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This master thesis aims at developing a new methodology for thermochemical degradation of dry coconut fiber (dp = 0.25mm) using laboratory rotating cylinder reactor with the goal of producing bio-oil. The biomass was characterized by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis TG, with evaluation of activation energy the in non-isothermal regime with heating rates of 5 and 10 °C/min, differential themogravimetric analysis DTG, sweeping electron microscopy SEM, higher heating value - HHV, immediate analysis such as evaluated all the amounts of its main constituents, i.e., lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. In the process, it was evaluated: reaction temperature (450, 500 and 550oC), carrier gas flow rate (50 and 100 cm³/min) and spin speed (20 and 25 Hz) to condensate the bio-oil. The feed rate of biomass (540 g/h), the rotation of the rotating cylinder (33.7 rpm) and reaction time (30 33 min) were constant. The phases obtained from the process of pyrolysis of dry coconut fiber were bio-oil, char and the gas phase non-condensed. A macroscopic mass balance was applied based on the weight of each phase to evaluate their yield. The highest yield of 20% was obtained from the following conditions: temperature of 500oC, inert gas flow of 100 cm³/min and spin speed of 20 Hz. In that condition, the yield in char was 24.3%, non-condensable gas phase was 37.6% and losses of approximately 22.6%. The following physicochemical properties: density, viscosity, pH, higher heating value, char content, FTIR and CHN analysis were evaluated. The sample obtained in the best operational condition was subjected to a qualitative chromatographic analysis aiming to know the constituents of the produced bio-oil, which were: phenol followed by sirigol, acetovanilona and vinyl guaiacol. The solid phase (char) was characterized through an immediate analysis (evaluation of moisture, volatiles, ashes and fixed carbon), higher heating value and FTIR. The non-condensing gas phase presented as main constituents CO2, CO and H2. The results were compared to the ones mentioned by the literature.

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The demand for alternative sources of energy drives the technological development so that many fuels and energy conversion processes before judged as inadequate or even non-viable, are now competing fuels and so-called traditional processes. Thus, biomass plays an important role and is considered one of the sources of renewable energy most important of our planet. Biomass accounts for 29.2% of all renewable energy sources. The share of biomass energy from Brazil in the OIE is 13.6%, well above the world average of participation. Various types of pyrolysis processes have been studied in recent years, highlighting the process of fast pyrolysis of biomass to obtain bio-oil. The continuous fast pyrolysis, the most investigated and improved are the fluidized bed and ablative, but is being studied and developed other types in order to obtain Bio-oil a better quality, higher productivity, lower energy consumption, increased stability and process reliability and lower production cost. The stability of the product bio-oil is fundamental to designing consumer devices such as burners, engines and turbines. This study was motivated to produce Bio-oil, through the conversion of plant biomass or the use of its industrial and agricultural waste, presenting an alternative proposal for thermochemical pyrolysis process, taking advantage of particle dynamics in the rotating bed that favors the right gas-solid contact and heat transfer and mass. The pyrolyser designed to operate in a continuous process, a feeder containing two stages, a divisive system of biomass integrated with a tab of coal fines and a system of condensing steam pyrolytic. The prototype has been tested with sawdust, using a complete experimental design on two levels to investigate the sensitivity of factors: the process temperature, gas flow drag and spin speed compared to the mass yield of bio-oil. The best result was obtained in the condition of 570 oC, 25 Hz and 200 cm3/min, temperature being the parameter of greatest significance. The mass balance of the elementary stages presented in the order of 20% and 37% liquid pyrolytic carbon. We determined the properties of liquid and solid products of pyrolysis as density, viscosity, pH, PCI, and the composition characterized by chemical analysis, revealing the composition and properties of a Bio-oil.

