Relationship among children’s perception of parental relationship and parental empathy and prosocial behaviour during childhood

The objective of this work is to study if children’s perception of parental relationship and parental empathy can predict prosocial behaviour during childhood. The sample was composed of 934 Argentine children, aged 9 to 12, of middle socio-economical level. The participants completed Argentine scale of Children Perception of Parental relationship (richaud de Minzi, 2007), an Argentine adaptation of scale of Prosocial Behaviour (Caprara and Pastorelli, 1993) and a questionnaire to measure children’s perception of parental empathy (richaud de Minzi, 2006). structural equations modelling (sEM) analyses were conducted to explore our hypotheses. Six theoretical models fit the data very well. The results showed that parental styles of acceptance and pathological control impact on children prosocial behavior. Children’s perception of parental empathy was positively associated with children prosocial behavior. Finally, parental acceptance and pathological control were associated with children’s perception of parental empathy, but negligent parental behaviour did not.  

La "sortie de guerre" des enfants français : le cas des lettres envoyées au président Woodrow Wilson (1918‐1919)

L’application aux civils du concept de « sortie de guerre » offre aux historiens de nouvelles pistes de recherche. Bien que la mobilisation culturelle de l’enfance dans la Grande Guerre ait fait l’objet de plusieurs études depuis les dernières années, le processus de démobilisation reste, quant à lui, peu exploré. Ce mémoire s’intéressera donc à la « sortie de guerre » chez les enfants français, à travers des sources inédites : des lettres adressées au président des États-Unis, Woodrow Wilson, à la fin de 1918. L’analyse met en lumière la perception des enfants sur la paix, la guerre, les Américains, et les changements de leur quotidien depuis l’armistice. Après une première partie historiographique, le deuxième chapitre portera sur la représentation de Wilson, des Américains et de la paix. Dans le dernier chapitre seront analysés le quotidien des enfants dans les mois suivant l’armistice, les représentations de la guerre et le processus de démobilisation. Fin 1918, la guerre tient encore beaucoup de place dans les propos des enfants et peu de signes de démobilisation émergent de leurs lettres. Ainsi, le président américain est représenté comme le sauveur de la France et le grand vainqueur de la guerre plutôt qu’en apôtre de la paix. Le sujet principal des lettres porte ainsi sur la reconnaissance et la gratitude des enfants envers le président et les États-Unis pour leur participation à la guerre et pour l’aide à la victoire. Les valeurs et le passé communs entre les deux pays alliés, exploités par la propagande de guerre, sont soulignés par les enfants. La fin de la guerre commence à peine à se faire ressentir dans le quotidien des enfants. La période est marquée par les célébrations de la victoire. De plus, la peur tend à s’atténuer avec la fin des violences de guerre et des nouveaux deuils. Les perturbations de la guerre demeurent cependant chez plusieurs enfants, particulièrement chez les réfugiés et les orphelins de guerre : la pauvreté, les séparations familiales et les privations alimentaires en affectent ainsi plusieurs. La perpétuation de ce climat de guerre influence la démobilisation des enfants, qui manifestent leur patriotisme et leur haine de l’ennemi. Les représentations de l’ennemi et des combattants du temps de la guerre prévalent donc encore, mais les enfants expriment néanmoins leur lassitude du conflit et leur désir d’un rapide retour à la normale.

The influence of culture on parental styles in social vulnerability contexts

The objectives of this study are: (a) to analyze if the relationship between parenting dimensions and children adjustment regarding coping strategies are similar in Argentinian and Spanish samples within poverty contexts; (b) to compare parental dimensions in the two groups studied, and (c) to determine the efficiency of parenting through the study of their influence in children coping strategies. The Graffar-Méndez Castellano Scale (Méndez-Castellano & Méndez, 1994), that brings a socioeconomic description of the population; an Argentinian Scale of Children Perception of Parental Relationships for 8 to 12 years of age (Richaud, 2007a), and the Argentine Questionnaire of Coping for children (Richaud, 2006) were administered to a sample of 458 Spanish and Argentinian children from 8 to 12 years old. Correlations were carried out to analyze the relationships between parenting dimensions and children coping strategies in both groups, and MANOVA, to study if there were different parental dimensions in the two groups —Argentina and Spain—, and to analyze if there were differences in children coping strategies. The results indicate that correlational pattern is similar in both groups, but parental dimensions are different for each culture, being the Argentinian parents more neglectful than Spanish parents. At the same time, Argentinian children adopt coping strategies less efficient that the Spanish children ones, involving in that way a greater emotional conflict.

