Insights from paleomicrobiology into the indigenous peoples of pre-colonial America - A Review

This review investigates ancient infectious diseases in the Americas dated to the pre-colonial period and considers what these findings can tell us about the history of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. It gives an overview, but focuses on four microbial pathogens from this period: Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Trypanosoma cruzi and Coccidioides immitis, which cause stomach ulceration and gastric cancer, tuberculosis, Chagas disease and valley fever, respectively. These pathogens were selected as H. pylori can give insight into ancient human migrations into the Americas, M. tuberculosis is associated with population density and urban development, T. cruzi can elucidate human living conditions and C. immitis can indicate agricultural development. A range of methods are used to diagnose infectious disease in ancient human remains, with DNA analysis by polymerase chain reaction one of the most reliable, provided strict precautions are taken against cross contamination. The review concludes with a brief summary of the changes that took place after European exploration and colonisation.

Sevillian transport jars in early colonial America: the case of Santa María La Antigua del Darién (Colombia)

Within the scope of the TECNOLONIAL (HAR2008-02834/HIST) project, an archaeologi- cal and archaeometric research is being conduct- ed in order to clarify and systematize transport jars production in the Iberian peninsula and their distribution abroad, especially to the Americas, from the 15th to the 17th century. The production centre of Seville, in the Crown of Castile, produced large glazed and unglazed transport jars, called botijas, which were mainly devoted to the Atlantic trade network. The pres- ent study accounts for the first results obtained from an initial sample of 34 transport jars dated around the 15th-16th centuries from the produc- tion centre of Seville and the reception site of Santa María de la Antigua del Darién (gulf of Urabá, Colombia). This latter site is especially significant since it was the first Spanish founda- tion (1510) in continental America that obtained the title of town, and was the seat for the Governor of the new region called Castilla de Oro, as well as for the first diocese. All individuals were analyzed by means of x-ray fluorescence and diffraction analyses and then compared with the majolica production database from Seville. The results enabled us to define the first refer- ence groups for such modern transport jars, and to get a first insight into the jars coming to the Americas in the early 16th century whose prove- nance can be linked to Seville, but not Triana.

The architecture of colonial America /

Mode of access: Internet.

The evening school in Colonial America,

On cover: University of Illinois bulletin, vol. XXII, no. 31.

A cidade colonial ibero-americana : a malha urbana

Esta dissertação estuda a cidade colonial ibero-americana, a partir de seu traçado, de sua configuração espacial e como produto da milenar tradição urbana do ocidente, em suas variáveis erudita e popular. Foram analisadas as circunstâncias políticas, econômicas e socioculturais que condicionaram os três séculos do período colonial na Ibero-américa e que influenciaram, de um ou de outro modo, o arranjo espacial das cidades. O trabalho identifica os elementos da arquitetura grega, romana, medieval cristã, muçulmana, renascentista, pré-colombiana e barroca que foram naturalmente selecionados, sintetizados e re-elaborados em sua implementação na cidade ibero-americana. Uma tipologia de malhas urbanas é proposta e, a partir da observação e redesenho de plantas urbanas do período colonial, o trabalho analisa e classifica 21 assentamentos produzidos pela colonização espanhola e portuguesa A análise mostra que a cidade colonial ibero-americana constitui de fato um tipo especifico dentro da categoria maior de cidade tradicional, anterior ao movimento moderno. Por ser uma cidade nova, tem implícita na sua gênese a atividade de planejamento. O traçado em malha é o instrumento regulador essencial. Em seu processo de adaptação às determinantes locais, na busca de uma ordem espacial, o traçado em malha passa por diferentes graus de deformação geométrica, o que condiciona a forma e o posicionamento das partes, ou seja, dos elementos da arquitetura urbana - a praça, a rua, o quarteirão, os edifícios singulares e a estrutura predial de tipos recorrentes de edificação -, gerando assim grande diversidade e riqueza de situações espaciais. O trabalho compara as cidades coloniais espanhola e a portuguesa e consta o predomínio das similaridades pelo fato de terem a malha como denominador comum. As diferenças mais relevantes ficam por conta das implantações, das adaptações ao contexto e de outras circunstâncias específicas, não constituindo fator determinante serem elas espanholas ou portuguesas.

