Beneficiamentos da cinza de casca de arroz residual com vistas à produção de cimento composto e/ou pozolânico

A cinza de casca de arroz é um resíduo agro-industrial decorrente do processo de queima da casca de arroz, sendo largamente encontrada no Rio Grande do Sul, pois, historicamente, este Estado é o maior produtor de arroz no Brasil, com cerca de 45% da produção nacional. Empregada como fonte de energia, a casca de arroz é queimada em diversas empresas; algumas, devido à sua natureza, incorporam a cinza ao produto, mas a maioria não encontra outro destino que não o descarte em forma de aterro, criando, assim, um problema ambiental de poluição do solo, do ar e de rios e córregos. No entanto, devido à presença de elevado percentual de sílica (SiO2) na sua constituição, a cinza de casca de arroz pode ter vários empregos. Na construção civil, pode ser empregada como pozolana, conforme vários estudos já vêm demonstrando. Porém, encontra restrições por motivos como sua cor escura, que confere aos cimentos, argamassas e concretos aos quais é adicionada, uma coloração também escura, e a falta de uniformidade apresentada em termos de características químicas e, principalmente, mineralógicas. A cor escura não é um problema de ordem técnica, mas estética e de aceitação no mercado. Já a composição mineralógica está associada à atividade pozolânica e a falta de uniformidade do material disponível implica na incerteza do grau de reatividade. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de verificar a viabilidade técnica do emprego de cinzas de casca de arroz residuais na confecção de cimentos Portland composto e/ou pozolânico, a partir de beneficiamentos das mesmas, que associam tratamentos físicos, químicos e/ou térmicos, os quais têm como finalidade reverter e/ou minimizar os aspectos negativos citados. Para tanto, foram empregadas três cinzas de casca de arroz, oriundas de diferentes processos de produção e com composições mineralógicas distintas. Após definidos os tratamentos a serem aplicados, através de seleção pelos critérios de cor e composição mineralógica, as cinzas tratadas foram avaliadas quanto à sua pozolanicidade, pelo Índice de Atividade Pozolânica (IAP) da NBR 5752 e também por um IAP alterado, proposto neste trabalho. A produção de cimentos com CCA beneficiada se deu a partir de um cimento base com substituição por CCA, em massa e em diferentes percentuais. Tais cimentos foram avaliados quanto à resistência à compressão, aos tempos de pega, à pozolanicidade e à expansibilidade a quente. A análise dos dados obtidos indica que os tratamentos propostos e/ou a associação deles resultam em beneficio no desempenho das cinzas, em pelo menos um dos vários aspectos considerados. A presente pesquisa permite concluir que as CCA residuais têm potencial para serem empregadas na produção de cimentos, tanto aquelas menos cristalinas, quanto as mais cristalinas. Para tanto, devem ser beneficiadas, sendo pelo menos submetidas a tratamento físico para redução de sua granulometria. Se outros objetivos forem pretendidos, como coloração clara, os tratamentos térmico ou químico podem ser empregados.

Desenvolvimento de pastas cimentantes utilizando cimentos portland compostos para cimentação de poços petrolíferos

The Compound Portland cements are commonly used in construction, among them stand out the CPII-Z, CPII-F and CPIV. These types of cement have limited application on oil well cementing, having its compositional characteristics focused specifically to construction, as cement for use in oil wells has greater complexity and properties covering the specific needs for each well to be coated. For operations of oil wells cementing are used Portland cements designed specifically for this purpose. The American Petroleum Institute (API) classifies cements into classes designated by letters A to J. In the petroleum industry, often it is used Class G cement, which is cement that meets all requirements needed for cement from classes A to E. According to the scenario described above, this paper aims to present a credible alternative to apply the compound cements in the oil industry due to the large availability of this cement in relation to oil well cements. The cements were micro structurally characterized by XRF, XRD and SEM tests, both in its anhydrous and hydrated state. Later technological tests were conducted to determine the limits set by the NBR 9831. Among the compound cements studied, the CPII-Z showed satisfactory properties for use in primary and secondary operations of oil wells up to 1200 meters cementing

