Nematode parasites of Brazilian Ciconiiformes Birds: a general survey with new records for the species

This report deals with the identification of one hundred and fifty-nine samples of nematodes recovered from Brazilian egrets and herons. Contracaecum microcephalum, C. multipapillatum, C. plagiaticium, Desportesius invaginatus, D. longevaginatus, Desmidocercella ardeae, Eustrongylides ignotus, Porrocaecum reticulatum, Tetrameres micropenis, Capillaria sp., Contracaecum sp., Porrocaecum sp., Procyrnea sp., Tetrameres sp. and Viktorocara sp. were studied. The genus Viktorocara and the species C. microcephalum, C. plagiaticium, D. invaginatus, D. ardeae and P. reticulatum are referred in Brazil for the first time.

A importância da ordem Ciconiiformes na cadeia epidemiológica de Salmonella spp. para a saúde pública e a conservação da diversidade biológica

A diversidade biológica é representada por todas as unidades da natureza e sua conservação diz respeito à sobrevivência da própria espécie humana. Uma das ameaças à sua conservação são as doenças infecciosas que afetam a fauna, dentre as quais se podee incluir a salmonelose como uma das mais importantes, especialmente para a avifauna. Aves de topo de cadeia alimentar como os Ciconiiformes podem ser potenciais reservatórios e disseminadores da Salmonella spp. para outras espécies silvestres e também para populações humanas e animais domésticos, podendo causar prejuízos à saúde pública e ao meio ambiente. Objetivou-se descrever a infecção ou doença por Salmonella sp., o seu agente etiológico e sua ocorrência em Ciconiiformes, bem como demonstrar a importância destas aves na cadeia epidemiológica silvestre desta zoonose, verificando os riscos para a saúde pública e para a conservação da diversidade biológica.

Osteologia craniana de Platalea ajaja (Linnaeus) (Aves, Ciconiiformes), comparada com outras espécies de Threskiornithidae

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Notes on Philippine Mallophaga, I: Species from Ciconiiformes, Anseriformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Gruiformes and Charudriiformes [by] K. C. Emerson and Ronald A. Ward.

v.42:no.4(1958)

Tetrameres (Tetrameres) spirospiculum n. sp. (Nematoda, Tetrameridae) from the Buff-necked Ibis, Theristicus caudatus caudatus (Boddaert) (Aves, Threskiornithidae)

Tetrameres (T.) spirospiculum n. sp. is proposed, taking into account the very unusual aspect of the longer spicule, which is slender and progressively spiralled from its middle, towards the distal end, that promptly distinguishes it from all the species of the genus.

Synhimantus (Synhimantus) magnipapillatus n. sp. (Nematoda, Acuarioidea) from the yellow-crowned night-heron, Nyctanassa violacea cayennensis (Gmelin) (Aves, Ardeidae)

Synhimantus (Synhimantus) magnipapillatus n. sp., mainly considering the outstanding size of the cervical papillae and the delicate structure of the cephalic cordons, is not related to any other species of the genus, except for S. (S.) laticeps, concerning the similarities regarding the spicules, that justify their comparison.

Feather mites of Brazil (Acari: Astigmata: Analgoidea and Pterolichoidea)

We present a checklist of feather mites known from native birds in Brazil. The list was compiled from a survey of Brazilian records published in indexing databases (e.g. Zoological Records) and from the available literature. To date, 185 nominal species representing 21 families have been recorded from Brazilian birds. Associations with 15 bird orders were found: Anseriformes, Apodiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Ciconiiformes, Columbiformes, Cuculiformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Gruiformes, Opisthocomiformes, Passeriformes, Piciformes, Psittaciformes, Tinamiformes and Trogoniformes. These birds sum to 218 species, which represent only 12.4% of all bird species occurring in Brazil. The feather mite fauna of several species-rich and important bird orders in Brazil remain unexplored, including Cathartiformes, Charadriiformes, Coraciiformes, Galbuliformes and Strigiformes. We estimate that between 900 and 5300 feather mite species are expected to occur on Brazilian birds, which is at least five times greater than current records. The training of researchers with expertise in the taxonomy of this group of mites should be stimulated so that there is a compatible number of taxonomists to discover and describe the almost unexplored feather mite fauna in Brazil.