Interculturalidad y dinámicas comerciales : Interacciones entre indígenas y españoles en la América colonial hispana

En este artículo se plantea el análisis de la complejidad de las relaciones comerciales entre castellanos e indígenas a lo largo del periodo colonial. Para ello, se comparará la práctica sobre el terreno desde el siglo XVI hasta el XVIII con los debates teóricos medievales y modernos alrededor del comercio intercultural y de las diferencias en las formas de vida rural y urbana. Se tratará, asimismo, la dualidad campo-ciudad en relación con el traslado a América del importante papel que el pensamiento occidental otorgó tradicionalmente a la ciudad como núcleo de civilización y como foco irradiador de la misma. Dicho planteamiento arroja una perspectiva muy compleja sobre las relaciones interculturales, ya que ambos grupos -castellanos e indígenas- actuaron de maneras muy diversas según el contexto social, político y económico de cada momento. Frente a la idea de una actitud siempre hostil entre los dos grupos, se presenta un panorama de búsqueda de la amistad por medios pacíficos, entre los que se destaca el comercio como principal catalizador

Interculturalidad y dinámicas comerciales : Interacciones entre indígenas y españoles en la América colonial hispana

En este artículo se plantea el análisis de la complejidad de las relaciones comerciales entre castellanos e indígenas a lo largo del periodo colonial. Para ello, se comparará la práctica sobre el terreno desde el siglo XVI hasta el XVIII con los debates teóricos medievales y modernos alrededor del comercio intercultural y de las diferencias en las formas de vida rural y urbana. Se tratará, asimismo, la dualidad campo-ciudad en relación con el traslado a América del importante papel que el pensamiento occidental otorgó tradicionalmente a la ciudad como núcleo de civilización y como foco irradiador de la misma. Dicho planteamiento arroja una perspectiva muy compleja sobre las relaciones interculturales, ya que ambos grupos -castellanos e indígenas- actuaron de maneras muy diversas según el contexto social, político y económico de cada momento. Frente a la idea de una actitud siempre hostil entre los dos grupos, se presenta un panorama de búsqueda de la amistad por medios pacíficos, entre los que se destaca el comercio como principal catalizador

Interculturalidad y dinámicas comerciales : Interacciones entre indígenas y españoles en la América colonial hispana

En este artículo se plantea el análisis de la complejidad de las relaciones comerciales entre castellanos e indígenas a lo largo del periodo colonial. Para ello, se comparará la práctica sobre el terreno desde el siglo XVI hasta el XVIII con los debates teóricos medievales y modernos alrededor del comercio intercultural y de las diferencias en las formas de vida rural y urbana. Se tratará, asimismo, la dualidad campo-ciudad en relación con el traslado a América del importante papel que el pensamiento occidental otorgó tradicionalmente a la ciudad como núcleo de civilización y como foco irradiador de la misma. Dicho planteamiento arroja una perspectiva muy compleja sobre las relaciones interculturales, ya que ambos grupos -castellanos e indígenas- actuaron de maneras muy diversas según el contexto social, político y económico de cada momento. Frente a la idea de una actitud siempre hostil entre los dos grupos, se presenta un panorama de búsqueda de la amistad por medios pacíficos, entre los que se destaca el comercio como principal catalizador