Desenvolvimento de pastas cimentantes utilizando cimentos portland compostos para cimentação de poços petrolíferos

The Compound Portland cements are commonly used in construction, among them stand out the CPII-Z, CPII-F and CPIV. These types of cement have limited application on oil well cementing, having its compositional characteristics focused specifically to construction, as cement for use in oil wells has greater complexity and properties covering the specific needs for each well to be coated. For operations of oil wells cementing are used Portland cements designed specifically for this purpose. The American Petroleum Institute (API) classifies cements into classes designated by letters A to J. In the petroleum industry, often it is used Class G cement, which is cement that meets all requirements needed for cement from classes A to E. According to the scenario described above, this paper aims to present a credible alternative to apply the compound cements in the oil industry due to the large availability of this cement in relation to oil well cements. The cements were micro structurally characterized by XRF, XRD and SEM tests, both in its anhydrous and hydrated state. Later technological tests were conducted to determine the limits set by the NBR 9831. Among the compound cements studied, the CPII-Z showed satisfactory properties for use in primary and secondary operations of oil wells up to 1200 meters cementing

Estudo térmico e de materiais na construção de casas populares com blocos confeccionados a partir de um composto a base de cimento, gesso, eps e raspa de pneu

We built an experimental house on an UFRN´s land using blocks made by a composite consisting of cement, plaster, EPS, crushed rubber and sand. Several blocks were made from various compositions and we made preliminary tests of mechanical and thermal resistance, choosing the most appropriate proportion. PET bottles were used inside the block to provide thermal resistance. In this work, a second function was given to the bottles: to serve as a docking between the blocks, because the ends of the cylinders came out of each block on top as well as at the bottom, with the bottom cut, allowing to fit of the extremities of the upper cylinder of a block in the lower holes of the other one, which were formed by the cutting already mentioned. Minimum compression tests were performed according to ABNT standards for walls closing blocks (fence). With that house built, we did studies of thermal performance in order to ascertain conditions of comfort, checking external and internal temperatures in the walls and in the ambient, among other variables, such as wind speed and relative humidity. The resulting blocks provided adequate thermal insulation to the environment, where the walls presented differences up to 11.7 ºC between the outer and inner faces, getting the maximum temperature inside the house around 31 °C, within the so-called thermal comfort zone for warm climates. At the end of the experiments it was evident the effectiveness of that construction in order to provide thermal comfort in the internal environment of the house, as well as we could confirm the viability of building houses from recyclable materials, reducing the constructive costs, becoming a suitable alternative for low- incoming families. Moreover, besides the low cost, the proposal represents an alternative use of various recyclable materials, therefore considered an ecological solution

Adição de óxido de zinco (ZnO) em pastas de cimento visando viabilizar a reciclagem de pós de aciaria elétrica (PAE) na construção civil

