Lyons (John), "Chomsky"

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

ARTICLE: Anarchy and International Law: The Approaches of Hedley Bull and Noam Chomsky

Are anarchy and the law antithetical? Not so, as for more than 350 years international law has governed a legal order based on anarchy; wherein no central authority exists and law functions not on the basis of coercion but on cooperation whereby States must agree to each specific laws before it is bound by its obligations. This article contemplates two manners in which an anarchist might consider international law interesting: first, as a legal system which governs an anarchical society as described by Hedley Bull in line with the English School of International Relations; and second, as a manifestation of a State system which, though illegitimate can be utilized, as Noam Chomsky does, for tactical reasons to demonstrate its inconsistencies and thus weakening the system with the ultimate aim being its implosion

Noam Chomsky, un représentant de la tradition humaniste et critique en éducation

Noam Chomsky, figure notoire du cognitivisme innéiste en psycholinguistique, est aussi un important penseur américain et activiste politique ayant écrit sur une multitude de sujets, issus de domaines variés : politique interne et étrangère des États-Unis, critique des médias de masse et enjeux sociaux liés aux droits de l’Homme, pour ne nommer que ceux-ci. Par contre, et malgré l’abondance de ses écrits à ce propos, Chomsky est, à ce jour, très peu étudié en philosophie de l’éducation : ce mémoire de maîtrise s’inscrit ainsi dans une perspective d’exploration, de définition et d’analyse de la pensée éducative chomskyenne, dans le but de présenter et réfléchir la portée possible d’une telle pensée dans l’axe philosophique des recherches en éducation. Devant la rareté, voire l’absence de recherches francophones et anglophones concernant notre objet d’étude, plus d’une centaine de livres, articles, entrevues et vidéos portant sur la philosophie chomskyenne et celle de grands penseurs humanistes, critiques ou opposés aux postulats chomskyens ont été retenus, lus et analysés dans le cadre de ce projet. Deux objectifs précis ont guidé ce mémoire : d’abord, présenter et analyser la pensée éducative chomskyenne en regard de ses fondements philosophiques et de ses ancrages intellectuels dans les traditions humaniste et critique en philosophie éducative, puis mettre en lumière l’unicité de cette pensée par rapport à ces traditions et à quelques courants opposés en éducation. Au terme de ce mémoire, nous espérons ainsi répondre aux questions suivantes : dans quelle mesure Chomsky s’inscrit-il dans les traditions humaniste et critique en éducation? Peut-il être considéré comme un héritier de la pensée de certains philosophes particuliers? En quoi sa pensée, relative à la philosophie de l’éducation, est-elle pertinente et innovante pour ce domaine fondamental? Et, finalement, quelles critiques pouvons-nous lui adresser?

Chomsky, maestro del pensamiento actual.

Se realiza un análisis de la Gramática Generativo Transformadora de la Lingüística de Chomsky. Chomsky descubre una gramática universal de interés para los lingüistas como teoría lingüística para aprender una lengua.

Linguagem e política no pensamento de Avram Noam Chomsky

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Linguagem e política no pensamento de Chomsky

Neste livro, de grande profundidade e escrito com linguagem clara e acessível, Leonardo Borges Reis busca apontar as articulações entre o pensamento político e a teoria linguística de Avram Noam Chomsky (1928). Por conta principalmente de sua postura de resistência à política externa de seu país, Chomsky é conhecido internacionalmente como um importante ativista da nova esquerda norte-americana. Apesar de seu ativismo ter despontado durante a Guerra do Vietnã, ele inclinou-se às ideias libertárias ainda muito jovem - começou a refletir sobre as semelhanças entre o programa fascista e o Ocidente democrático em plena adolescência, ao se ater à posição dos anarquistas durante a Guerra Civil Espanhola. Mas, nos anos 1960, Chomsky, professor do Massachusetts Institute of Technology, tornou-se revolucionário também na Linguística, ao introduzir uma das mais notáveis criações teóricas dessa área de conhecimento: a gramática gerativa. A teoria que a linguagem humana se assenta sobre a manifestação de estruturas abstratas universais, que tornam possível a aprendizagem de sistemas particulares de línguas. A manifestação da linguagem dependeria, dessa forma, do estímulo do contexto linguístico e do emprego de estruturas universais, subjacentes aos humanos. De acordo com Reis, esse quadro mostra que, apesar do enorme desenvolvimento e alcance das ideias de Chomsky, o conjunto de seu pensamento permanece imerso em relações aparentemente enigmáticas: Referimo-nos aqui às ligações entre sua teoria da linguagem e sua obra política. Normalmente, as referências encontradas sobre Chomsky oscilam entre dois territórios de fronteiras supostamente intransponíveis: de um lado, encontra-se o político, e, do outro, o linguista. No entanto, ainda conforme o autor, mesmo com a divisão entre a obra de ativismo e de Linguística, é possível identificar breves incursões de Chomsky no campo de uma teoria social, baseada em ...

