Analysis of wall plasters and natural sediments from the Neolithic town of Çatalhöyük (Turkey) by a range of analytical techniques

Wall plaster sequences from the Neolithic town of Çatalhöyük have been analysed and compared to three types of natural sediment found in the vicinity of the site, using a range of analytical techniques. Block samples containing the plaster sequences were removed from the walls of several different buildings on the East Mound. Sub-samples were examined by IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence to determine the overall mineralogical and elemental composition, whilst thin sections were studied using optical polarising microscopy, IR Microscopy and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis. The results of this study have shown that there are two types of wall plaster found in the sequences and that the sediments used to produce these were obtained from at least two distinct sources. In particular, the presence of clay, calcite and magnesian calcite in the foundation plasters suggested that these were prepared predominantly from a marl source. On the other hand, the finishing plasters were found to contain dolomite with a small amount of clay and no calcite, revealing that softlime was used in their preparation. Whilst marl is located directly below and around Çatalhöyük, the nearest source of softlime is 6.5 km away, an indication that the latter was important to the Neolithic people, possibly due to the whiter colour (5Y 8/1) of this sediment. Furthermore, the same two plaster types were found on each wall of Building 49, the main building studied in this research, and in all five buildings investigated, suggesting that the use of these sources was an established practice for the inhabitants of several different households across the site.

Enhanced long-range forecast skill in boreal winter following stratospheric strong vortex conditions

There has been a great deal of recent interest in producing weather forecasts on the 2–6 week sub-seasonal timescale, which bridges the gap between medium-range (0–10 day) and seasonal (3–6 month) forecasts. While much of this interest is focused on the potential applications of skilful forecasts on the sub-seasonal range, understanding the potential sources of sub-seasonal forecast skill is a challenging and interesting problem, particularly because of the likely state-dependence of this skill (Hudson et al 2011). One such potential source of state-dependent skill for the Northern Hemisphere in winter is the occurrence of stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events (Sigmond et al 2013). Here we show, by analysing a set of sub-seasonal hindcasts, that there is enhanced predictability of surface circulation not only when the stratospheric vortex is anomalously weak following SSWs but also when the vortex is extremely strong. Sub-seasonal forecasts initialized during strong vortex events are able to successfully capture the associated surface temperature and circulation anomalies. This results in an enhancement of Northern annular mode forecast skill compared to forecasts initialized during the cases when the stratospheric state is close to climatology. We demonstrate that the enhancement of skill for forecasts initialized during periods of strong vortex conditions is comparable to that achieved for forecasts initialized during weak events. This result indicates that additional confidence can be placed in sub-seasonal forecasts when the stratospheric polar vortex is significantly disturbed from its normal state.

Population structure and associated phenotypes of Salmonella enterica serovars Derby and Mbandaka overlap with host range

BACKGROUND:The Salmonella enterica serovar Derby is frequently isolated from pigs and turkeys whereas serovar Mbandaka is frequently isolated from cattle, chickens and animal feed in the UK. Through comparative genomics, phenomics and mutant construction we previously suggested possible mechanistic reasons why these serovars demonstrate apparently distinct host ranges. Here, we investigate the genetic and phenotypic diversity of these two serovars in the UK. We produce a phylogenetic reconstruction and perform several biochemical assays on isolates of S. Derby and S. Mbandaka acquired from sites across the UK between the years 2000 and 2010. RESULTS:We show that UK isolates of S. Mbandaka comprise of one clonal lineage which is adapted to proficient utilisation of metabolites found in soya beans under ambient conditions. We also show that this clonal lineage forms a biofilm at 25 °C, suggesting that this serovar maybe well adapted to survival ex vivo, growing in animal feed. Conversely, we show that S. Derby is made of two distinct lineages, L1 and L2. These lineages differ genotypically and phenotypically, being divided by the presence and absence of SPI-23 and the ability to more proficiently invade porcine jejunum derived cell line IPEC-J2. CONCLUSION:The results of this study lend support to the hypothesis that the differences in host ranges of S. Derby and S. Mbandaka are adaptations to pathogenesis, environmental persistence, as well as utilisation of metabolites abundant in their respective host environments.