Infecção por strigea falconis em buteo magnirostris no Brasil

Background: Buteo magnirostris, popularly known as roadside hawk belongs to the family Accipitridae, Ciconiiformes. The specimen is common throughout Brazil inhabiting open areas, tolerating disturbed areas very well, but avoiding dense forests. The trematodes are common parasites in the intestines of birds of prey, with scant notice of pathogenic infections. However, severe infections of trematodes Strigeidae family have been previously reported as a cause of anemia, diarrhea, enteritis, weight loss and death. This paper aims to report the occurrence of infection in S. Falconis in B. magnirostris diagnosed by post mortem examination. Case: The specimen of B. magnirostris, male, young was sent for necropsy at the Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid (UFERSA), Mossoró-RN, Brazil. With a history of apathy, anorexia, diarrhea and death in one course of 24 h. The free bird life and even puppy had been captured for training and practice of falconry shortly before the clinical manifestation of infection (time of captivity uninformed). On physical examination ruffled feathers, cachexia and pallor of skeletal muscle was observed. At necropsy there was severe enteritis with petechiae and accumulation of liquid contents into the duodenum. Fifty-two trematodes were found set in duodenal mucosa. The other organs and structures showed no changes. Fragments of all organs were harvested, fixed in 10% formalin buffered, routinely processed for histopathology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Parasites were carefully collected, washed in saline, fixed, processed and identified according to the morphology and taxonomy. Histologically, the lesions were restricted to the duodenum and were characterized by melting, severe atrophy and necrosis of the epithelial cells of the intestinal villi; inflammatory infiltrate (consisting of lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils) in the lamina propria, in addition to trematodes infiltrated the mucosa and lamina propria. These were 60-80 mm in diameter, consisted of parenchymal body enclosed by the integument. In some cross sections of the parasite was possible to observe the presence of cecum, testis and uterus, with some variations between sections; there were also yellowish eggs and coated with a delicate membrane. The trematodes contain approximately 1 mm in length and used as morphology and taxonomy has been identified as S. Falconis. Discussion: S. Falconis is a trematode intestinal parasite of birds of prey, with reports of its occurrence in Europe, North America and Central. In neotropical regions is described the occurrence of the subspecies S. Falconis brasiliana. Although the absence of clinical signs is a common pattern, parasitism by trematodes may become evident, common to captivity stress conditions, and thus infections, even for low pathogenic parasites can cause diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss and death, as reported in this paper. A factor that possibly contributed to the scant notice is its small size, which makes the observation of this parasite in analysis of necropsy in non-pathological conditions and also not familiar with the technical laboratories in the morphological shape of the eggs, which creates difficulty in finding the parasite in parasitological analysis in captive animals. Despite being considered poorly pathogenic trematodes, epidemiologically, the presence of the parasite should be considered a health risk to free-living predators, newly captive in parks, zoos, veterinary hospitals, triage center for wildlife and creators, as they may express pathogenicity in immunosuppressed animals. This work contributes to recording the presence S. falconis parasitizing the duodenal mucosa of B. magnirostris in Brazil.

Seropositivity and Risk Factors Associated with Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Wild Birds from Spain

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic intracellular protozoan parasite of worldwide distribution that infects many species of warm-blooded animals, including birds. To date, there is scant information about the seropositivity of T. gondii and the risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in wild bird populations. In the present study, T. gondii infection was evaluated on sera obtained from 1079 wild birds belonging to 56 species (including Falconiformes (n = 610), Strigiformes (n = 260), Ciconiiformes (n = 156), Gruiformes (n = 21), and other orders (n = 32), from different areas of Spain. Antibodies to T. gondii (modified agglutination test, MAT titer ≥1:25) were found in 282 (26.1%, IC95%:23.5–28.7) of the 1079 birds. This study constitute the first extensive survey in wild birds species in Spain and reports for the first time T. gondii antibodies in the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), short-toed snake-eagle (Circaetus gallicus), Bonelli's eagle (Aquila fasciata), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus), Western marsh-harrier (Circus aeruginosus), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), long-eared owl (Asio otus), common scops owl (Otus scops), Eurasian spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia), white stork (Ciconia ciconia), grey heron (Ardea cinerea), common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus); in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) “vulnerable” Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti), lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) and great bustard (Otis tarda); and in the IUCN “near threatened” red kite (Milvus milvus). The highest seropositivity by species was observed in the Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo) (68.1%, 98 of 144). The main risk factors associated with T. gondii seropositivity in wild birds were age and diet, with the highest exposure in older animals and in carnivorous wild birds. The results showed that T. gondii infection is widespread and can be at a high level in many wild birds in Spain, most likely related to their feeding behaviour.