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The objective of this study was to produce biofuels (bio-oil and gas) from the thermal treatment of sewage sludge in rotating cylinder, aiming industrial applications. The biomass was characterized by immediate and instrumental analysis (elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy - SEM, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and ICP-OES). A kinetic study on non-stationary regime was done to calculate the activation energy by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis evaluating thermochemical and thermocatalytic process of sludge, the latter being in the presence of USY zeolite. As expected, the activation energy evaluated by the mathematical model "Model-free kinetics" applying techniques isoconversionais was lowest for the catalytic tests (57.9 to 108.9 kJ/mol in the range of biomass conversion of 40 to 80%). The pyrolytic plant at a laboratory scale reactor consists of a rotating cylinder whose length is 100 cm with capable of processing up to 1 kg biomass/h. In the process of pyrolysis thermochemical were studied following parameters: temperature of reaction (500 to 600 ° C), flow rate of carrier gas (50 to 200 mL/min), frequency of rotation of centrifugation for condensation of bio-oil (20 to 30 Hz) and flow of biomass (4 and 22 g/min). Products obtained during the process (pyrolytic liquid, coal and gas) were characterized by classical and instrumental analytical techniques. The maximum yield of liquid pyrolytic was approximately 10.5% obtained in the conditions of temperature of 500 °C, centrifugation speed of 20 Hz, an inert gas flow of 200 mL/min and feeding of biomass 22 g/min. The highest yield obtained for the gas phase was 23.3% for the temperature of 600 °C, flow rate of 200 mL/min inert, frequency of rotation of the column of vapor condensation 30 Hz and flow of biomass of 22 g/min. The non-oxygenated aliphatic hydrocarbons were found in greater proportion in the bio-oil (55%) followed by aliphatic oxygenated (27%). The bio-oil had the following characteristics: pH 6.81, density between 1.05 and 1.09 g/mL, viscosity between 2.5 and 3.1 cSt and highest heating value between 16.91 and 17.85 MJ/ kg. The main components in the gas phase were: H2, CO, CO2 and CH4. Hydrogen was the main constituent of the gas mixture, with a yield of about 46.2% for a temperature of 600 ° C. Among the hydrocarbons formed, methane was found in higher yield (16.6%) for the temperature 520 oC. The solid phase obtained showed a high ash content (70%) due to the abundant presence of metals in coal, in particular iron, which was also present in bio-oil with a rate of 0.068% in the test performed at a temperature of 500 oC.

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This master thesis aims at developing a new methodology for thermochemical degradation of dry coconut fiber (dp = 0.25mm) using laboratory rotating cylinder reactor with the goal of producing bio-oil. The biomass was characterized by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis TG, with evaluation of activation energy the in non-isothermal regime with heating rates of 5 and 10 °C/min, differential themogravimetric analysis DTG, sweeping electron microscopy SEM, higher heating value - HHV, immediate analysis such as evaluated all the amounts of its main constituents, i.e., lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. In the process, it was evaluated: reaction temperature (450, 500 and 550oC), carrier gas flow rate (50 and 100 cm³/min) and spin speed (20 and 25 Hz) to condensate the bio-oil. The feed rate of biomass (540 g/h), the rotation of the rotating cylinder (33.7 rpm) and reaction time (30 33 min) were constant. The phases obtained from the process of pyrolysis of dry coconut fiber were bio-oil, char and the gas phase non-condensed. A macroscopic mass balance was applied based on the weight of each phase to evaluate their yield. The highest yield of 20% was obtained from the following conditions: temperature of 500oC, inert gas flow of 100 cm³/min and spin speed of 20 Hz. In that condition, the yield in char was 24.3%, non-condensable gas phase was 37.6% and losses of approximately 22.6%. The following physicochemical properties: density, viscosity, pH, higher heating value, char content, FTIR and CHN analysis were evaluated. The sample obtained in the best operational condition was subjected to a qualitative chromatographic analysis aiming to know the constituents of the produced bio-oil, which were: phenol followed by sirigol, acetovanilona and vinyl guaiacol. The solid phase (char) was characterized through an immediate analysis (evaluation of moisture, volatiles, ashes and fixed carbon), higher heating value and FTIR. The non-condensing gas phase presented as main constituents CO2, CO and H2. The results were compared to the ones mentioned by the literature.

