimberley (PK), un f��rum negociador entre estats, ONG i ind��stria, per debatre possibles solucions que posessin fre al comerç de diamants de guerra. Menys de tres anys despr��s es va adoptar un sistema voluntari de certificaci�� internacional anomenat Sistema de Certificaci�� del Proc��s de Kimberley (SCPK). El SCPK regula el comerç de diamants en brut certificant tots els diamants legals. Aquest article repassa el problema dels diamants de guerra, explica com una campanya internacional va despertar la consci��ncia sobre el problema, i com el proc��s de recerca de solucions va culminar en el PK. L��� an��lisi es centra en els diferents actors implicats (ONG, estats i ind��stria) i les seves interaccions canviants al llarg de la campanya i dels esfor��os realitzats per crear una regulaci�� internacional. Com a conclusi��, es destaquen algunes lli��ons fonamentals, en termes anal��tics i d���acci��, derivats d���aquest estudi de cas.

La Competitividad de las exportaciones de vino espa��ol y el mercado mundial 1960-2011

Este trabajo analiza la evoluci��n y competitividad de las exportaciones espa��olas de vino en el mercado mundial desde la d��cada de 1960. Con ello explora las respuestas de la industria vin��cola durante la globalizaci��n del vino. Analiza el comportamiento evolutivo del sector por tipos de vinos y el peso relativo de las exportaciones en volumen, valor y precios unitarios en el mercado mundial. El estudio de la ventaja comparativa del comercio exterior se realiza a trav��s del ��ndice de Ventaja Competitiva Revelada (VCR) o ��ndice de Balassa. Demuestra que pese al fabuloso crecimiento de las exportaciones entre 1960 y 2011 la industria espa��ola sigue especializada en vinos de bajo coste y en exportaciones a granel. Aunque mejor�� la calidad y crecieron las exportaciones de vinos embotellados con denominaci��n de origen, la competitividad del sector muestra serias debilidades que la sit��an entre las m��s bajas de los pa��ses especializados.

European integration, FDI and the internal geography of trade : evidence from Western European border regions

In this paper we use a gravity model to study the trade performance of French and Spanishborder regions relatively to non-border regions, over the past two decades. We find that,controlling for their size, proximity and location characteristics, border regions trade onaverage between 62% and 193% more with their neighbouring country than other regions,and twice as much if they are endowed with good cross border transport infrastructures.Despite European integration, however, this trade outperformance has fallen for the mostperipheral regions within the EU. We show that this trend was linked in part to a shift in the propensity of foreign investors to move their affiliates from the regions near their home market to the regions bordering the EU core.

European integration, FDI and the internal geography of trade : evidence from Western European border regions

In this paper we use a gravity model to study the trade performance of French and Spanishborder regions relatively to non-border regions, over the past two decades. We find that,controlling for their size, proximity and location characteristics, border regions trade onaverage between 62% and 193% more with their neighbouring country than other regions,and twice as much if they are endowed with good cross border transport infrastructures.Despite European integration, however, this trade outperformance has fallen for the mostperipheral regions within the EU. We show that this trend was linked in part to a shift in the propensity of foreign investors to move their affiliates from the regions near their home market to the regions bordering the EU core.

Suporte social em cuidadores informais de dependentes de subst��ncias.

Os cuidadores informais t��m de lidar com situa����es potencialmente causadoras de stress e Sobrecarga. Uma amostra com 120 cuidadores de Dependentes de Subst��ncias, residentes em Portugal, completou uma bateria de question��rios que inclu��a o BDI (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961; McIntyre & Ara��jo-Soares, 1999), BSI (Canavarro, 1999; Derogatis, 1975, 1993), CRA (Given, et al., 1992), WHOQOL ��� Bref (Fleck, 2000; Vaz Serra, et al., 2006) e o IESSS (Ensel & Woelfel, 1986; Faria, 1999). De seguida, os participantes foram distribu��dos por tr��s grupos (G1, G2 e G3), dependendo do tempo de abstin��ncia do familiar a quem prestavam cuidados. O estudo explorou a rela����o entre diversas vari��veis cl��nicas e psicol��gicas e o suporte social nesses cuidadores. Os resultados revelaram que a coabita����o com o paciente, o distress psicol��gico, a qualidade de vida (rela����es sociais e psicol��gica) e a sobrecarga s��o preditores, do suporte social explicando 48% da vari��ncia observada. O modelo de media����o demonstrou que o suporte social �� um mediador parcial da rela����o entre o distress e a sobrecarga, explicando 60% da vari��ncia observada. Deste modo, verifica-se a import��ncia de intervir no suporte social no sentido de diminuir o impacto do distress e sobrecarga nos cuidadores.

