Efeito da associação do herbicida clomazone a nanoesferas de alginato/quitosana na sorção em solos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Nanopartículas de alginato como sistema de liberação para o herbicida clomazone

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

EFEITOS da SIMULAÇÃO DE DERIVA DE CLOMAZONE em PLANTAS DE LARANJEIRA 'HAMLIN'

Em trabalho realizado em 1998, no município de Taiúva-SP, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da simulação da deriva de doses crescentes, até atingir a recomendada comercialmente, de clomazone, em duas formulações, e de clomazone em mistura com ametryne, em laranjeira-'Hamlin' com frutos com 2 a 4 cm de diâmetro. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com 15 tratamentos, em 3 repetições. As avaliações basearam-se em possíveis alterações morfofisiológicas das plantas, com determinações do teor de clorofila total nas folhas, porcentagem de abortamento de frutos, além de análise tecnológica dos frutos. Concluiu-se que a dose comercial de clomazone isolado e em mistura com ametryne a 50 e 100% da dose resultou na formação de manchas cloróticas e/ou necróticas na casca do fruto e causou mortalidade de ramos que se encontravam em crescimento vegetativo, não acarretando qualquer alteração qualitativa do suco.

Consequências da deriva de clomazone e sulfentrazone em clones de E. grandis x E. urophylla

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Influência da palha e da simulação de chuva sobre a eficácia da mistura formulada clomazone + hexazinone no controle de plantas daninhas em área de cana-crua

O experimento teve o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da cobertura de palha e da simulação de chuva sobre a eficácia da mistura formulada clomazone + hexazinone no controle de plantas daninhas em área de cana-crua. Foi avaliado o controle de Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea hederifolia e Euphorbia heterophylla. A dose do herbicida utilizada foi de 2,2 kg ha-1 de produto comercial, correspondendo a 880 e 220 g ha-1 dos ingredientes ativos clomazone e hexazinone, respectivamente. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1) semeadura + palha 5 t ha-1 + aplicação + chuva de 30 mm (1DAA); T2) semeadura + chuva de 30 mm + palha 5 t ha-1 + aplicação; T3) semeadura + aplicação + palha 5 t ha-1 ; T4) semeadura + palha 5 t ha-1 + chuva de 30 mm + aplicação (12h após); T5) semeadura + palha 5 t ha-1 + aplicação + chuva de 2,5 mm (logo após); T6) semeadura + aplicação + chuva de 30 mm; T7) testemunha sem palha; e T8) testemunha com 5 t ha-1 de palha, totalizando oito tratamentos com quatro repetições, dispostos no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados. Foram feitas avaliações visuais de controle aos 6, 13, 21, 27 e 35 dias após a aplicação (DAA). Para controle de B. decumbens, os melhores tratamentos foram aqueles nos quais o herbicida foi aplicado diretamente no solo, recebendo ou não uma camada de palha sobre o solo após a aplicação do herbicida, e quando foi aplicado sobre a camada de palha, recebendo uma chuva após a aplicação. Para a espécie E. heterophylla, os resultados foram bastante satisfatórios, proporcionando médias acima de 98% de controle, quando ocorreram precipitações posteriores à aplicação do herbicida. de modo geral, os tratamentos com a aplicação do herbicida, na ausência ou presença de palha, e posterior chuva apresentaram controle total da espécie I. hederifolia aos 35 DAA. Todos os tratamentos mostraram excelente controle para a espécie I. grandifolia.

Efeitos de períodos de permanência de clomazone + hexazinona no solo e na palha de cana-de-açúcar antes da ocorrência de chuvas na eficácia de controle de plantas daninhas

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficácia da mistura formulada de clomazone e hexazinona aplicada sobre o solo e em associação com a palha de cana-de-açúcar, após diferentes períodos de permanência sem a ocorrência de chuvas. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos em casa de vegetação, no município de Botucatu-SP. Os vasos foram preenchidos com solo, e as sementes de plantas daninhas (Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea hederifolia e Euphorbia heterophylla) foram semeadas superficialmente e, em seguida, cobertas ou não com palha de cana-de-açúcar, dependendo do tratamento utilizado. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em um esquema fatorial 3 x 6, sendo os fatores seis períodos sem ocorrência de chuvas (0, 3, 7, 15, 30 e 60 dias) e três posicionamentos do produto (sobre o solo sem palha, sobre e sob a palha de cana). Foram realizadas avaliações de controle aos 10, 21, 35 e 42 dias após a ocorrência da chuva. A mistura de clomazone + hexazinona promoveu excelentes resultados de controle para todas as espécies estudadas quando aplicada sobre, sob ou na ausência de palha de cana-de-açúcar. No entanto, observou-se tendência de redução nos níveis de controle para períodos superiores a 60 dias sem ocorrência de chuva.