Analysis of the genetic diversity and structure across a wide range of germplasm reveals prominent gene flow in apple at the European level

Abstract Background: The amount and structure of genetic diversity in dessert apple germplasm conserved at a European level is mostly unknown, since all diversity studies conducted in Europe until now have been performed on regional or national collections. Here, we applied a common set of 16 SSR markers to genotype more than 2,400 accessions across 14 collections representing three broad European geographic regions (North+East, West and South) with the aim to analyze the extent, distribution and structure of variation in the apple genetic resources in Europe. Results: A Bayesian model-based clustering approach showed that diversity was organized in three groups, although these were only moderately differentiated (FST=0.031). A nested Bayesian clustering approach allowed identification of subgroups which revealed internal patterns of substructure within the groups, allowing a finer delineation of the variation into eight subgroups (FST=0.044). The first level of stratification revealed an asymmetric division of the germplasm among the three groups, and a clear association was found with the geographical regions of origin of the cultivars. The substructure revealed clear partitioning of genetic groups among countries, but also interesting associations between subgroups and breeding purposes of recent cultivars or particular usage such as cider production. Additional parentage analyses allowed us to identify both putative parents of more than 40 old and/or local cultivars giving interesting insights in the pedigree of some emblematic cultivars. Conclusions: The variation found at group and sub-group levels may reflect a combination of historical processes of migration/selection and adaptive factors to diverse agricultural environments that, together with genetic drift, have resulted in extensive genetic variation but limited population structure. The European dessert apple germplasm represents an important source of genetic diversity with a strong historical and patrimonial value. The present work thus constitutes a decisive step in the field of conservation genetics. Moreover, the obtained data can be used for defining a European apple core collection useful for further identification of genomic regions associated with commercially important horticultural traits in apple through genome-wide association studies.

Evaluation of heat stress indices using physiological comparisons in an alumina refinery in a sub-tropical climate

The production of alumina involves the use of a process known as the Bayer process. This method involves the digestion of raw bauxite in sodium hydroxide at temperatures around 250°C. The resultant pregnant liquor then goes through a number of filtering and precipitation processes to obtain the aluminium oxide crystals which are then calcined to obtain the final product. The plant is situated in a sub tropical climate in Northern Australia and this combined with the hot nature of the process results in a potential for heat related illnesses to develop. When assessing a work environment for heat stress a heat stress index is often employed as a guideline and to date the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) has been the recommended index. There have been concerns over the past that the WBGT is not suited to the Northern Australian climate and in fact studies in other countries have suggested this is the case. This study was undertaken in the alumina plant situated in Gladstone Queensland to assess if WBGT was in fact the most suitable index for use or if another was more applicable. To this end three indices, Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), Heat Stress Index (HSI) and Required Sweat Rate (SWreq) were compared and assessed using physiological monitoring of heart rate and surrogate core temperature. A number of different jobs and locations around the plant were investigated utilising personal and environmental monitoring equipment. These results were then collated and analysed using a computer program written as part of the study for the manipulation of the environmental data . Physiological assessment was carried out using methods approved by international bodies such as National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) and International Standards Organisation (ISO) and incorporated the use of a ‘Physiological Factor’ developed to enable the comparison of predicted allowable exposure times and strain on the individual. Results indicated that of the three indices tested, Required Sweat Rate was found to be the most suitable for the climate and in the environment of interest. The WBGT system was suitable in areas in the moderate temperature range (ie 28 to 32°C) but had some deficiencies above this temperature or where the relative humidity exceeded approximately 80%. It was however suitable as a first estimate or first line indicator. HSI over-estimated the physiological strain in situations of high temperatures, low air flows and exaggerated the benefit of artificial air flows on the worker in certain environments ie. fans.