O Pó de Aciaria Elétrica (PAE) é um resíduo sólido perigoso gerado durante o processo de fabricação do aço. Devido ao grande volume gerado, de 12 a 14 kg por tonelada de aço fabricado, faz-se necessário o estudo de alternativas de reciclagem do mesmo. A caracterização química, física e de fases é etapa fundamental para avaliar a viabilidade de reciclagem deste resíduo. Uma das alternativas de reciclagem do PAE é a adição deste resíduo na fabricação de artefatos para a construção civil. Entretanto, esta adição retarda o início das reações de hidratação dos artefatos, dificultando seu uso. Esse retardo é atribuído aos compostos de zinco (Zn) presentes no resíduo. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foi realizada a caracterização química, física e de fases. Os resultados analíticos indicam que o PAE possui um tamanho médio de partícula que possibilita sua adição na produção de artefatos de cimento. Em relação às fases cristalinas as amostras de PAE estudadas contêm: ZnFe2O4, Fe3O4, FeCr2O4, Ca0,15Fe2,85O4, SiO2 e ZnO. Na segunda etapa deste trabalho, o ZnO, uma das formas cristalinas do Zn detectadas no PAE, foi adicionado em pastas de cimento. O objetivo desta etapa foi estudar os fenômenos relacionados ao início das reações de hidratação destas pastas. Essas amostras foram analisadas via Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e mapeamento por raios-x característicos em diferentes idades (1, 2, 4, 7 e 14 dias), a fim de rastrear os fenômenos ocorridos durante a hidratação das pastas de cimento Os resultados obtidos nesta segunda etapa indicam que no primeiro momento antes da hidratação (1 dia) o Zn apresentava-se na forma de ZnO. A partir do quarto dia observa-se a formação de uma nova fase contendo Zn: CaZn2(OH)6 . 2H2O e, sugerindo a transição de Zn na forma de óxido para hidróxido. Isto se torna mais evidente no sétimo dia, onde é possível constatar que as reações de hidratação aconteceram (pasta totalmente endurecida), pois neste caso, o Zn é encontrado somente na forma de hidróxido. A formação do composto CaZn2(OH)6 . 2H2O permite que as reações de hidratação da pasta de cimento contendo Zn sejam efetivadas. O trabalho finaliza com a apresentação de um modelo onde se busca explicar o fenômeno observado durante a execução do mesmo.

Desenvolvimento de um sistema misto de pasta à base de geopolímero e cimento portland para correção de perda de circulação

The materials engineering includes processes and products involving several areas of engineering, allowing them to prepare materials that fulfill the needs of various new products. In this case, this work aims to study a system composed of cement paste and geopolymers, which can contribute to solving an engineering problem that directly involves the exploitation of oil wells subject to loss of circulation. To correct it, has been already proposed the use of granular materials, fibers, reducing the drilling fluid or cement paste density and even surface and downhole mixed systems. In this work, we proposed the development of a slurry mixed system, the first was a cement-based slurry and the second a geopolymer-based slurry. The cement-based slurry was formulated with low density and extenders, 12.0 ppg (1.438 g/cm ³), showing great thixotropic characteristics. It was added nano silica at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 gps (66.88, 133.76 and 200.64 L/m3) and CaCl2 at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 0 and 1.5%. The second system is a geopolymer-based paste formulated from molar ratios of 3.5 (nSiO2/nAl2O3), 0.27 (nK2O/nSiO2), 1.07 (nK2O/nAl2O3) and 13.99 (nH2O/nK2O). Finally, we performed a mixture of these two systems, for their application for correction of circulation lost. To characterize the raw materials, XRD, XRF, FTIR analysis and titration were performed. The both systems were characterized in tests based on API RP10B. Compressive strength tests were conducted after curing for 24 hours, 7 and 28 days at 58 °C on the cement-based system and the geopolymer-based system. From the mixtures have been performed mixability tests and micro structural characterizations (XRD, SEM and TG). The results showed that the nano silica, when combined with CaCl2 modified the rheological properties of the cement slurry and from the concentration of 1.5 gpc (200.64 L / m³) it was possible to obtain stable systems. The system mixture caused a change in the microstructure of the material by favoring the rate of geopolymer formation to hinder the C3S phase hydration, thus, the production of CSH phases and Portlandite were harmed. Through the mixability tests it can be concluded that the system, due to reduced setting time of the mixture, can be applied to plug lost circulation zones when mixed downhole

Estabilização de um Solo com Cimento e Cinza de Lodo Para Uso em Pavimentos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Análise físico-química do MTA e do cimento Portland associado a quatro diferentes radiopacificadores

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Avaliação da potencialidade de incorporação de um lodo de uma indústria de produtos de limpeza como adição mineral em concretos de cimento Portland