Educação em saúde bucal na escola: uma análise dos sujeitos envolvidos no processo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeitos da informação comportamental na dinâmica intrínseca do controle postural

Esse estudo teve como objetivo examinar possíveis alterações na dinâmica intrínseca de crianças e adultos decorrentes de informações externas na realização de uma tarefa de manutenção da postura ereta. Participaram do estudo dez crianças de 8 anos de idade e dez adultos jovens de ambos os gêneros. Eles permaneceram na posição ereta dentro de uma sala móvel que foi movimentada continuamente para frente e para trás. Os participantes recebiam informação sobre o movimento da sala e eram solicitados a não oscilar ou a oscilar junto com o movimento da mesma. Os resultados mostraram que a manipulação da informação visual induziu oscilação corporal correspondente (dinâmica intrínseca) em crianças e adultos. Informação sobre o movimento da sala e solicitação de uma ação (informação comportamental) alteraram o relacionamento entre informação visual e oscilação corporal. Crianças apresentaram mais dificuldades em alterar a dinâmica intrínseca do que adultos, indicando que elas são mais dependentes da dinâmica intrínseca do que adultos. Esses resultados trazem implicações importantes para a situação de ensino-aprendizagem, pois indica que aprendizagem envolvendo crianças deve ser estruturada propiciando condições mais favoráveis para alterações na dinâmica intrínseca para que os objetivos da mesma sejam alcançados.

Investigation of auditory processing disorder and language impairment using the speech-evoked auditory brainstem response

This study investigated whether there are differences in the Speech-Evoked Auditory Brainstem Response among children with Typical Development (TD), (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder (C) APD, and Language Impairment (LI). The speech-evoked Auditory Brainstem Response was tested in 57 children (ages 6-12). The children were placed into three groups: TD (n = 18), (C)APD (n = 18) and LI (n = 21). Speech-evoked ABR were elicited using the five-formant syllable/da/. Three dimensions were defined for analysis, including timing, harmonics, and pitch. A comparative analysis of the responses between the typical development children and children with (C)APD and LI revealed abnormal encoding of the speech acoustic features that are characteristics of speech perception in children with (C)APD and LI, although the two groups differed in their abnormalities. While the children with (C)APD might had a greater difficulty distinguishing stimuli based on timing cues, the children with LI had the additional difficulty of distinguishing speech harmonics, which are important to the identification of speech sounds. These data suggested that an inefficient representation of crucial components of speech sounds may contribute to the difficulties with language processing found in children with LI. Furthermore, these findings may indicate that the neural processes mediated by the auditory brainstem differ among children with auditory processing and speech-language disorders. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Get the picture? The effects of iconicity on toddlers' reenactment from picture books

What do toddlers learn from everyday picture-book reading interactions? To date, there has been scant research exploring this question. In this study, the authors adapted a standard imitation procedure to examine 18- to 30-month-olds' ability to learn how to reenact a novel action sequence from a picture book. The results provide evidence that toddlers can imitate specific target actions on novel real-world objects on the basis of a picture-book interaction. Children's imitative performance after the reading interaction varied both as a function of age and the level of iconicity of the pictures in the book. These findings are discussed in terms of children's emerging symbolic capacity and the flexibility of the cognitive representation.

Ser um bom pai

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.

As crianças perante as novas famílias: famílias monoparentais vs famílias tradicionais: um estudo exploratório

Nos últimos anos, devido às mudanças estruturais, relacionais e sociais, a família detém agora configurações diferentes; diferentes formas de atuar na sociedade e perceções diferentes consoante a faixa etária dos seus elementos. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar e compreender a perceção das crianças de duas das diversas formas de família existentes, a família tradicional (FTr) e a família monoparental (FMn). Participaram no estudo 29 crianças, das quais 17 de famílias tradicionais e 12 de famílias monoparentais de ambos os sexos e com idades compreendidas entre os 8 e os 10 anos de idade. Para a recolha dos dados foi utilizada uma entrevista semiestruturada e os resultados obtidos resultaram da análise de conteúdo das respostas dos/as participantes. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a FTr é percebida pelas crianças de FTr e FMn, participantes no estudo, como sendo aquela que apresenta mais aspetos positivos e é percebida como sendo a família ideal. No entanto, a FMn apesar de ser percecionada menos positivamente, pelas crianças de ambos os grupos, pela perceção das crianças de FMn podemos inferir e realçar o fato positivo de que estas famílias têm capacidade de lidar com as adversidades e, tal como as FTr, são capazes de promover o bem-estar das suas crianças; Abstract: In recent years, due to changes in structural, relational and social, the family have now different settings, different forms to act acting in society, and different perceptions depending on the age of its elements. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify and understand the perceptions of children of two of the various forms of Family exist. Participated in the study, 29 children, of which 17 traditional families and 12 single-parent families of both gender and with ages understood between the 8 and 10 years of age. For the collection of data was used a semistructured interview and the results obtained resulted from the content analysis of the responses from the participants. The results obtained, suggest that the traditional family is perceived by children of traditional families and single-parent families study participants as being one that has more positive aspects and is perceived as being the ideal family. However, the single-parent family, despite being perceived less positively by the children of both groups, through the children's perception we can infer and highlight the positive fact that these families have the capacity to deal with adversities and, like the FTr, are able to promote the welfare of their children.

