The total margin of exposure of ethanol and acetaldehyde for heavy drinkers consuming cider or vodka

Heavy drinkers in Scotland may consume 1600 g ethanol per week. Due to its low price, cider may be preferred over other beverages. Anecdotal evidence has linked cider to specific health hazards beyond other alcoholic beverages. To examine this hypothesis, nine apple and pear cider samples were chemically analysed for constituents and contaminants. None of the products exceeded regulatory or toxicological thresholds, but the regular occurrence of acetaldehyde in cider was detected. To provide a quantitative risk assessment, two collectives of exclusive drinkers of cider and vodka were compared and the intake of acetaldehyde was estimated using probabilistic MonteeCarlo type analysis. The cider consumers were found to ingest more than 200-times the amount of acetaldehyde consumed by vodka consumers. The margins of exposure (MOE) of acetaldehyde were 224 for the cider and over 220,000 for vodka consumers. However, if the effects of ethanol were considered in a cumulative assessment of the combined MOE, the effect of acetaldehyde was minor and the combined MOE for both groups was 0.3. We suggest that alcohol policy priority should be given on reducing ethanol intake by measures such as minimum pricing, rather than to focus on acetaldehyde.

Pasteurization of Apple Cider with UV Irradiation

In a period of increasing concern about food safety, food poisoning outbreaks where unpasterurized apple cider or apple juice was found contaminated with Escherichia coli 0157:H7 reinforces the need for using the best technologies in apple cider production. Most apple cider is sold as an unpasteurized raw product. Because of their acidity, it was believed that juice products do not usually contain microorganisms such as E. coli 0157:H7, Salmonella, and Crytosporidium. Yet all of these foodborne pathogens are capable of being transmitted in unpasteurized juices. It is known that these pathogens can survive for several weeks in a variety of acidic juices. Although heat pasteurization is probably the best method to eliminate these pathogens, it is not the most desirable method as it changes sensory properties and also is very costly for small to mid-sized apple cider processors. Pasteurization of apple cider with Ultraviolet Irradiation (UV) is a potential alternative to heat pasteurization. Germicidal W irradiation is effective in inactivating microorganisms without producing undesirable by-products and changing sensory properties. Unpasteurized raw apple cider from a small local processor was purchased for this study. The effects of physical parameters, exposure time and dosage on the W treatment efficacy were examined as well as the effects of the UV light on apple cider quality. W light with principal energy at a wavelength of 254.7 nm, was effective in reducing bacteria (E .coli, ATCC 25922) inoculated apple cider. The W dosage absorbed by the apple cider was mathematically calculated. A radiation dose of 8,777 μW-s/cm2 reduced bacteria an average of 2.20 logs and in multiple passes, the FDA mandated 5-log reduction was achieved. Sensory analysis showed there was no significant difference between the W treated and non-treated cider. Experiments with W treated apple cider indicated a significant (p < 0.01) extension of product shelf life through inhibition of yeast and mold growth. The extension of the researched performed is applicable to other fruit juice processing operations.

Recent developments in the production and marketing of apple juice and cider

Cover title.

Hard cider; a temperance sketch ...

Mode of access: Internet.

A treatise on the culture of the apple & pear : and on the manufacture of cider & perry /

Errata slip.

Magners Man: Irish Cider, Representations of Masculinity and the "Burning Celtic Soul"

In this paper we go in search of the Celtic Soul, tracking its historical intertwining with, and relation to, Irish masculinity, from Ireland's pre-colonial past to its colonial days and finally to its postcolonial present. We argue that the Celtic soul manifests itself, with great success, in the Magners Irish Cider advertising campaign. As a key part of our analysis we also illustrate how representations of the Irish Celt serve as a means of enabling young male consumers to reconcile the many tensions and contradictions they are experiencing over what it means to perform ideals of masculinity in contemporary western culture.

[A_Llodio_Goikoetxea] Documentación geométrica de los restos de una prensa de sidra en el Caserío Goikoetxea, barrio de Isusi (Laudio/Llodio, Álava)

[ES] Los restos corresponden a un agujero que se han encontrado en la excavación del pórtico y que se relaciona con un posible poste y un pilar de madera en el interior del caserío que parece una reutilización de los elementos de la antigua prensa.

An investigation of the thermal stability and sulphur tolerance of Ag/Y-Al2O3 catalysts for the SCR of NOx with hydrocarbons and hydrogen

The sulphur tolerance and thermal stability of a 2 wt% Ag/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst was investigated for the H-2-promoted SCR of NO, with octane and toluene. The aged catalyst was characterised by XRD and EXAFS analysis. It was found that the effect of ageing was a function of the gas mix and temperature of ageing. At high temperatures (800 degrees C) the catalyst deactivated regardless of the reaction mix. EXAFS analysis showed that this was associated with the Ag particles on the surface of the catalyst becoming more ordered. At 600 and 700 degrees C, the deactivating effect of ageing was much less pronounced for the catalyst in the H-2-promoted octane-SCR reaction and ageing at 600 degrees C resulted in an enhancement in activity for the reaction in the absence of H-2. For the toluene + H-2-SCR reaction the catalyst deactivated at each ageing temperature. The effect of addition of low levels of sulphur (1 ppm SO2) to the feed was very much dependent on the reaction temperature. There was little deactivation of the catalyst at low temperatures ( 500 degrees C). The results can be explained by the activity of the catalyst for the oxidation Of SO2 to SO3 and the relative stability of silver and aluminium sulphates. The catalyst could be almost fully regenerated by a combination of heating and the presence of hydrogen in the regeneration mix. The catalyst could not be regenerated in the absence of hydrogen. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Magazine article - Ice Brawl: A New Beverage Prompts a battle

