Feasibility of solar heating systems composed of recyclable packaging for low-income rural communities

Solar heaters are an appropriate technology in tropical and sub-tropical climates to heat bath water by solar energy. Low-cost solar heaters meet the demand of low-income rural communities which currently do not have access to this technology. Current research analyzes the economic viability of solar heaters, built with recyclable materials, to reduce electric energy bill. A solar heating system was built consisting of recyclable materials in accordance with the manuals provided by the Secretariat of Environment of the state of Paraná (SEMA). Duration of use of electric showers by families of rural properties was determined to calculate expenses and billing of electricity. Simulation and material costs showed that the system was feasible. Commercial solar heaters could be replaced at a cost of R$ 22.61 per month during 13 months.

A política nacional de resíduos sólidos (Lei n. 12.305/10): uma análise dos mecanismos de proteção jurídica e promoção de cidadania dos catadores de materiais recicláveis

Este estudo trata da atual Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, regulamentada pelo Decreto n 7.404/10, enfocando os mecanismos jurídicos garantidores da integração dos catadores de materiais recicláveis e reutilizáveis na responsabilidade compartilhada pelo ciclo de vida dos produtos, que historicamente tem um passado de exploração de trabalho e invisibilidade social. Com o objetivo de analisar as condições de aplicabilidade dos mecanismos presentes na Lei n 12.305/10 voltados para o reconhecimento social e ambiental, como também para a proteção legal dos direitos desse grupo social, iremos inicialmente esclarecer os aspectos conceituais basilares para a compreensão da temática das iniquidades sociais, bem como verificar a importância da utilização da teoria das necessidades humanas fundamentais, como sendo um instrumento adequado para a interpretação dessa forma de exclusão social. Ademais, este trabalho se propõe a discutir as principais correntes teóricas contemporâneas utilizadas no estudo da otimização da satisfação das necessidades humanas fundamentais, como também teorizar, filosoficamente, que tais necessidades funcionam como pressuposto de justificação para atribuição de direitos específicos e obrigações institucionais. Do ponto de vista metodológico, trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, tendo sido realizado, de forma dedutiva, levantamentos de dados por meio de revisão bibliográfica envolvendo consultas a jornais, revistas, livros, dissertações, teses, projetos, leis, decretos e pesquisas via internet em sites institucionais. O método de procedimento adotado foi o descritivo-analítico, ressaltando-se ainda que, de forma indutiva, foi igualmente desenvolvida uma pesquisa de campo em duas cooperativas de reciclagem da cidade de Campina Grande-PB. Os estudos desenvolvidos revelaram que o grupo social em análise se enquadra no contexto de pessoas que necessitam de otimização para satisfação das necessidades fundamentais, havendo uma consistente e sustentável argumentação teórica nesse sentido. Concluiu-se que, apesar do compromisso expresso na Lei n 12.305/10, para com a valorização do trabalho dos catadores, deve ocorrer um esforço interpretativo dos mecanismos de inclusão social, empoderamento econômico e reconhecimento social e ambiental desta categoria. Foi igualmente concluído que as estratégias de integração dos catadores na responsabilidade compartilhada pelo ciclo de vida dos produtos, criadas pela legislação de resíduos sólidos, foram delineadas a partir do reconhecimento dos catadores pelo poder público na coleta seletiva e da inserção dos catadores na logística reversa, garantindo condições de mercado e acesso a recursos; contudo, o principal desafio parece ser o da inovação na própria forma de se pensar as políticas públicas para o setor.

Os catadores de materiais recicláveis: trajetórias e travessias

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A política pública municipal de resíduo sólido: sua incidência sobre os catadores de lixo do aterro sanitário do Aurá em Belém

Este estudo analisa a incidência da política pública municipal de resíduo sólido sobre os catadores de materiais recicláveis no aterro sanitário do Aurá, no período de 2002 a 2008. A análise é pautada nas ações implementadas durante o governo do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) 1997-2004 e do Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB) 2005... Em termos metodológicos, trata-se de um estudo de caso baseado no exame das políticas públicas dirigidas a este segmento da população e suas formas organizativas. A situação dos catadores do aterro sanitário do Aurá, no município de Belém, constitui-se progressivamente como um problema complexo a ser enfrentado, sobretudo pelo poder público municipal por meio da implementação de políticas públicas. Assim, é objetivo deste trabalho analisar como a política pública de resíduo sólido implantada pela Prefeitura Municipal de Belém, através da Secretaria Municipal de Saneamento (SESAN), incidiu sobre a condição de vida (laboral e política) dos catadores do aterro sanitário do Aurá. Esta política, tem início com a implementação do Projeto de Biorremediação. Estruturado em dois eixos de atuação um físico e outro social. Este estudo se detém na análise deste último eixo, pois focalizou as ações para os catadores de materiais recicláveis, como representantes do mercado informal. A pesquisa revela as estratégias de sobrevivência, os níveis de empoderamento individual e coletivo dos catadores e a prática do aviamento mediando relações de trabalho e poder.