Colombian international trade from a physical perspective: towards an ecologial "Prebisch Thesis"

Prebisch's approach to economic development was based on the notion that there is an international historical division of labour. Peripheral countries are specialized in exporting primary goods while centre countries export industrial goods. The Terms of trade for peripheral countries tend to deteriorate. This approach can be extendend to ecological issues. The international Centre-Periphery division does not only involve the monetary exchange of goods and capital, but also the physical exchange in which Southern countries provide materials and energy so that Northern countries can develop their socioconomic metabolism. This metabolism process is guaranteed through cheap prices for primary goods. This paper aims to apply and extend Prebisch's thought on unequal exchange, both monetary and ecological, in relation to colombian trade in the period 1970-2002, using material flow analysis.

The ���Dragon��� and the ���Elephant��� and Global Imbalances

Global financial imbalances receive a great deal of attention in relation to the emerging economies China and India. This chapter analyzes this relation, but argues first that they are actually re-balancing the existing structural inequality in the world economy, in which for so long only the Western economies and Japan dominated economic growth and international trade, moving towards a more multi-polar world economy. China in particular, with its rapid export-led growth, has indeed been part and parcel of the emerging financial imbalances, feeding the ���over-consumption��� in the US and using its accumulating international reserves in buying US-treasury bonds. Finance therefore is moving to the economy that ���least needs it���. This imbalance can only be redressed if the US (and some of the other OECD countries) start saving more and consuming less (and become more competitive), with China further stimulating domestic demand (which it already did in response to the crisis). China and to a lesser extend India, as emerging large economies and a more important roles in global markets, also contribute to new imbalances, such as the influence of the insatiable appetite for resources (carbon-hydrates, minerals and bio-mass) of these relatively energy-inefficient economies, while at the same time attracting an increasing share of FDI towards them. The chapter finally raises the issue that these three mentioned imbalances make it more difficult for developing countries (except for those who are resource-rich) to get access to the necessary development finance.

The Quest for Regulating the Global Diamond Trade

Campaign efforts by NGOs initially put conflict diamonds on the global radar screen in the late 1990s. In response, the Kimberley Process (KP), a negotiation forum between states, NGOs, and industry, was formed to discuss possible solutions to curb the trade in conflict diamonds. Less than three years later, a voluntary, global certification named the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) was adopted. The KPCS regulates the trade of rough diamonds by certifying all legitimate diamonds. This paper outlines the problem of conflict diamonds, how a global campaign raised awareness about the issue, and how the process of solution building unfolded in the KP. My analysis focuses on the diverse set of actors (NGOs, states, and industry) and their changing interactions over the course of the campaign and global regulation efforts. I conclude with several key lessons that capture important elements observed in this case study.

Catalunya i la Comunitat de Madrid com a pols d'atracci�� de la inversi�� estrangera directa procedent de l'Asia Oriental (1996-2004)

Aquest document descriu els valors d'inversi�� estrangera directa de l'��sia oriental a escala mundial durant el per��ode 1996-2004, per a valorar la dimensi�� d'aquest tipus d'inversi�� a Catalunya i a Madrid. Relaciona els valors d'aquesta inversi�� amb les taxes de comerç exterior amb l'��sia oriental i amb els valors d'immigraci�� asi��tica a Catalunya i a Madrid.

The oral cancer epidemic in central and eastern Europe.

To monitor recent trends in oral and pharyngeal cancer mortality in 38 European countries, we analyzed data provided by the World Health Organization over the period 1975-2004. Joinpoint analysis was used to identify significant changes in trends. In the European Union (EU), male mortality rates rose by 2.1% per year between 1975 and 1984, by 1.0% between 1984 and 1993, and declined by 1.3% between 1993 and 2004, to reach an overall age-standardized rate of 6.1/100,000 in 2000-2004. Mortality rates were much lower in women, and the rate in the EU rose by 0.9% per year up to 2000, and levelled off to 1.1/100,000 in 2000-2004. In France and Italy - which had the highest rates in the past - male rates have steadily declined during the last two decades (annual percent change, APC=-4.8% in 1998-2004 in France, and -2.6% in 1986-2003 in Italy). Persisting rises were, however, observed in several central and eastern European countries, with exceedingly high rates in Hungary (21.1/100,000; APC=6.9% in 1975-1993 and 1.4% in 1993-2004) and Slovakia (16.9/100,000; APC=0.14% in 1992-2004). In middle aged (35 to 64) men, oral and pharyngeal cancer mortality rates in Hungary (55.2/100,000) and Slovakia (40.8/100,000) were comparable to lung cancer rates in several major European countries. The highest rates for women were in Hungary (3.3/100,000; APC=4.7% in 1975-2004) and Denmark (1.6/100,000; APC=1.3% in 1975-2001). Oral and pharyngeal cancer mortality essentially reflects the different patterns in tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking, including drinking patterns and type of alcohol in central Europe. (c) 2009 UICC.