Asexual reproduction does not produce clonal populations of the brooding coral Pocillopora damicornis on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia

We have investigated the relationship between genotypic diversity, the mode of production of brooded larvae and disturbance in a range of reef habitats, in order to resolve the disparity between the reproductive mode and population structure reported for the brooding coral Pocillopora damicornis. Within 14 sites across six habitats, the ratio of the observed (G o) to the expected (G e) genotypic diversity ranged from 69 to 100% of that expected for random mating. At three other sites in two habitats the G o /G e ranged from 35 to 53%. Two of these sites were recently bleached, suggesting that asexual recruitment may be favoured after disturbance. Nevertheless, our data suggest that brooded larvae, from each of five habitats surveyed, were asexually produced. While clonal recruitment may be important in disturbed habitats, the lack of clonality detected, both in this and earlier surveys of 40 other sites, implies that a disturbance is normally insufficient to explain this species’ continued investment in clonal reproduction.

The influence of different nanoparticles on a range of organic ionic plastic crystals

The addition of nanoparticles to an organic ionic plastic crystal can result in orders of magnitude increases in ionic conductivity, which makes these materials of interest as solid state electrolytes. However, this effect is not universal and depends on both the nature of the organic ionic plastic crystal and on the type of nanoparticle used. The effect of addition of TiO₂, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ nanoparticles to a range of ionic materials with varying plasticity and rotator phase behaviour has been studied by thermal analysis and conductivity and the effect on the different materials is compared.

Sociocultural factors and perceptions associated with type 2 diabetes among sub-Saharan African migrants in Melbourne, Victoria

Aim: To explore how non-diabetic sub-Saharan African migrants residing in Melbourne, construct and interpret type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its risk factors and to provide an evidence-based theoretical framework to inform community-based prevention programs. Methods: Seven focus group discussions (two with women only, two with men only and three of mixed gender) were carried out among Ghanaian, Zimbabwean, Sudanese and Burundian migrants living in Melbourne (n = 61; age range: 18 to 61 years). Results: Three distinct themes emerged: not paying much attention to the threat of T2DM and othering; T2DM being outside the individuals' control; and entrapment within rich industrialised culture and lifestyle. Participants perceived T2DM to be a disease of the wealthy caused by intake of too much sugar and sedentary behaviour, which were particularly compounded by lifestyle-related changes upon migration to an industrialised country. However, they also perceived T2DM to be associated with bad luck. Conclusions: Culturally competent prevention and education programs are needed to increase health literacy and dispel religious and cultural myths about T2DM among sub-Saharan African migrants.

Fine-scale patterns of genetic variation in a widespread clonal seagrass species

Seagrasses are ecosystem engineers that offer important habitat for a large number of species and provide a range of ecosystem services. Many seagrass ecosystems are dominated by a single species, with research showing that genotypic diversity at fine spatial scales plays an important role in maintaining a range of ecosystem functions. However, for most seagrass species, information on fine-scale patterns of genetic variation in natural populations is lacking. In this study, we use a hierarchical sampling design to determine the levels of genetic and genotypic diversity at different spatial scales (centimeters, meters, kilometers) in the Australian seagrass Zostera muelleri. Our analysis shows that at fine spatial scales (<1 m), levels of genotypic diversity are relatively low (R(Plots) = 0.37 ± 0.06 SE), although there is some intermingling of genotypes. At the site (10’s m) and meadow location (km) scale, we found higher levels of genotypic diversity (R(sites) = 0.79 ± 0.04 SE; R(Locations) = 0.78 ± 0.04 SE). We found some sharing of genotypes between sites within meadows, but no sharing of genotypes between meadow locations. We also detected a high level of genetic structuring between meadow locations (FST = 0.278). Taken together, our results indicate that both sexual and asexual reproductions are important in maintaining meadows of Z. muelleri. The dominant mechanism of asexual reproduction appears to occur via localized rhizome extension, although the sharing of a limited number of genotypes over the scale of 10’s of meters could also result from the localized dispersal and recruitment of fragments. The large number of unique genotypes at the meadow scale indicates that sexual reproduction is important in maintaining these populations, while the high level of genetic structuring suggests little gene flow and connectivity between our study sites. These results imply that recovery from disturbances will occur through both sexual and asexual regeneration, but the limited connectivity at the landscape scale implies that recovery at meadow-scale losses is likely to be limited.