Effects of Different Periods of Clomazone plus Hexazinona Permanence in Soil and Sugarcane Mulch before the Occurrence of Rain on Weed Control Efficacy

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of the formulated mixture clomazone and hexazinone applied in soil or combined with sugarcane mulch, after different periods of permanence without the occurrence of rain. The experiment was carried out in vases under greenhouse conditions in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. The weeds Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea hederifolia and Euphorbia heterophylla were sown and covered or not with sugarcane mulch. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized design with four repetitions. The treatments were displaced in a 3x6 factorial scheme, with the factors being six periods without rain (0, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days) and three modes of herbicide application(on the soil without sugarcane mulch, on and under sugarcane mulch). Control evaluations were carried out at 10, 21, 35 and 42 days after the occurrence of rain. The clomazone + hexazinone mixture promoted an excellent weed control for all the species studied when applied on, under, or without sugarcane mulch. However, the control levels tended to reduce for periods over 60 days without rain.

Efeito de subdoses dos herbicidas clomazone e sulfentrazone em clones de E. grandis x E. urophylla

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeitos da deriva de clomazone, aplicado isoladamente ou em mistura com ametryn, sobre características produtivas de laranjeira 'Hamlin'

This experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing clomazone (sprayed alone or in mixture with ametryn) drift simulation on quantitative and qualitative aspects of orange production when applied at two developmental plant stages: flowering and initial fruit development (fruits 2 cm diameter or smaller). Increasing drifts of clomazone, in two formulations, and clomazone in mixtures with ametryn were tested. Fruit morphological features, fruit color, flower and fruit abortion and leaf chlorophyll content were evaluated. Simulated drift similar to the recommended dose of clomazone and clomazone plus ametryn caused fruit abortion in citrus at the stage of fruits 2 cm diameter or smaller. Lower drift doses did not result in fruit abortion. Fruit diameter reduction was observed with drift off above 25% of clomazone alone recommended rate and 50% when in mixture with ametryn or in microcapsule formulation. Clomazone drift at 50% of the recommended rate (alone or in mixture with ametryn ) caused clorotic and necrotic spots in the fruit peel. Drift did not affect juice quality in any of the treatments tested.

Seletividade do clomazone em sementes de algodão tratadas com dietholate e acetato de zinco

The objective of this study objective was to evaluate the selectivity of pre-emergence applications the herbicide clomazone cotton seeds treated with dietholate and zinc acetate. The 4 x 2 factorial arrangement was adopted (4 seed treatment methods and 2 clomazone dosages), distributed in a randomized block design with 4 repetitions. In treatments where dietholate and zinc acetate were applied, rates of 0.4 kg ha(-1) and 8 ml per kg of seeds were used respectively. The clomazone rates used refer to 0.8 and 1.0 kg ha(-1). The cotton cultivar used was the Fiber Max 966 LL. Independent of treatment, all seeds were treated with tiametoxam insecticide and fludioxonil + metalaxyl-M fungicide at rates of 2.24 and 0.08 + 0.03 g per kg of seed, respectively, to control pests early and limit losses caused by pathogens in germination and seedling emergence. Dietholate and zinc acetate treatment had greater initial effect on cotton plants at 21, 30 and 45 days after application. In phytointoxication symptoms were observed for treatment with dietholate and zinc acetate during the evaluation periods. Seeds treated with dietholate, dietholate and zinc acetate or zinc acetate alone provided a higher number of bolls and seed cotton production compared to the control.

Efeito da associação do herbicida clomazone a nanoesferas de alginato/quitosana na sorção em solos

Agrochemicals constitute the class of products most commonly found in water resources. Their high level of concentration is due to the fact that less than 0.1% of pesticides applied to crops reach their target. The present work aims to study the sorption of clomazone herbicide (associated or not with nanoparticles). The sorption tests, performed with the 2(4) factorial design, showed that the form of herbicide is the main factor for sorption of clomazone. The application of nanoparticles as delivery system for agrochemicals is a pressing area of study and can contribute for decrease in effects of clomazone in the environment.