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The demand for alternative sources of energy drives the technological development so that many fuels and energy conversion processes before judged as inadequate or even non-viable, are now competing fuels and so-called traditional processes. Thus, biomass plays an important role and is considered one of the sources of renewable energy most important of our planet. Biomass accounts for 29.2% of all renewable energy sources. The share of biomass energy from Brazil in the OIE is 13.6%, well above the world average of participation. Various types of pyrolysis processes have been studied in recent years, highlighting the process of fast pyrolysis of biomass to obtain bio-oil. The continuous fast pyrolysis, the most investigated and improved are the fluidized bed and ablative, but is being studied and developed other types in order to obtain Bio-oil a better quality, higher productivity, lower energy consumption, increased stability and process reliability and lower production cost. The stability of the product bio-oil is fundamental to designing consumer devices such as burners, engines and turbines. This study was motivated to produce Bio-oil, through the conversion of plant biomass or the use of its industrial and agricultural waste, presenting an alternative proposal for thermochemical pyrolysis process, taking advantage of particle dynamics in the rotating bed that favors the right gas-solid contact and heat transfer and mass. The pyrolyser designed to operate in a continuous process, a feeder containing two stages, a divisive system of biomass integrated with a tab of coal fines and a system of condensing steam pyrolytic. The prototype has been tested with sawdust, using a complete experimental design on two levels to investigate the sensitivity of factors: the process temperature, gas flow drag and spin speed compared to the mass yield of bio-oil. The best result was obtained in the condition of 570 oC, 25 Hz and 200 cm3/min, temperature being the parameter of greatest significance. The mass balance of the elementary stages presented in the order of 20% and 37% liquid pyrolytic carbon. We determined the properties of liquid and solid products of pyrolysis as density, viscosity, pH, PCI, and the composition characterized by chemical analysis, revealing the composition and properties of a Bio-oil.

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Análise dos custos de produção de soja nos estados do Paraná e Santa Catarina para a safra 2007/08; Resumo das exportações do complexo da soja em 2007; Atuação da Embrapa e instituições parceiras no programa de difusão de cultivares e tecnologias associadas a cultura da soja, nos estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina, Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo - safra 2007/08; Desenvolvimento de cultivares de soja em pré-lançamento da parceria Embrapa e Fundação Meridional nos estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina e São Paulo - safra 2007/2008; Caracterização dos produtores de soja da região de Unaí - MG; Resultados de produtividade de soja obtidos em unidades demonstrativas e de observação, na safra 2007/08, em Mato Grosso do Sul; Secagem de resíduo do leite de soja "Okara" em secador de cilindro rotativo assistido a microondas; Rendimento de grãos de soja em sucessão a espécies forrageiras solteiras ou consorciadas com milho safrinha; Interações entre forrageiras tropicais e a soja em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária no arenito paranaense; Plantio direto de cultivares de soja RR na renovação de cana crua em condição de argissolo; Efeito de diferentes sistemas de manejo sobre o crescimento inicial de duas cultivares da soja; Influência da insolação e do horário de aplicação de glifosato sobre a fitotoxidez na soja BRS Valiosa RR; Teores de óleo e de proteína de genótipos de soja em duas épocas de plantio e dois tipos de solo em Frutal- MG; Leitura SPAD e teor de e proteína nos grãos