Least limiting water range and crop yields as affected by crop rotations and tillage

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Rescaled range analysis of pluviometric records in SA o pound Paulo State, Brazil

This paper presents an analysis of pluviometric precipitation time series obtained from 45 data collection points, with daily rain measurements (in mm), from 45 counties within the nine climatic regions of the state of SA o pound Paulo, mostly for the period of 1950-1997. SA o pound Paulo State (Brazil) is situated between the inter-tropical climatic zone, dominated by tropical and equatorial masses, and the sub-tropical climatic zone controlled by tropical and polar air masses. Due to this location the State can be divided into three climatic zones: south-east and south-west, which are permanently humid, and north with a well defined dry period. Rescaled range analysis, or R/S analysis, has been used to investigate the scale properties of the time series. We found two clear values for the Hurst exponent, one for a period of 10 to 200 days (H(1)), and another for a period above 210 days (H(2)). The value of H(1) lies between 0.6 to 0.7 for all climatic zones indicating characteristics of persistence. However, H(2) is (i) close to 0.5 for the littoral area, showing random characteristics, (ii) close to 0.6 for mountain areas, indicating persistence characteristics, and (iii) close to 0.4 for the plane area, irrespective of whether the climate is dry or humid, and shows anti-persistence characteristics.

Integrated analysis of halogenated organic pollutants in sub-millilitre volumes of venous and umbilical cord blood sera

A rapid, robust and economical method for the analysis of persistent halogenated organic compounds in small volumes of human serum and umbilical cord blood is described. The pollutants studied cover a broad range of molecules of contemporary epidemiological and legislative concern, including polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), polychlorobenzenes (CBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), DDTs, polychlorostyrenes (PCSs) and polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Extraction and clean-up with n-hexane and concentrated sulphuric acid was followed with analysis by gas chromatography coupled to electron capture (GC-ECD) and GC coupled to negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (GC-NICI-MS). The advantages of this method rest in the broad range of analytes and its simplicity and robustness, while the use of concentrated sulphuric acid extraction/clean-up destroys viruses that may be present in the samples. Small volumes of reference serum between 50 and 1000 μL were extracted and the limits of detection/quantification and repeatability were determined. Recoveries of spiked compounds for the extraction of small volumes (≥300 μL) of the spiked reference serum were between 90% and 120%. The coefficients of variation of repeatability ranged from 0.1-14%, depending on the compound. Samples of 4-year-old serum and umbilical cord blood (n = 73 and 40, respectively) from a population inhabiting a village near a chloro-alkali plant were screened for the above-mentioned halogenated pollutants using this method and the results are briefly described. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.

Rhachidelus Brazili Boulenger, 1908 (Squamata: Serpentes: Dipsadidae): New records, range extension and distribution map in mato grosso and mato grosso do Sul states, Brazil

The present study reports new records of the Dipsadid snake Rhachidelus brazili Boulenger, 1908, from Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul states, Brazil. Our data extend the known geographical distribution ca. 713 km to the northwest and constitute the first record in the Upper Paraguay sub-basin. © 2011 Check List and Authors.

Reaproveitamento de lama vermelha na obtenção de compostos do tipo hidrotalcita do sistema (Zn-Ni-Cu/Fe-Al)-SO4