Assessing the overuse of antibiotics in children with URTIs in Saudi Arabia : development of the parental perception on antibiotics scale (PAPA scale)

Background: Antibiotic overuse is influenced by several factors that can only be measured using a valid and reliable psychosocial measurement instrument. This study aims to establish translation and early stage validation of an instrument recently developed by this research team to measure factors influencing the overuse of antibiotics in children with upper respiratory tract infections in Saudi Arabia. Method: The content evaluation panel was composed of area experts approached using the Delphi Technique. Experts were provided with the questionnaires iteratively, on a three-round basis until consensus on the relevance of items was reached independently. Translation was achieved by adapting Brislin’s model of translation. Results: After going through the iterative process with the experts, consensus was reached to 58 items (including demographics). Experts also pointed out some issues related to ambiguity and redundancy in some items. A final Arabic version was produced from the translation process. Conclusion: This study produced preliminary validation of the developed instrument from the experts’ contributions. Then, the instrument was translated from English to Arabic. The instrument will undergo further validation steps in the future, such as construct validity.

Assessing the overuse of antibiotics in children in Saudi Arabia : validation of the parental perception on antibiotics scale (PAPA scale)

Background Antibiotics overuse is a global public health issue influenced by several factors, of which some are parent-related psychosocial factors that can only be measured using valid and reliable psychosocial measurement instruments. The PAPA scale was developed to measure these factors and the content validity of this instrument was assessed. Aim This study further validated the recently developed instrument in terms of (1) face validity and (2) construct validity including: deciding the number and nature of factors, and item selection. Methods Questionnaires were self-administered to parents of children between the ages of 0 and 12 years old. Parents were conveniently recruited from schools’ parental meetings in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Face validity was assessed with regards to questionnaire clarity and unambiguity. Construct validity and item selection processes were conducted using Exploratory factor analysis. Results Parallel analysis and Exploratory factor analysis using principal axis factoring produced six factors in the developed instrument: knowledge and beliefs, behaviours, sources of information, adherence, awareness about antibiotics resistance, and parents’ perception regarding doctors’ prescribing behaviours. Reliability was assessed (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.78) which demonstrates the instrument as being reliable. Conclusion The ‘factors’ produced in this study coincide with the constructs contextually identified in the development phase of other instruments used to study antibiotic use. However, no other study considering perceptions of antibiotic use had gone beyond content validation of such instruments. This study is the first to constructively validate the factors underlying perceptions regarding antibiotic use in any population and in parents in particular.

Accuracy of weight status perception in contemporary Australian children and adolescents

Aim: To explore weight status perception and its relation to actual weight status in a contemporary cohort of 5- to 17-year-old children and adolescents. Methods: Body mass index (BMI), derived from height and weight measurements, and perception of weight status (‘too thin’, ‘about right’ and ‘too fat’) were evaluated in 3043 participants from the Healthy Kids Queensland Survey. In children less than 12 years of age, weight status perception was obtained from the parents, whereas the adolescents self-reported their perceived weight status. Results: Compared with measured weight status by established BMI cut-offs, just over 20% of parents underestimated their child's weight status and only 1% overestimated. Adolescent boys were more likely to underestimate their weight status compared with girls (26.4% vs. 10.2%, P < 0.05) whereas adolescent girls were more likely to overestimate than underestimate (11.8% vs. 3.4%, P < 0.05). Underestimation was greater by parents of overweight children compared with those of obese children, but still less than 50% of parents identified their obese child as ‘too fat’. There was greater recognition of overweight status in the adolescents, with 83% of those who were obese reporting they were ‘too fat’. Conclusion: Whilst there was a high degree of accuracy of weight status perception in those of healthy weight, there was considerable underestimation of weight status, particularly by parents of children who were overweight or obese. Strategies are required that enable parents to identify what a healthy weight looks like and help them understand when intervention is needed to prevent further weight gain as the child gets older.

Children's advertising literacy for advergames : perception of the game as advertising

This study examined whether children recognized advergames as a type of advertising and the efficacy of an advertising literacy program. Results indicated that without the advertising literacy education, about three-quarters of the children did not recognize advergames as a type of advertising. However, those with advertising literacy education showed a significantly enhanced understanding. Also, a series of mediation tests showed that recognition of advertising was an indirect-only mediator between the advertising literacy and skeptical attitudes toward advertising. Only those who viewed the advergame as a type of advertising demonstrated more skeptical attitudes toward it.

Self-perception in overweight and obese children: a cross-sectional study

Aim The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between obesity and self-esteem in children in relation to specific domains of their self-perception, and further to explore the extent to which this may vary by gender and economic circumstances. Method A total of 211 children aged 8–9 years drawn from both advantaged and disadvantaged areas of Belfast completed the Harter Self-Perception Profile for Children and measures of body mass index were obtained. Results Overweight, impoverished children had significantly reduced social acceptance and physical competence scores. Boys had significantly lower scores than girls in the behavioural conduct domain. Girls had significantly lower scores than boys for the athletic competence. Conclusion These results suggest that risk factors of increased weight and impoverished backgrounds have a combined negative effect, placing some children at increased risk of having lower self-perceptions in some, but not all domains. Health interventions for childhood obesity should consider the likelihood of specific relationships between physical and psychosocial factors.