de genótipos de soja obtidos em quatro épocas de plantio em Viçosa -MG; Influência da época e da população de plantas no rendimento de soja hortaliça; Avaliação de cultivares de soja semeadas em duas épocas em Rolim de Moura - RO; Avaliação regional de cultivares de soja no estado de São Paulo em 2007/08: região do médio Paranapanema; Avaliação regional de cultivares de soja no estado de São Paulo em 2006/07: região do médio Paranapanema; Avaliação regional de cultivares de soja no estado de São Paulo em 2005/06: região do médio Paranapanema; Avaliação regional de cultivares de soja no estado de São Paulo em 2004/05: região do médio Paranapanema; Comparação dos níveis de danos de larvas de Liogenys fuscus (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) na produção de massa seca de soja; Avaliação da eficiência de inseticidas, em tratamento de sementes, no manejo do coró Liogenys fuscus, em soja; Eficiência do tratamento de sementes com inseticidas no controle da lagarta-elasmo Elasmopalpus lignosellus, na cultura da soja; Tratamento de sementes e a população de percevejos fitófagos na fase vegetativa da soja; Impacto de fungicidas aplicados contra a ferrugem asiática da soja sobre populações da lagarta da soja, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner; Eficácia biológica do Chorantraniliprole & Lambdacialotrina no controle de Spodoptera eridania (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) na cultura da soja no sudoeste goiano; Eficácia biológica do Chorantraniliprole & Lambdacialotrina no controle da lagarta enroladeira (Omiodes indicatus) (Lepidoptera: Cydnidae) na cultura da soja na região sudoeste do estado de Goiás; Avaliação de inseticidas no controle da lagarta falsa medideira (Pseudoplusia includens Walker, 1857) na cultura da soja; Avaliação de inseticidas/acaricidas no controle do ácaro vermelho Tetranychus desertorum (Banks, 1900) na cultura da soja; Eficiência de acaricidas no controle do ácaro rajado Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) na cultura da soja; Estudos de eficiência e praticabilidade agronômica do produto Abamectin Nortox (Abamectin), no controle de Tetranychus urticae (ácaro rajado) na cultura da soja; Avaliação da eficiência de inseticidas e acaricidas para controle do ácaro verde, em soja; Expansão de uso do inseticida teflubenzuron e de sua mistura de pronto uso com o inseticida alfacipermetrina para o controle de lagartas de Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) na cultura da soja; Eficácia de inseticidas no controle de ninfas de mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci (Genn, 1889) e validação do método de amostragem; Controle químico de Bemisia tabaci biótipo B na cultura da soja em Chapadão do Sul (MS); Manejo da mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci biotipo B, na cultura da soja na região dos Chapadões; Controle químico da mosca-branca, na cultura da soja, e o impacto dos inseticidas em Encarsia sp.; Estudos de seletividade de inseticidas a parasitóides de ovos, realizados para a cultura da soja; Estudos de seletividade de herbicidas e fungicidas a parasitóides de ovos, realizados para a cultura da soja; Avanços no uso do parasitóide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae) na cultura da soja; Ação de alguns manejos químicos no controle de pragas na cultura da soja; Efeito de doses de herbicidas e sistemas de semeadura na incidência de retenção foliar e haste verde, em cultivares de soja, no Maranhão e Tocantins; Avaliação da reação de genótipos de soja ao nematóide das lesões radiculares (Pratylenchus brachyurus); Reação de cultivares de soja a Pratylenchus brachyurus em área naturalmente infestada; Efeito do espaçamento entrelinhas na severidade da ferrugem da soja; Curva populacional de Phakopsora pachyrhizi, agente causal da ferrugem asiática da soja, através de armadilha caça-esporos na safra 2007-08, em Costa Rica, MS; Efeito curativo de fungicidas triazóis no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja -Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow; Efeito de fungicidas triazóis no controle do oídio da soja; Efeito de fungicidas no controle da ferrugem da soja; Eficiência de controle químico de doenças da soja no Maranhão - safra 2007/08; Efeito do fungicida opera associado a adjuvantes no controle de Phakopsora pachyrhizi, agente causal da ferrugem asiática da soja, em Uberlândia, MG, na safra 2007-08; Efeito de adjuvantes oleosos (Assist e Adash) ao fungicida Piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole no controle da ferrugem da soja; Informações preliminares sobre lesão de causa desconhecida (LCD) em soja; Eficiência de Picoxistrobina + Ciproconazole no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja; Cultivar de soja BRS 278RR: indicação para cultivo nas regiões sul do Maranhão, sudoeste do Piauí e norte do Tocantins; Cultivar de soja BRS 279RR: indicação para cultivo nas regiões sul do Maranhão, sudoeste do Piauí e norte do Tocantins; BRS 282: nova cultivar de soja resistente a nematóides de galha; Cultivar de soja BRS 283: indicação para os estados do PR, de SP, de SC e sul do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul; Cultivar de soja BRS 284: indicação para os estados do PR, SP, SC e sul do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul; BRS 285: nova cultivar de soja convencional indicada para o estado de Mato Grosso do Sul; Extensão da cultivar de soja CD 225RR para as regiões sul do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, oeste e sul do estado de São Paulo; Extensão da cultivar de soja CD 226RR para as regiões oeste e sul do estado de São Paulo; Recomendação da cultivar de soja CD 228 para os estados de Goiás, Minas Gerais, região norte do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul e região sul do estado do Mato Grosso; Recomendação da cultivar de soja CD 229RR para o estado de Goiás, região norte do estado do Mato Grosso do sul e região sul do estado do Mato Grosso; Recomendação da cultivar de soja CD 231RR para os estados do Paraná, São Paulo e região sul do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul; Recomendação da cultivar de soja CD 232 para os estados do Paraná, São Paulo e região sul do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul; NK7074 RR: cultivar de soja recomendada para a região centro do Brasil; NK 7059RR: cultivar de soja de excelente desempenho nos estados do sul do Brasil e nas regiões sul do MS e centro-sul de SP; Cultivar de soja BRSMG 752S; Cultivar de soja BRSMG 811CRR; Cultivar de soja BRSMG 790A; Cultivar de soja BRSGO 7960: indicação para os estados de Goiás e Minas Gerais; Indicação da cultivar BRSGO 7961 para os estados de Goiás, Distrito Federal e Minas Gerais; Indicação da cultivar de soja BRSGO 7962 para os estados de Goiás e Minas Gerais; Indicação da cultivar BRSGO 7963 para os estados de Goiás, Distrito Federal e Minas Gerais; Indicação da cultivar de soja BRSGO 8060 para os estados de Goiás, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais e Mato Grosso do Sul; Cultivar de soja BRSGO 8360 indicação para os estados de Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás e Distrito Federal; Indicação da cultivar de soja BRSGO 7760RR para o estado de Goiás; Cultivar de soja BRS 7860: indicação para o estado de Goiás e Distrito Federal; Cultivar de soja BRS 7860RR: indicação para o estado de Minas Gerais; Cultivar de soja BRS 7860RR: indicação para os estados de São Paulo e Mato Grosso do Sul; Cultivar de soja BRS 8160RR: indicação para o estado de Minas Gerais; Cultivar de soja BRS 8160RR: indicação para o estado de Goiás (sul e leste) e Distrito Federal; Cultivar de soja BRS 8160RR: indicação para o estado do Mato Grosso do Sul; Indicação da cultivar de soja BRS 8460RR, para os estados de Goiás e Distrito Federal; Indicação da cultivar de soja BRS 8560RR para os estados de Goiás(região sul e leste), Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais e Distrito Federal; Indicação da cultivar de soja