An article from The Economist, May 22nd, 2004, discussing the ice wine industry. The article focuses on those producing ice cider as a rival to ice wine. Mr. Ziraldo is quoted when discussing rules and regulations associated with ice wine. There is also a handwritten note on the article that reads: "D. Ziraldo Donald I am very impressed. Ian Davidson"

La cooperación descentralizada sur-sur como herramienta para el fortalecimiento de la gobernabilidad local en Colombia. Un análisis de Caldono, Pasto y Medellín

La cooperación internacional está redefiniendo una vez más su arquitectura como herramienta de ayuda al desarrollo. Sus procesos y políticas atraviesan un álgido momento de cambio, caracterizado por dos escenarios determinantes: los suscitados debates sobre la eficacia y la calidad de la ayuda y la crisis económica europea, que comienza a evidenciar una reducción fuerte en los recursos destinados a este mismo fin. En este contexto los países en vías de desarrollo como Colombia, comienzan a ser protagonistas de su propio desarrollo, buscando dar a sus territorios condiciones de gobernabilidad deseadas, a través de mecanismos donde el desarrollo humano es un vector importante y encuentra en la participación ciudadana una estrategia vital para instalar capacidades, promover el intercambio de conocimiento y empoderar a los ciudadanos alrededor de las decisiones de lo público. La cooperación descentralizada Sur-Sur se presenta entonces como una herramienta con oportunidades interesante, aunque es un proceso aún incipiente, enfatiza en la necesidad de abrir el paso a prácticas novedosas de asociación y cooperación que permitan aprovechar los recursos disponibles para la promoción del desarrollo. En el caso específico de este trabajo monográfico, Caldono, Cauca; Pasto, Nariño y Medellín, Antioquia, serán municipios a analizar, en la medida en que se identifiquen, en cada uno, procesos de participación ciudadana que canalicen la movilización de las estructuras sociales organizadas que, afectadas por las frustraciones y necesidades, presionan para que se produzcan cambios importantes en la manera como se consagran en las leyes los mecanismos y espacios participativos.

Diseño de una propuesta de mejoramiento de la gestión administrativa del hospital el tunal, mediante la aplicación de la filosofía de teoría de restricciones (TOC)

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar el diseño de un proyecto de mejora a través de la filosofía TOC para la gestión Administrativa del Hospital El Tunal del Nivel III de Bogotá DC, durante el período 2013. Para lograr el objetivo de la propuesta de mejoramiento basada en la filosofía TOC (Inglés siglas Theory of Constraints), se centra en crear un proceso de mejora continua en la gestión administrativa del Hospital El Tunal. Esta entidad es una Empresa Social del Estado y tiene por objeto la prestación de servicios de salud a usuarios que presentan algún tipo de enfermedad o trastorno orgánico que afecta su salud; se centra en mejorar, corregir y proporcionar una mejor calidad de vida al usuario que viene a cubrir sus necesidades de salud. Este producto de investigación terminará con una propuesta centrada en la mejora de la gestión administrativa, basada en la filosofía TOC aplicado a la cartera morosa, tratando de ofrecer una serie de soluciones a los problemas actuales que impactan estas organizaciones centrándose en la mejora continua, la velocidad de flujo de los recursos administrativos, verificando si es eficaz en beneficio de los usuarios y los profesionales de la salud.

Diseño de un modelo social de formalización de la propiedad para habitantes de zonas rurales de frontera agrícola con condiciones de fragilidad ambiental

En el presente documento se presenta un panorama del estado de la tenencia en zonas rurales en Colombia, los conflictos que se presentan por causa de la propiedad de la tierra, as como la situación de las zonas de frontera agropecuaria

Qual a importância do Marketing no ponto de venda no lançamento da sidra Somersby na região de Lisboa?

A dissertação que se apresenta enquadra-se na problemática da identificação da importância do Marketing no Ponto de Venda no lançamento de um produto, em concreto da sidra Somersby, com enfoque no canal on-trade. A utilização dos pontos de venda para divulgar a marca, assume um papel importante como factor explicativo do volume atingido, sendo dada relevância à sua influência ao longo de toda a investigação. Relativamente à metodologia adoptada no estudo do lançamento do produto e da importância do ponto de venda para o mesmo, recorreu-se à fixação de objectivos, à escolha das opções estratégicas, à formulação do Marketing Mix, com especial ênfase na comunicação, usando informação da empresa e do respectivo mercado. Como principal conclusão do estudo de mercado realizado destacam-se as acções de degustação feitas pela marca como sendo fundamentais para dar a conhecer a marca ao consumidor, assim como para dar um impulso ao volume de vendas da marca.