The generation of industrial wastes has been increased more and more in recent decades, motivating studies about a correct sustainable allocation and that also represents advantages for their generators. In this context, are included two companies of cleaning products niche, located in São José do Mipibu/RN, that produces industrial sludge at a sewage treatment plant, and that is the main approach of this research. Given this, it was studied the incorporation potentiality of this sludge as a mineral addition in cement matrix for concrete production due it high capacity of wastes immobilization inside this material, which are subsequently used in the company for making precast articles. Were added different sludge concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20%) in a common trait (1: 2: 3), and evaluated their techniques and microstructural implications via workability test in fresh state and compressive strength, full porosity and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the hardened state. The results demonstrated the feasibility of the process both from a technical and environmental view as economical. All concretes produced with residue showed an increase of workability given the nature of the waste that had surfactants substances capable of adsorbing tiny particles of air into the batter. However, for all concentrations were obtained lower compressive resistances than standard concrete, with a reduction of 39% for samples with 20% of sludge. This are attributed mainly to an increase of porosity in the transition zone of these material, resulting from increased formation of ettringite at the detriment to the formation of other compounds, but which still allows the use of these for the manufacture of concrete articles with non-structural nature, such as precast floor. In addition, the water absorption and void ratio increased slightly for all samples, except the concrete with 20% of waste that has a reduction for the last parameter. Given this context, the recommended maximum level is 20%, constituting a significant proportion and able to allocate sustainably all waste generated in the industry.

Formulação de pasta de cimento flexível utilizando planejamento experimental

Steam injection is an oil recovery method accomplished by introducing steam directly into the oil well to the reservoir. The steam causes dilation of the casing, which, after reduction in temperature, tends to return to the initial dimensions: causing the formation of cracks in the cement and loss of hydraulic isolation.. In this context, the type of the SBR latex is used to improve the flexibility of the cement matrix by reducing the amount of fatigue failure. To prevent these failures, the mechanical resistance parameters should be carefully adjusted to well conditions. This work aims to study the mechanical behavior of cement slurry systems additivated with SBR latex for cementing oil wells subject to steam injection. Through the central composite factorial design was studied the behavior of the compressive strength by varying the density of the paste between 1.75 g /cm³ (14.6 lb/ Gal) and 1.89 g/cm³ (15,8lb / Gal), curing time between 4 days and 28 days and concentration of SBR Latex between 0 L / m³ and 534.722 L / m³ (0 gpc and 4 gpc). The results showed that increasing the concentration of SBR latex, within the given ranges, there was a decreased compression resistance and elastic modulus by increasing the elastic deformability of the slurry. From the results it can determine best slurries formulation conditions in oil well cementing operations subject to steam injection.

Formulação de pasta de cimento flexível utilizando planejamento experimental

Steam injection is an oil recovery method accomplished by introducing steam directly into the oil well to the reservoir. The steam causes dilation of the casing, which, after reduction in temperature, tends to return to the initial dimensions: causing the formation of cracks in the cement and loss of hydraulic isolation.. In this context, the type of the SBR latex is used to improve the flexibility of the cement matrix by reducing the amount of fatigue failure. To prevent these failures, the mechanical resistance parameters should be carefully adjusted to well conditions. This work aims to study the mechanical behavior of cement slurry systems additivated with SBR latex for cementing oil wells subject to steam injection. Through the central composite factorial design was studied the behavior of the compressive strength by varying the density of the paste between 1.75 g /cm³ (14.6 lb/ Gal) and 1.89 g/cm³ (15,8lb / Gal), curing time between 4 days and 28 days and concentration of SBR Latex between 0 L / m³ and 534.722 L / m³ (0 gpc and 4 gpc). The results showed that increasing the concentration of SBR latex, within the given ranges, there was a decreased compression resistance and elastic modulus by increasing the elastic deformability of the slurry. From the results it can determine best slurries formulation conditions in oil well cementing operations subject to steam injection.