EMGOPA 313RR para os estados de Goiás e Tocantins; Cultivar de soja BRS Gisele RR: extensão de indicação para os estados da Bahia, do Tocantins e do Maranhão; Cultivar de soja BRS Juliana RR: extensão de indicação para os estados da Bahia, do Tocantins e do Maranhão; UFU capim branco: nova cultivar para o estado de Mato Grosso; Indicação da nova cultivar UFU Carajás para o estado de Mato Grosso; Extensão de indicação da cultivar UFU Imperial para o estado de Minas Gerais; Indicação da cultivar UFU Mineira para o estado de Minas Gerais; UFU Guará: nova cultivar para a região sul e leste de Mato Grosso; Indicação da cultivar UFU Tikuna para cultivo em Goiás; Eficiência de novos descritores na caracterização de soja pela análise multivariada; Agrupamento de cultivares de soja para o caráter tipo de crescimento; Avaliação de cultivares de soja na região centro-sul do estado do Tocantins - safra 2007/08; Comportamento de cultivares de soja em Palmas-TO, safra 2007/08; Produtividade de cultivares de soja sob épocas e densidades de semeadura no nordeste maranhense; Avaliação de cultivares de soja no cerrado de Rondônia nas safras 2006/07 e 2007/08; Indicação da cultivar de soja BRSGO Luziânia RR para o estado de Goiás e o Distrito Federal; Indicação da cultivar de soja BRSGO Mineiros RR para o estado de Goiás e o Distrito; Tolerância de linhagens de soja a diferentes doses de glifosate; Produtividade e componentes de produção da soja após a aplicação de gesso agrícola incorporado e em superfície; Formas de antecipação da adubação na cultura da soja; Produção de grãos e controle de plantas daninhas em pós-emergência com a utilização de fontes de manganês junto ao glifosato em pós-emergência; Produtividade da soja em resposta a aplicação de micro nutrientes; Avaliação do efeito de aplicação foliar de soluções contendo ácidos humicos sobre a produtividade e a absorção de nutrientes pela soja; Faixas de suficiência de nutrientes em folhas de soja, em Mato Grosso do Sul e Mato Grosso, definidas pelo uso do método DRIS de diagnose do estado nutricional; Alterações na nutrição mineral da soja induzidas pela transgenia e o manejo com herbicidas; Níveis críticos de manganês, em três solos de cerrado; Efeito da população de células na nodulação e rendimento da soja; Avaliação do herbicida Spider aplicado na dessecação na cultura da soja resistente ao herbicida glifosato; Efeito do 2,4 d no controle de plantas voluntárias de soja Roundup Ready®; Controle químico de buva resistente ao glyphosate, com herbicidas aplicados na operação de manejo, em pré-semeadura da cultura da soja; Manejo de soja voluntária resistente ao glyphosate; Identificação de biótipo de picão-preto (Bidens subalternans) resistente a atrazine; Qualidade e produtividade de sementes de soja produzidas em área de cerrado de Roraima, em plantio direto sobre braquiária; Qualidade de sementes de dois genótipos de soja hortaliça cultivados em cerrado de Roraima 2007/2008; Qualidade de sementes de soja produzidas em área de cerrado de Roraima em função de manejos do solo - 2007; Qualidade e produtividade de sementes de soja em função de doses de potássio produzidas em cerrado de Roraima 2007; Qualidade de sementes de soja BRS Candeia e BRS Tracajá produzidas em cerrados de Roraima, em função do tamanho; Tamanho da semente de soja: efeito sobre o desenvolvimento e produtividade; Influência do tamanho da semente na produtividade da cultura da soja; Dano por embebição em sementes de soja em função do teor de água inicial, cultivar e local de produção; Velocidade de hidratação de sementes de soja em função de características do tegumento; Pré-condicionamento e qualidade fisiológica de lotes de semente de soja armazenados sob condições de baixa umidade relativa do ar; Qualidade da semente de soja tolerante ao glifosato; Efeito da aplicação de glyphosate como dessecante em pré-colheita em semente de soja sobre a produtividade; Efeito do teor de lignina no potencial fisiológico de sementes de diferentes cultivares de soja.

