Wind generation's contribution to supporting peak electricity demand: meteorological insights

Wind generation’s contribution to meeting extreme peaks in electricity demand is a key concern for the integration of wind power. In Great Britain (GB), robustly assessing this contribution directly from power system data (i.e. metered wind-supply and electricity demand) is difficult as extreme peaks occur infrequently (by definition) and measurement records are both short and inhomogeneous. Atmospheric circulation-typing combined with meteorological reanalysis data is proposed as a means to address some of these difficulties, motivated by a case study of the extreme peak demand events in January 2010. A preliminary investigation of the physical and statistical properties of these circulation types suggests that they can be used to identify the conditions that are most likely to be associated with extreme peak demand events. Three broad cases are highlighted as requiring further investigation. The high-over-Britain anticyclone is found to be generally associated with very low winds but relatively moderate temperatures (and therefore moderate peak demands, somewhat in contrast to the classic low-wind cold snap that is sometimes apparent in the literature). In contrast, both longitudinally extended blocking over Scotland/Scandinavia and latitudinally extended troughs over western Europe appear to be more closely linked to the very cold GB temperatures (usually associated with extreme peak demands). In both of these latter situations, wind resource averaged across GB appears to be more moderate.

Las plataformas carbonatadas y sistemas deltaicos del Aptiense-Albiense inferior del noroeste de Cantabria: registro de cambios paleoambientales y eventos anóxicos

En este trabajo se estudian los materiales del Aptiense-Albiense Inferior del sector occidental de la cuenca (sub-cuenca) Nor-Cantábrica (borde nor-occidental de la cuenca Vasco-Cantábrica), con especial énfasis en el estudio del reflejo sedimentario de los cambios paleoclimáticos acontecidos durante el intervalo de tiempo estudiado. El enfoque multidisciplinar de esta tesis, abarcando estudios estratigráficos, sedimentológicos, bioestratigráficos, paleontológicos, quimioestratigráficos, paleogeográficos y paleotectónicos, ha permitido abordar un análisis integral tanto del reflejo sedimentario que pudieron tener los cambios paleoclimáticos globales en los ambientes someros de plataforma carbonatada y terrígena, como del papel que tuvieron los factores globales, regionales y locales en el control de la sedimentación y del relevo de plataformas carbonatadas y sistemas deltaicos. Las perturbaciones ambientales y climáticas globales acaecidas durante el intervalo de estudio son: el calentamiento global relacionado con el Evento Anóxico Oceánico del Aptiense Inferior (OAE 1a), el interludio frío o cold-snap del Aptiense Superior, y el calentamiento global relacionado con el Evento Anóxico Oceánico del Albiense Inferior (OAE 1b)...

Effects of an extreme temperature event on the behavior and age structure of an estuarine top predator, Carcharhinus leucas

The frequency of extreme environmental events is predicted to increase in the future. Understanding the short- and long-term impacts of these extreme events on large-bodied predators will provide insight into the spatial and temporal scales at which acute environmental disturbances in top-down processes may persist within and across ecosystems. Here, we use long-term studies of movements and age structure of an estuarine top predator—juvenile bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas—to identify the effects of an extreme ‘cold snap’ from 2 to 13 January 2010 over short (weeks) to intermediate (months) time scales. Juvenile bull sharks are typically year-round residents of the Shark River Estuary until they reach 3 to 5 yr of age. However, acoustic telemetry revealed that almost all sharks either permanently left the system or died during the cold snap. For 116 d after the cold snap, no sharks were detected in the system with telemetry or captured during longline sampling. Once sharks returned, both the size structure and abundance of the individuals present in the nursery had changed considerably. During 2010, individual longlines were 70% less likely to capture any sharks, and catch rates on successful longlines were 40% lower than during 2006−2009. Also, all sharks caught after the cold snap were young-of-the-year or neonates, suggesting that the majority of sharks in the estuary were new recruits and several cohorts had been largely lost from the nursery. The longer-term impacts of this change in bull shark abundance to the trophic dynamics of the estuary and the importance of episodic disturbances to bull shark population dynamics will require continued monitoring, but are of considerable interest because of the ecological roles of bull sharks within coastal estuaries and oceans.