Coleta Seletiva Municipal, Educação Ambiental e Organizações de Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis na Vertente Paulista da Bacia do Rio Paranapanema

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

O trabalho dos catadores de materiais recicláveis de Presidente Prudente, São Paulo: um estudo aplicado na COOPERLIX e na coleta seletiva municipal

This work focuses on analyzing the organization of the Workers Cooperative Recyclable Products of Presidente Prudente (COOPERLIX) and selective collection of municipal service. Aiming to analyze the issue of solid waste and the work of collectors of recyclable materials in an organized Economic Development Outreach (ESS). Throughout the work was carried out theoretical approaches on the issue of solid waste, the precarious work of scavengers, some laws, among others, were conducted several field studies over the years 2011 and 2012 in COOPERLIX, with the realization meetings and debates on various subjects; tools were also used Geographic Information Systems mainly in the production of selective collection of municipal map, now at 100% of the urban area of Presidente Prudente. Finally, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of the situation of the productive and financial COOPERLIX during those two years, checking their capability and weaknesses

Cooperativismo e precarização do trabalho: um estudo aplicado na Cooperativa Recicla Conquista em Vitória da Conquista/BA

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

H.R. 5000--recyclable materials [microform] : plastics in the environment : hearing before the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, August 10, 1988.

"No. 132."

A proposed qualitative framework for heterogeneous burning of metallic materials : the 'melting rate triangle'

This paper presents a proposed qualitative framework to discuss the heterogeneous burning of metallic materials, through parameters and factors that influence the melting rate of the solid metallic fuel (either in a standard test or in service). During burning, the melting rate is related to the burning rate and is therefore an important parameter for describing and understanding the burning process, especially since the melting rate is commonly recorded during standard flammability testing for metallic materials and is incorporated into many relative flammability ranking schemes. However, whilst the factors that influence melting rate (such as oxygen pressure or specimen diameter) have been well characterized, there is a need for an improved understanding of how these parameters interact as part of the overall melting and burning of the system. Proposed here is the ‘Melting Rate Triangle’, which aims to provide this focus through a conceptual framework for understanding how the melting rate (of solid fuel) is determined and regulated during heterogeneous burning. In the paper, the proposed conceptual model is shown to be both (a) consistent with known trends and previously observed results, and (b)capable of being expanded to incorporate new data. Also shown are examples of how the Melting Rate Triangle can improve the interpretation of flammability test results. Slusser and Miller previously published an ‘Extended Fire Triangle’ as a useful conceptual model of ignition and the factors affecting ignition, providing industry with a framework for discussion. In this paper it is shown that a ‘Melting Rate Triangle’ provides a similar qualitative framework for burning, leading to an improved understanding of the factors affecting fire propagation and extinguishment.

The increased flammability of metallic materials burning in reduced gravity

Data generated in a normal gravity environment is often used in design and risk assessment for reduced gravity applications. It has been clearly demonstrated that this is a conservative approach for non-metallic materials which have been repeatedly shown to be less flammable in a reduced gravity environment. However, recent work has demonstrated this is not true for metallic materials. This work, conducted in a newly completed drop tower observed a significant increase in both lowest burn pressure and burn rate in reduced gravity. Hence the normal gravity qualification of a metallic materials’ lowest burn pressure or burn rate for reduced-gravity or space-based systems is clearly not conservative. This paper presents a summary of this work and the results obtained for several metallic materials showing an increased flammability and burn rate for a range of oxygen pressures, and discusses the implications of this work on the fire-safety of space-based systems.

Formation of nanoporous materials via mild retro-Diels–Alder chemistry

Poly(styrene)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers synthesized via the combination of reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and hetero Diels–Alder (HDA) cycloaddition can be cleaved in the solid state by a retro-HDA reaction occurring at 90 °C. Nanoporous films can be prepared from these polymers using a simple heating and washing procedure.

