How different are the correlates of onset and continuation of civil wars?

It is very common to analyse the factors associated with the onset and continuation of civil wars entirely separately, as if there were likely to be no similarity between them. This is an overstatement of the theoretical position, which has established only that they may be different (i.e. less than perfectly correlated). The hypothesis that the explanatory variables are the same is not theoretically excludable and is empirically testable, both for individual variables and for combinations of them. Starting from this approach yields a rather different picture of the factors associated with the continuation of civil wars, because the relatively small sample size means that confidence intervals on individual coefficients are wide in this case. It is shown here that country size, mountainous terrain and (in most datasets) ethnic diversity seem significant for the continuation of civil wars, starting from the null hypothesis that variables affect onset and continuation probabilities identically, rather than entirely independently. One variable that affects onset and continuation significantly differently is anocracy, which we find to matter only for onset. Civil war is more likely if it occurred two years previously, as well as one year previously, which indicates that wars are more likely to restart after only one year of peace, and also more likely to stop in their first year. The combined model strengthens the result that ethnic diversity matters (it is consistently significant across datasets, whereas it is not when onset is analysed separately), although in the UCD/PRIO dataset it is significant only for onset. By contrast, if continuation is analysed independently, virtually nothing is significant except a pre-1991 dummy and a dummy for civil war two years previously.

Recollections of a Virginian in the mexican, indian, and civil wars

UANL

An Ardent Flame: Witness to Distant Suffering, Human Rights and Unworthy Victims in the Coverage by <i>The New York Times</i> and Two Journals of the Religious Left of the 1980s Civil Wars in El Salvador and Nicaragua

Scholars have investigated witness to distant suffering (WTDS) almost entirely in visual media. This study examines it in print. This form of reporting will be examined in two publications of the religious left as contrasted with the New York Times. The thesis is that, more than any technology, WTDS consists of the journalist���s moral commitment and narrative skills and the audience���s analytical resources and trust. In the religious journals, liberation theology provides the moral commitment, the writers and editors the narrative skills and trust and the special vision of the newly empowered poor the analytical foundation. In bearing witness to those who have suffered state or guerilla terrorism in El Salvador and Nicaragua during the 1980s, we will investigate a distinction between ���worthy��� and ���unworthy victims.��� This last issue has a special ethical and political significance. Media witnessing to the suffering of strangers can help them become known, and so ���worthy.��� It can help them, and their plight and cause, become better recognized. This is the power of the media.

The history of the Rebellion and civil wars in England begun in the year 1641,

Mode of access: Internet.

The adventures of a soldier; or, Memoirs ... comprising narratives of the campaigns in the Peninsular [!] under the Duke of Wellington, and the recent civil wars in Spain.

Mode of access: Internet.

A history of the English church during the Civil Wars and under the Commonwealth, 1640-1660

Mode of access: Internet.

The history of Appian of Alexandria, in two parts. The first consisting of the Punick, Syrian, Parthian, Mithridatick, Illyrian, Spanish, & Hannibalick wars. The second containing five books of the civil wars of Rome.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Commonwealth of England; documents of the English civil wars, the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1641-1660,

Mode of access: Internet.

Lives of the warriors of the civil wars of France and England [microform]. Warriors of the seventeenth century.

Paged continuously.

The history of the rebellion and civil wars in England, begun in the year 1641. : With the precedent passages, and actions, that contributed thereunto, and the happy end, and conclusion thereof by the King's blessed restoration, and return, upon the 29th of May, in the year 1660. /

According to Lowndes the edition of 1731 known as the "Masters' ed." was illustrated, but the plates, portraits, and maps are the same as those issued in The Lord Clarendon's History of the Grand Rebellion Compleated. London, 1717.

The history of the rebellion and civil wars in England : to which is now added, An historical view of the affairs of Ireland /

Each volume issued in two parts.

The history of the rebellion and civil wars in England. To which is added, An historical view of the affairs of Ireland,

Includes index.

The history of the rebellion and civil wars in England /

The "Life" has a special t.p. dated 1842.

A narrative of the Indian and civil wars in Virginia,

Mode of access: Internet.