Desenvolvimento de um sistema misto de pasta à base de geopolímero e cimento portland para correção de perda de circulação

The materials engineering includes processes and products involving several areas of engineering, allowing them to prepare materials that fulfill the needs of various new products. In this case, this work aims to study a system composed of cement paste and geopolymers, which can contribute to solving an engineering problem that directly involves the exploitation of oil wells subject to loss of circulation. To correct it, has been already proposed the use of granular materials, fibers, reducing the drilling fluid or cement paste density and even surface and downhole mixed systems. In this work, we proposed the development of a slurry mixed system, the first was a cement-based slurry and the second a geopolymer-based slurry. The cement-based slurry was formulated with low density and extenders, 12.0 ppg (1.438 g/cm ³), showing great thixotropic characteristics. It was added nano silica at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 gps (66.88, 133.76 and 200.64 L/m3) and CaCl2 at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 0 and 1.5%. The second system is a geopolymer-based paste formulated from molar ratios of 3.5 (nSiO2/nAl2O3), 0.27 (nK2O/nSiO2), 1.07 (nK2O/nAl2O3) and 13.99 (nH2O/nK2O). Finally, we performed a mixture of these two systems, for their application for correction of circulation lost. To characterize the raw materials, XRD, XRF, FTIR analysis and titration were performed. The both systems were characterized in tests based on API RP10B. Compressive strength tests were conducted after curing for 24 hours, 7 and 28 days at 58 °C on the cement-based system and the geopolymer-based system. From the mixtures have been performed mixability tests and micro structural characterizations (XRD, SEM and TG). The results showed that the nano silica, when combined with CaCl2 modified the rheological properties of the cement slurry and from the concentration of 1.5 gpc (200.64 L / m³) it was possible to obtain stable systems. The system mixture caused a change in the microstructure of the material by favoring the rate of geopolymer formation to hinder the C3S phase hydration, thus, the production of CSH phases and Portlandite were harmed. Through the mixability tests it can be concluded that the system, due to reduced setting time of the mixture, can be applied to plug lost circulation zones when mixed downhole

Paraiso dos contemplativos, opusculo devotissimo, e utilissimo para as almas que aspirão a perfeição espiritual, e vida contemplativa : composto pelo V. Padre Fr. Batholomeu de Salucio, religioso da Serafica Familia dos Observantes Reformados : traduzido de italiano, e ilustrado com anotações pelo Padre Manoel Bernardes, da Congregação do Oratorio da cidade de Lisboa : offerecido a V. Santissima senhora nossa, concebida nos resplendores da Divina Graça sem sombra de culpa original

Bartholomeu de Salucio nasceu na Itália em 1558, não se sabe exatamente onde. Viveu em Roma, onde morreu em 1617. Frei franciscano foi orador e místico. Escreveu muitas obras espirituais tais como, As Sete Trombetas, As Invenções do Amor Divino, e O Namorado de Jesus, que foram traduzidas para o francês pelo Padre Carlos Jouya e impressas em Rouen, no ano de 1623. O Paraiso dos Contemplativos... é um dialogo entre um filho espiritual e o seu Diretor, com perguntas e respostas, orações e exclamações. É como uma história de peregrinação do espírito em busca da perfeição. As doutrinas são mostradas nas figuras do diálogo. O tradutor Manuel Bernardes fez anotações para ilustrar as metáforas que pudessem parecer obscuras e para confirmar' as doutrinas que pudessem parecer novas. Segundo Inocêncio, "parece que o coletor do pseudo-catálogo da Academia ignorou a existência da edição de 1739, aliás, não deixaria de citá-la de preferência à de 1761, que é a indicada no catálogo.

Tratado dos descobrimentos antigos, e modernos : feitos ate a era de 1550 com os nomes particulares das pessoas que os fizerão : e em que tempos, e as suas alturas, e dos desvairados caminhos por onde a pimenta, e especiaria veyo da india as nossas partes, obra certo muy notavel, e copiosa : composto pelo Famoso Antonio Galvão ; offerecido ao excellentissimo senhor Dom Luiz de Menezes

Antônio Galvão, filho de Duarte Galvão, excedeu em fama e imaginação a se pai e a seu avô, Rui Galvão. Nasceu na Índia Oriental, em 1490, e morreu em 1557.