The flammability of metallic materials in normal and reduced gravity

Metallic materials exposed to oxygen-enriched atmospheres – as commonly used in the medical, aerospace, aviation and numerous chemical processing industries – represent a significant fire hazard which must be addressed during design, maintenance and operation. Hence, accurate knowledge of metallic materials flammability is required. Reduced gravity (i.e. space-based) operations present additional unique concerns, where the absence of gravity must also be taken into account. The flammability of metallic materials has historically been quantified using three standardised test methods developed by NASA, ASTM and ISO. These tests typically involve the forceful (promoted) ignition of a test sample (typically a 3.2 mm diameter cylindrical rod) in pressurised oxygen. A test sample is defined as flammable when it undergoes burning that is independent of the ignition process utilised. In the standardised tests, this is indicated by the propagation of burning further than a defined amount, or „burn criterion.. The burn criterion in use at the onset of this project was arbitrarily selected, and did not accurately reflect the length a sample must burn in order to be burning independent of the ignition event and, in some cases, required complete consumption of the test sample for a metallic material to be considered flammable. It has been demonstrated that a) a metallic material.s propensity to support burning is altered by any increase in test sample temperature greater than ~250-300 oC and b) promoted ignition causes an increase in temperature of the test sample in the region closest to the igniter, a region referred to as the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). If a test sample continues to burn past the HAZ (where the HAZ is defined as the region of the test sample above the igniter that undergoes an increase in temperature of greater than or equal to 250 oC by the end of the ignition event), it is burning independent of the igniter, and should be considered flammable. The extent of the HAZ, therefore, can be used to justify the selection of the burn criterion. A two dimensional mathematical model was developed in order to predict the extent of the HAZ created in a standard test sample by a typical igniter. The model was validated against previous theoretical and experimental work performed in collaboration with NASA, and then used to predict the extent of the HAZ for different metallic materials in several configurations. The extent of HAZ predicted varied significantly, ranging from ~2-27 mm depending on the test sample thermal properties and test conditions (i.e. pressure). The magnitude of the HAZ was found to increase with increasing thermal diffusivity, and decreasing pressure (due to slower ignition times). Based upon the findings of this work, a new burn criterion requiring 30 mm of the test sample to be consumed (from the top of the ignition promoter) was recommended and validated. This new burn criterion was subsequently included in the latest revision of the ASTM G124 and NASA 6001B international test standards that are used to evaluate metallic material flammability in oxygen. These revisions also have the added benefit of enabling the conduct of reduced gravity metallic material flammability testing in strict accordance with the ASTM G124 standard, allowing measurement and comparison of the relative flammability (i.e. Lowest Burn Pressure (LBP), Highest No-Burn Pressure (HNBP) and average Regression Rate of the Melting Interface(RRMI)) of metallic materials in normal and reduced gravity, as well as determination of the applicability of normal gravity test results to reduced gravity use environments. This is important, as currently most space-based applications will typically use normal gravity information in order to qualify systems and/or components for reduced gravity use. This is shown here to be non-conservative for metallic materials which are more flammable in reduced gravity. The flammability of two metallic materials, Inconel® 718 and 316 stainless steel (both commonly used to manufacture components for oxygen service in both terrestrial and space-based systems) was evaluated in normal and reduced gravity using the new ASTM G124-10 test standard. This allowed direct comparison of the flammability of the two metallic materials in normal gravity and reduced gravity respectively. The results of this work clearly show, for the first time, that metallic materials are more flammable in reduced gravity than in normal gravity when testing is conducted as described in the ASTM G124-10 test standard. This was shown to be the case in terms of both higher regression rates (i.e. faster consumption of the test sample – fuel), and burning at lower pressures in reduced gravity. Specifically, it was found that the LBP for 3.2 mm diameter Inconel® 718 and 316 stainless steel test samples decreased by 50% from 3.45 MPa (500 psia) in normal gravity to 1.72 MPa (250 psia) in reduced gravity for the Inconel® 718, and 25% from 3.45 MPa (500 psia) in normal gravity to 2.76 MPa (400 psia) in reduced gravity for the 316 stainless steel. The average RRMI increased by factors of 2.2 (27.2 mm/s in 2.24 MPa (325 psia) oxygen in reduced gravity compared to 12.8 mm/s in 4.48 MPa (650 psia) oxygen in normal gravity) for the Inconel® 718 and 1.6 (15.0 mm/s in 2.76 MPa (400 psia) oxygen in reduced gravity compared to 9.5 mm/s in 5.17 MPa (750 psia) oxygen in normal gravity) for the 316 stainless steel. Reasons for the increased flammability of metallic materials in reduced gravity compared to normal gravity are discussed, based upon the observations made during reduced gravity testing and previous work. Finally, the implications (for fire safety and engineering applications) of these results are presented and discussed, in particular, examining methods for mitigating the risk of a fire in reduced gravity.