Compostos do tipo hidrotalcita, também conhecidos como hidróxidos duplos lamelares (HDLs), do sistema (Zn-Ni-Cu/Fe-Al)-SO₄ foram obtidos por meio de co-precipitação a pH variável (crescente) utilizando lama vermelha (LV) como material de partida devido a sua elevada porcentagem de Fe³⁺ e Al³⁺. Para tal estudo, a LV, previamente caracterizada por FRX e DRX, foi submetida à abertura ácida com HCl_conc. e H₂SO₄ 2N. Para os HDLs obtidos, foram avaliados a influência do tipo de cátion bivalente, da variação do pH de síntese (pH 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 e 12) e da variação de razão molar teórica r = M^II/M^III (2, 3 e 4) na sua estrutura cristalina mediante as seguintes técnicas de caracterização: DRX, FT-IR, MEV/EDS, TG/ATD. Os resultados FRX revelaram que a LV é composta principalmente por Fe₂O₃ (32,80%), Al₂O₃ (19,83%), SiO₂ (18,14%) e Na₂O (11,55%). DRX corrobora os resultados da análise química, visto que foram identificados os minerais: hematita, goethita, gibbsita, sodalita, calcita, anatásio e quartzo. Zn-HDLs mostraram que a o aumento de pH de síntese colabora para um melhor ordenamento cristalino do material, uma vez que os picos se tornam melhor definidos, culminando com a melhor condição experimental em pH 9 e r = 3, cujo HDL foi identificado como o mineral natroglaucocerinita (d~11 Ǻ). Nesses valores de pH, a incorporação de SO₄^2- no espaçamento interlamelar foi favorecida apesar da competição com o CO₂ presente no ar atmosférico no momento da síntese. FT-IR também indica a presença do sulfato. As análises por MEV revelam a presença de cristais muito finos e pequenos, > 2μm, de forma hexagonal que pela análise via EDS indicaram, em sua composição, os elementos Na, Zn, Fe, Al, S, C e O. TG/ATD evidenciaram quatro etapas de perda de massa: desidratação, desidroxilação, desoxidenação e dessulfatação, para os HDLs com melhor ordenamento cristalino. Para os materiais menos cristalinos, as duas primeiras etapas ocorrem simultaneamente. Ni-HDLs apresentaram três picos com posições próximas às do mineral carrboydita a partir de pH igual a 7. No entanto, a partir de pH 9, surge hematita como uma fase acessória. Também há disputa entre os ânions SO₄^2- e CO₃^2- no espaço interlamelar, visto que os valores de espaçamento basal d diminuem (de aproximadamente 9,5 até 7,8 Ǻ). Tal fato também foi observado pelo FT-IR. As análises por MEV mostraram aglomerados de minerais anédricos menores que 2μm que, via EDS indicaram composição Ni, Fe, Al, S, C e O. As análises de TG/ATD apresentaram o mesmo comportamento do sistema anterior, evidenciaram as etapas de desidratação, desidroxilação, desoxigenação e dessulfatação e, para os materiais menos cristalinos, as duas primeiras etapas também ocorrem simultaneamente. Cu-HDLs, em valores de pH entre 7 e 10, não cristalizaram a fase HDL tal qual verificada para os sistemas contendo zinco ou níquel. O cobre distorce a estrutura do octaedro causando o chamado Efeito Jahn-Teller: distorção tetraédrica no ambiente octaédrico. As análises por FT-IR apresentaram o mesmo comportamento dos sistemas anteriores, apesar de o material se apresentar amorfo via DRX. O MEV também revela aglomerados amorfos que, de acordo com o EDS, indicaram em sua composição os elementos Cu, Fe, Al, S, C e O. As análises de TG/ATD apresentaram o mesmo comportamento que os materiais menos cristalinos dos dois sistemas anteriores, para os quais as etapas de desidratação e desidroxilação ocorreram simultaneamente. Mt-HDLs (mistura de Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺), apresentaram comportamento semelhante aos HDLs de níquel, com quatro picos em posições próximas aos da carrboydita a partir de pH igual a 7. A disputa entre sulfato e carbonato também se repete, visto que os valores de espaçamento basal d diminuem (de aproximadamente 9,5 até 7,9 Ǻ), o que também pode ser notado nos espectros de FT-IR. O MEV dessas amostras também apresentaram aglomerados com tamanhos menores que 2μm e, via EDS, indicaram em sua composição os elementos Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Al, S, C e O. Aqui também o comportamento das curvas TG/ATD foi semelhante aos materiais pouco cristalinos obtidos anteriormente.

Balanço hídrico na sub-bacia hidrográfica do Boi Branco – SP para gestão sustentável da agricultura irrigada

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Irrigação e Drenagem) - FCA