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The bio-oil obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass has appeared as inter-esting alternative to replace fossil fuels. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of temperature on the yield of products originating from the pyrolysis process of the powder obtained from the dried twigs of avelós (Euphorbia tirucalli), using a rotating cylinder reactor in laboratory scale. The biomass was treated and characterized by: CHNS, moisture, volatiles, fixed carbon and ashes, as well as evaluation of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, besides other instrumental techniques such as: FTIR, TG/DTG, DRX, FRX and MEV. The activation energy was evaluated in non-isothemichal mode with heating rates of 5 and 10 oC/min. The obtained results showed biomass as feedstock with potential for biofuel production, because presents a high organic matter content (78,3%) and fixed-carbon (7,11%). The activation energy required for the degradation of biomass ranged between 232,92 392,84 kJ/mol, in the temperature range studied and heating rate of 5 and 10°C/min. In the pyrolysis process, the influence of the reaction temperature was studied (350-520 ° C), keeping constant the other variables, such as, the flow rate of carrier gas, the centrifugal speed for the bio-oil condensationa, the biomass flow and the rotation of the reactor. The maximum yield of bio-oil was obtained in the temperature of 450°C. In this temperature, the results achieved where: content of bio-oil 8,12%; char 32,7%; non-condensed gas 35,4%; losts 23,8%; gross calorific value 3,43MJ/kg; pH 4,93 and viscosity 1,5cP. The chromatographic analysis of the bio-oil produced under these conditions shows mainly the presence of phenol (17,71%), methylciclopentenone (10,56%) and dimethylciclopentenone (7,76%)

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The bio-oil obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass has appeared as inter-esting alternative to replace fossil fuels. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of temperature on the yield of products originating from the pyrolysis process of the powder obtained from the dried twigs of avelós (Euphorbia tirucalli), using a rotating cylinder reactor in laboratory scale. The biomass was treated and characterized by: CHNS, moisture, volatiles, fixed carbon and ashes, as well as evaluation of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, besides other instrumental techniques such as: FTIR, TG/DTG, DRX, FRX and MEV. The activation energy was evaluated in non-isothemichal mode with heating rates of 5 and 10 oC/min. The obtained results showed biomass as feedstock with potential for biofuel production, because presents a high organic matter content (78,3%) and fixed-carbon (7,11%). The activation energy required for the degradation of biomass ranged between 232,92 392,84 kJ/mol, in the temperature range studied and heating rate of 5 and 10°C/min. In the pyrolysis process, the influence of the reaction temperature was studied (350-520 ° C), keeping constant the other variables, such as, the flow rate of carrier gas, the centrifugal speed for the bio-oil condensationa, the biomass flow and the rotation of the reactor. The maximum yield of bio-oil was obtained in the temperature of 450°C. In this temperature, the results achieved where: content of bio-oil 8,12%; char 32,7%; non-condensed gas 35,4%; losts 23,8%; gross calorific value 3,43MJ/kg; pH 4,93 and viscosity 1,5cP. The chromatographic analysis of the bio-oil produced under these conditions shows mainly the presence of phenol (17,71%), methylciclopentenone (10,56%) and dimethylciclopentenone (7,76%)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEIS

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Present work proposed to map and features the wear mechanisms of structural polymers of engineering derived of the sliding contact with a metallic cylindrical spindle submitted to eccentricity due to fluctuations in it is mass and geometric centers. For this it was projected and makes an experimental apparatus from balancing machine where the cylindrical counterbody was supported in two bearings and the polymeric coupon was situated in a holder with freedom of displacement along counterbody. Thus, the experimental tests were standardized using two position of the two bearings (Fixed or Free) and seven different positions along the counterbody, that permit print different conditions to the stiffness from system. Others parameters as applied normal load, sliding velocity and distance were fixed. In this investigation it was used as coupon two structural polymers of wide quotidian use, PTFE (polytetrafluroethylene) and PEEK (poly-ether-ether-ketone) and the AISI 4140 alloy steel as counterbody. Polymeric materials were characterized by thermal analysis (thermogravimetric, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic-mechanical), hardness and rays-X diffractometry. While the metallic material was submitted at hardness, mechanical resistance tests and metallographic analysis. During the tribological tests were recorded the heating response with thermometers, yonder overall velocity vibration (VGV) and the acceleration using accelerometers. After tests the wear surface of the coupons were analyzed using a Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) to morphological analysis and spectroscopy EDS to microanalysis. Moreover the roughness of the counterbody was characterized before and after the tribological tests. It was observed that the tribological response of the polymers were different in function of their distinct molecular structure. It were identified the predominant wear mechanisms in each polymer. The VGV of the PTFE was smaller than PEEK, in the condition of minimum stiffness, in function of the higher loss coefficient of that polymer. Wear rate of the PTFE was more of a magnitude order higher than PEEK. With the results was possible developed a correlation between the wear rate and parameter (E/ρ)1/2 (Young modulus, E, density, ρ), proportional at longitudinal elastic wave velocity in the material.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Tesis (Maestría en Salud Pública con Especialidad en Salud en el Trabajo) U.A.N.L.