Not in the Legends

In writing “Not in the Legends”, one of the images and concepts which constantly returned was that of pilgrimage. I began to write these poems while studying abroad in London, after having passed the previous semester in France and travelling around Europe. There was something in the repetition of sightseeing— walking six miles in Luxembourg to see the grave of General Patton, taking photographs of the apartment where Sylvia Plath ended her life, bowing before the bones of saints, searching through Père Lachaise for the grave of Théodore Gericault— which struck me as numinous and morbid. At the same time, I came to love living abroad and I grew discontent with both remaining and returning. I wanted the opportunity to live everywhere all the time and not have to choose between home and away. Returning from abroad, I turned my attention to the landscape of my native country. I found in the New England pilgrims a narrative of people who had left their home in search of growth and freedom. In these journeys I began to appreciate the significance of place and tried to understand what it meant to move from one place to another, how one chose a home, and why people searched for meaning in specific locations. The processes of moving from student to worker and from childhood to adulthood have weighed on me. I began to see these transitions towards maturity as travels to a different land. Memory and nostalgia are their own types of pilgrimage in their attempts to return to lost places, as is the reading of literature. These pilgrimages, real and metaphorical, form the thematic core of the collection. I read the work of many poets who came before me, returning to the places where the Canon was forged. Those poets have a large presence in the work I produced. I wondered how I, as a young poet, could earn my own place in the tradition and sought models in much the same way a painter studies the brushstrokes of a master. In the process, I have tried to uncover what it means to be a poet. Is it something like being a saint? Is it something like being a colonist? Or is to be the one who goes in search of saints and colonists? In trying to measure my own life and work based on the precedent, I have questioned what role era and generation have on the formation of identity. I focused my reading heavily on the early years of English poetry, trying to find the essence of the time when the language first achieved the transcendence of verse. In following the development of English poetry through Coleridge, John Berryman, and Allison Titus, I have explored the progression of those basic virtues in changing contexts. Those bearings, applied to my modern context, helped to shape the poetry I produced. Many of the poems in “Not in the Legends” are based on my own personal experience. In my recollections I have tried to interrogate nostalgia rather than falling into mere reminiscence. Rather than allowing myself poems of love and longing, I have tried to find the meaning of those emotions. A dominant conflict exists between adventure and comfort which mirrors the central engagement with the nature of being “here” or “there”. It is found in scenes of domesticity and wilderness as I attempt to understand my own simultaneous desire for both. For example, in “Canned Mangoes…” the intrusion of nature, even in a context as innocuous as a poem by Sir Walter Raleigh, unravels ordinary comforts of the domestic sphere. The character of “The Boy” from Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot proved such an interesting subject for me because he is one who can transcend the normal boundaries of time and place. The title suggests connections to both place and time. “Legends” features the dual meaning of both myths and the keys to maps. To propose something “Not in the Legends” is to find something which has no precedent in our histories and our geographies, something beyond our field of knowledge and wholly new. One possible interpretation I devised was that each new generation lives a novel existence, the future being the true locus of that which is beyond our understanding. The title comes from Keats’ “Hyperion, a Fragment”, and details the aftermath of the Titanomachy. The Titans, having fallen to the Olympians, are a representation of the passing of one generation for the next. Their dejection is expressed by Saturn, who laments: Not in my own sad breast, Which is its own great judge and searcher out, Can I find reason why ye should be thus: Not in the legends of the first of days… (129-132) The emotions of the conquered Titans are unique and without antecedent. They are experiencing feelings which surpass all others in history. In this, they are the equivalent of the poet who feels that his or her own sufferings are special. In contrast are Whitman’s lines from “Song of Myself” which serve as an epigraph to this collection. He contends for a sense of continuity across time, a realization that youth, age, pleasure, and suffering have always existed and will always exist. Whitman finds consolation in this unity, accepting that kinship with past generations is more important that his own individuality. These opposing views offer two methods of presenting the self in history. The instinct of poetry suggests election. The poet writes because he feels his experiences are special, or because he believes he can serve as a synecdoche for everyone. I have fought this instinct by trying to contextualize myself in history. These poems serve as an attempt at prosopography with my own narrative a piece of the whole. Because the earth abides forever, our new stories get printed over the locations of the old and every place becomes a palimpsest of lives and acts. In this collection I have tried to untangle some of those layers, especially my own, to better understand the sprawling legend of history.

Spanish colonial literature in South America,

Bibliography: p. 585-650.

The colonial system : statistics of the trade, industry and resources of Canada and the other plantations in British America /

Tables.

The colonial system : statistics of the trade, industry and resources of Canada and the other plantations in British America /

Tables.