Comparación de la avifauna acuática de cuatro sitios en la Península San Juan del Gozo, Bahía de Jiquilisco, El Salvador

De Octubre a Febrero del 2011 se llevó a cabo una investigación en la que se realizaron observaciones de las aves acuáticas en el departamento de Usulután, en el sector sur occidente de la Bahía de Jiquilisco, Península de San Juan en los sitios: Cañón El Rico, Laguna San Juan del Gozo, Palacio de los Aves, Canal San Juancito. Se registraron un total de 31 especies de aves acuáticas, que pertenecen a Catorce familias, correspondientes a seis órdenes: Ciconiiformes, Charadriiformes, Pelecaniformes, Anseriformes, Coraciiformes y Passeriformes. El mayor número de especies observadas se registró dentro de cuatro sitios de muestreo Canal San Juancito, seguido de Palacio de las Aves, Laguna de San Juan del Gozo y Cañón El Rico. En los cuatro sitios muestreados según la presencia o ausencia, de las especies observadas, se encontraron cinco especies en cuatro sitios, tres especies en tres sitios, doce especies en dos sitios y diez en un solo sitio. Del total de las especies observadas solamente cuatro de ellas se encuentran en peligro de extinción y amenazadas para nuestro país. Según los índices de biodiversidad de Shannon resulto mayor para Laguna San Juan del Gozo con ( H: 1.96), sin embargo el valor más alto de riqueza de Margalef se alcanza en el Canal San Juancito (2.89), seguido de Palacio de las Aves (1.93), Laguna San Juan del Gozo (1.90) y Cañón El Rico el valor más bajo (1.41). Los sitios muestreados son utilizadas para el descanso, alimentación y anidación de las aves residentes y migratorias. Todas las especies que se encontraron en los cuatros sitios son las más abundantes en el área de estudio como se ha determinado en los cuadros de cada una de las estaciones de cada sitio de muestreo como se muestra en los anexos. Lo que indica la preferencia que tienen estas especies a los diferentes tipos de hábitat que se encuentran en la zona

Distribución local de las aves rapaces diurnas en el Parque Nacional El Imposible, El Salvador

El Parque Nacional El Imposible, ubicado en el extremo sudoeste de El Salvador, en el departamento de Ahuachapán. La investigación de campo comprendió 72 censos durante los meses de marzo a agosto de 2001, para identificar las diferentes especies de aves rapaces diurnas. Para realizar las observaciones se siguió la metodología empleada por el Peregrin Fund en el Parque Nacional Tikal, Guatemala, entre de 1988 a 1992, utilizando dos técnicas básicas: (1) reconocimiento de aves por transectos, y (2) observación desde un punto fijo. Cada técnica fue modificada para las condiciones topográficas del parque y el tiempo que duró la investigación. Se establecieron 12 Rutas en toda el área. Cada una formada por 2 transectos y un punto fijo. Cada transecto y punto fueron marcados en un mapa del área en escala de 1:25,000 para la elaboración de mapas de distribución local de cada especie. Se registraron un total de 24 especies de aves rapaces diurnas, ubicadas en los Ordenes Falconiformes y Ciconiiformes, 16 de la familia Accipitridae, 5 de la Falconidae, y 3 de la Cathartidae. Las especies con mayor abundancia relativa, densidad poblacional y frecuencia de ocurrencia, pertenecen a la familia Cathartidae, en segundo lugar se encuentran los Accipitridae, y finalmente los Falconidae. Las horas en las que se detectaron los individuos de las especies fueron bien variadas, desde antes del amanecer hasta horas crepusculares, sobre todo para las aves residentes. La detección en horas para las especies migratorias es bien específica, ya que la gran mayoría fue registrada por la mañana y solo tres por la tarde (Gavilán pajarero, Gavilán aludo y Halcón cernícalo). El número de las especies, tanto residentes como migratorias, en los meses de marzo a agosto, tiende a disminuir, pudiendo ser ocasionado por la variación en el tiempo atmosférico, los períodos de reproducción, la fluctuación del alimento disponible dentro y fuera del parque, y la migración. Se observó que estas aves dan diferentes usos del Parque Nacional El Imposible, desde ser un área de paso o estacionamiento temporal para las migratorias, hasta constituir rangos de hogar de diferentes especies residentes en el área