Nanopartículas de alginato como sistema de liberação para o herbicida clomazone

In this paper, we describe the preparation of alginate nanoparticles as a delivery system for the herbicide clomazone. Two different methods were investigated and characterized by size distribution, zeta potencial, pH and in vitro release. The alginate/AOT nanoparticles had higher rates of association of the herbicide clomazone than alginate/chitosan nanoparticles. Clomazone release profile, showed a significant difference in release behavior of pure herbicide in solution when compared with herbicide loaded in both alginate nanoparticles. This study is important to construct a biodegradable release system using herbicide for later release into more specific targets, avoiding contamination of environmental matrices.

Decomposition of organic matter in the presence of the herbicide clomazone.

Clomazone (2-(2-chlorophenyl) methyl-4.4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone) is a post emergence herbicide widely used in rice fields in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) with high activity against Gramineae at the recommended application rate of 700 g/ha. The presence of this chemical in the water may affect microorganisms responsible for the decomposition of organic matter. Thus, a disturbe in the trophic chain sustained by the decompositors could happen. In the present work the decomposition rate of organic matter (Typha latifolia) exposed to several concentrations of a clomazone formulation: 0 (control), 25.0, 62.0, 156.0, 390.0 and 976.0mg/L on the basis of the active ingredient was evaluated. Five litter bags containing about 3.0g of pieces of T. latifolia leaves wereplaced in aquariums with 15 of reconstituted water. In cach aquarium were added 500g of sediment from the same place of the plant collection, as a source of decompositors microorganisms. The results relative tothe control, showed that the decomposition rate in the highest and lowest dose was reduced in 50.05 and 1,28%, respectively, after 80 days.

Toxicity of the herbicide clomazone on duckweed Lemna valdiviana.

The duckweed Lemna valdiviana is commonly founded colonizing small shallow waters (lakes on the lowland in south Brazil. This organism may have been affected by herbicide input into lakes from aerial application and/or drainage office paddy fields. Clomazone (2- (2-chlorophenyl) methyl-4.4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone) is one of the herbicides more fiequentely used as post-emergence in rice paddies. For this work assays were carried as EC50(96h) semi-statics with aseptic culture. The sterile fronds were abtained from material harvest on the paddy fields, and the concentration of Clomazone ranged from 14.0 to 229.0 mg/l. two procedures were considered: diluted in water and sprayed applicated Clomazone. The observed phytotoxic effects were evaluated by growth rate (kt), duplication time (Td), frond yield, plant yield, mortality, chlorophyll a and b and protochlorophyll concentration. The EC50 values obtained to sprayed Clomazone (Kt=31.7; Td=31.9) were significantly small than to diluted Clomazone (Kt=46.4; td=47.3). These dadta suggest that aerial route is more hazardous than diluted procedure. Presence of chlorotic, necrotic, abnormal and died frond were common at the 114.0 and 229.0 mg/l treatment. Recuperation test corroborated the evidence that the sprayed procedure were more deleterious and L. valdiviana doesn't recovery his reproductive ability at the 114.0 and 229.0 mg/l treatment.

Risk assessment of the herbicide clomazone in the aquatic life.

Clomazone (2-(2-chlorophenyl)methyl-4.4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone) is a post emergence herbicide widely used in rice fields in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) with high activity against Gramineae at the recommended application rate(AR).of 700g/ha. The herbicide input into the aquatic ecosystem may occur by aerial application or water drainage. The presence of this chemical in the water may affect non-target organisms leading to impairments in the aquatic food chain. Studies were conducted in this work to evaluate the risk of Clomazone using the estimated mean affective concentration (EC50) for the microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum(96h), the duckweed Lemna valdiviana(96h) and the crustacean Daphnia similis(48h). The EC50 values were 11.2; 31.7 and 13.8 mg/l, respectively. According to the obtained data, and considering a direct input of the herbicide in a 10cm column water, the estimated maximum application rate that doesn't cause acute effects is 5.3 AR for S. capricornutum, 6.5 AR for D. similis and 15.0 AR for L. valdiviana. The estimated maximum application rate that doesn't cause chronic effects is 2.0 AR for D. similis, 1.6 AR for S. capricornutum and 4.5 AR for L. valviana.