Injustiça e poder segundo Noam Chomsky

Injustice and power according to Noam Chomsky. In the beginning of the Politics, Aristotle establishes the two lesser forms of sociability: the relationships between man and woman and between master and the slave. In this context, he observes that “Hellenes are natural masters of barbarians” and the reason is that Greeks know philosophy and barbarians still resort to violence (ARISTOTLE, Politics, 1252a.). Shortly after defines “just war” as a war that has a fair cause, that is, which is well justified by philosophy or a fair speech (ARISTOTLE, Politics, 1255a.). This scene briefly expresses the manner in which the USA understands their role in the contemporary world. Chomsky points out the political use of massive military force of his country and denounces how it articulates internally and externally. He affirms that politics is excessively submitted to “ideology”, to doxa, as opposed to natural sciences. His militancy, thus, only advocates freedom and unrestricted right to information. In Camelot, the Kennedy years (1993), for example, the MIT’s professor collects information from congressmen’s speeches and government officials and from secret documents made public and he explicits the methods and actions of the US government. Thereby he can conclude that the US has, for historical reasons, an internal posture that is advocate or contrary to what they imposes to other countries. Power and justice on the one hand, force and injustice on the other –according to their own political discourse.

Prof. Noam Chomsky en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras (UBA): "60 años de Gramática Generativa: pasado, presente y futuro de la teoría lingüística"

Fil: Stamboni, Juan Luis. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Prof. Noam Chomsky en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras (UBA): "60 años de Gramática Generativa: pasado, presente y futuro de la teoría lingüística"

Fil: Stamboni, Juan Luis. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Prof. Noam Chomsky en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras (UBA): "60 años de Gramática Generativa: pasado, presente y futuro de la teoría lingüística"

Fil: Stamboni, Juan Luis. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Living with the Legacy of Conquest and Culture : Social Justice Leadership in Education and the Indigenous Peoples of Australia and America

Indigenous peoples have survived the most inhumane acts and violations against them. Despite acts of genocide, Aboriginal Australians and Native Americans have survived. The impact of the past 500 years cannot be separated from understandings of education for Native Americans in the same way that the impact of the past 220 years cannot be separated from the understandings of Australian Aboriginal people’s experiences of education. This chapter is about comparisons in Aboriginal and Native American communities and their collision with the dominant, white European settlers who came to Australia and America. Chomsky (Intervention in Vietnam and Central America: parallels and differences. In: Peck J (ed) The Chomsky Reader. Pantheon Books, New York, p 315, 1987) once remarked that if one took two historical events and compared them for similarities and differences, you would find both. The real test was whether on the similarities they were significant. The position of the coauthors of this chapter is in the affirmative and we take this occasion to lay them out for analysis and review. The chapter begins with a discussion of the historical legacy of oppression and colonization impacting upon Indigenous peoples in Australia and in the United States, followed by a discussion of the plight of Indigenous children in a specific State in America. Through the lens of social justice, we examine those issues and attitudes that continue to subjugate these same peoples in the economic and educational systems of both nations. The final part of the chapter identifies some implications for school leadership.

Contributions to the Theory of Finite-State Based Grammars

This dissertation is a theoretical study of finite-state based grammars used in natural language processing. The study is concerned with certain varieties of finite-state intersection grammars (FSIG) whose parsers define regular relations between surface strings and annotated surface strings. The study focuses on the following three aspects of FSIGs: (i) Computational complexity of grammars under limiting parameters In the study, the computational complexity in practical natural language processing is approached through performance-motivated parameters on structural complexity. Each parameter splits some grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy into an infinite set of subset approximations. When the approximations are regular, they seem to fall into the logarithmic-time hierarchyand the dot-depth hierarchy of star-free regular languages. This theoretical result is important and possibly relevant to grammar induction. (ii) Linguistically applicable structural representations Related to the linguistically applicable representations of syntactic entities, the study contains new bracketing schemes that cope with dependency links, left- and right branching, crossing dependencies and spurious ambiguity. New grammar representations that resemble the Chomsky-Schützenberger representation of context-free languages are presented in the study, and they include, in particular, representations for mildly context-sensitive non-projective dependency grammars whose performance-motivated approximations are linear time parseable. (iii) Compilation and simplification of linguistic constraints Efficient compilation methods for certain regular operations such as generalized restriction are presented. These include an elegant algorithm that has already been adopted as the approach in a proprietary finite-state tool. In addition to the compilation methods, an approach to on-the-fly simplifications of finite-state representations for parse forests is sketched. These findings are tightly coupled with each other under the theme of locality. I argue that the findings help us to develop better, linguistically oriented formalisms for finite-state parsing and to develop more efficient parsers for natural language processing. Avainsanat: syntactic parsing, finite-state automata, dependency grammar, first-order logic, linguistic performance, star-free regular approximations, mildly context-sensitive grammars