Antimicrobial drug administration errors identified in Brazilian multicentric study

Medication administration errors (MAE) are the most frequent kind of medication errors. Errors with antimicrobial drugs (AD) are relevant because they may interfere inpatient safety and in the development of microbial resistance. The aim of this study is to analyze the AD errors detected in a Brazilian multicentric study of MAE. It was a devcriptive and explorotory study carried out in clinical units in five Brazilian teaching hospitals. The hospitals were investigated during 30 days. MAE were detected by observation technique. MAE were classified in categories: wrong route(WR), wrong patient(WP), wrong dose(WD) wrong time (WT) and unordered drug (UD). AD with MA E were classified by Anatomical-Therapeutical-Chemical Classification System. AD with narrow therapeutic index (NTI) wet-e identified A descriptive statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 11.5 software. A total of 1500 errors were observed, 277 (18.5%) of them were error with AD. The hopes of AD error were: WT87.7%, QD 6.9%, WR 1.5%, UD 3.2% and WP 0.7%. The number of AD found was 36. The mostly ATC class were fluoroquinolones 13.9%, combinations of penicillin 13.9%, macrolides 8.3% and third-generation cephalosporines 5.6%. The parenteral drug dosage form was associated with 55.6% of AD. 16.7% of AD were NTI. 47.4% of WD and 21.8% WT were with NTI drugs. This study shows that these errors should be considered potential areas for improvement in the medication process and patient safety plus there is requirement to develop rational drug use of AD.

Mantle source heterogeneity, magma generation and magmatic evolution at Terceira Island (Azoresarchipelago): Constraints from elemental and isotopic (Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb) data

This work addresses the present-day (<100 ka) mantle heterogeneity in the Azores region through the study of two active volcanic systems from Terceira Island. Our study shows that mantle heterogeneities are detectable even when "coeval" volcanic systems (Santa Barbara and Fissural) erupted less than 10 km away. These volcanic systems, respectively, reflect the influence of the Terceira and D. Joao de Castro Bank end-members defined by Beier et at (2008) for the Terceira Rift Santa Barbara magmas are interpreted to be the result of mixing between a HIMU-type component, carried to the upper mantle by the Azores plume, and the regional depleted MORB magmas/source. Fissural lavas are characterized by higher Ba/Nb and Nb/U ratios and less radiogenic Pb-206/Pb-204, Nd-143/Nd-144 and Hf-176/Hf-177, requiring the small contribution of delaminated sub-continental lithospheric mantle residing in the upper mantle. Published noble gas data on lavas from both volcanic systems also indicate the presence of a relatively undegassed component, which is interpreted as inherited from a lower mantle reservoir sampled by the ascending Azores plume. As inferred from trace and major elements, melting began in the garnet stability field, while magma extraction occurred within the spinel zone. The intra-volcanic system's chemical heterogeneity is mainly explained by variable proportions of the above-mentioned local end-members and by crystal fractionation processes. (C) 2011 Elsevier By. All rights reserved.

Uso de medicamentos por idosos em região do sul do Brasil

OBJETIVO: Descrever o uso de medicamentos por idosos, avaliar a presença de polifarmácia, os efeitos de características sociodemográficas e as condições de saúde no uso da medicação. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa de estudo transversal, realizado em 2001 e 2002, em Porto Alegre, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em uma amostra de 215 idosos. Os dados sobre o uso de medicamentos foram coletados por meio de um questionário preenchido durante visita domiciliar. Os medicamentos foram classificados de acordo com Anatomical-Therapeutical-Chemical Classification System. RESULTADOS: Dos entrevistados, 141 (66%) eram mulheres; 117 (54%) na faixa etária entre 60 e 70 anos, 157 (73%) brancos, 115 (53%) tinham companheiros(as) e 145 (67%) cursaram até o ensino fundamental. A prevalência de uso de medicação foi de 91% (n=195). Na semana anterior à entrevista foram utilizados 697 medicamentos, com média de 3,2 (DP=2,5) medicamentos por pessoa. Do total da amostra, 187 (87%) haviam realizado no mínimo uma consulta médica no último ano, 71 (33%) pessoas usavam medicamento sem prescrição médica e em 57 (27%) casos foi caracterizada polifarmácia. CONCLUSÕES: Constatou-se padrão elevado de uso de medicamentos entre pessoas de faixa etária igual ou superior a 60 anos que vivem na comunidade, com pequenas variações conforme as condições de saúde e características sociodemográficas.

Consumo de medicamentos por idosos, Goiânia, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Analisar o padrão de consumo de medicamentos entre idosos e sua associação com aspectos socioeconômicos e autopercepção de saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo de base populacional e delineamento transversal com 934 idosos de Goiânia, GO, Brasil, entre dezembro de 2009 e abril de 2010. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário. As variáveis estudadas foram: número de medicamentos consumidos, sexo, estado civil, escolaridade, tipo de moradia, idade, renda e autopercepção de saúde. Os medicamentos foram classificados segundo o Anatomical Therapeutic and Chemical Classification. Os medicamentos impróprios para idosos foram identificados segundo o Critério de Beers-Fick. Os testes utilizados foram Qui-quadrado (X²) e exato de Fisher e p foi considerado significativo quando < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os idosos consumiam 2.846 medicamentos (3,63 medicamentos/idoso). Os mais usuais atuavam no aparelho cardiovascular (38,6%). A prevalência de polifarmácia foi de 26,4% e da automedicação de 35,7%. Os medicamentos mais ingeridos por automedicação foram os analgésicos (30,8%); 24,6% dos idosos consumia medicamento considerado impróprio. Mulheres, viúvos, idosos com 80 anos ou mais e com pior autopercepção de saúde praticavam mais a polifarmácia. A maior prática da automedicação esteve associada com menor escolaridade e pior autopercepção de saúde. CONCLUSÕES: O padrão do consumo de medicamentos por idosos foi semelhante ao encontrado em idosos de outras regiões do Brasil. O número de medicamentos usados, a prevalência das práticas da polifarmácia e automedicação e consumo de medicamentos impróprios estiveram dentro da média nacional.

Legal and health variations in drug litigation injunctions granted in Minas Gerais

OBJECTIVE To investigate the factors related to the granting of preliminary court orders [injunctions] in drug litigations. METHODS A retrospective descriptive study of drug lawsuits in the State of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil, was conducted from October 1999 to 2009. The database consists of 6,112 lawsuits, out of which 6,044 had motions for injunctions and 5,167 included the requisition of drugs. Those with more than one beneficiary were excluded, which totaled 5,072 examined suits. The variables for complete, partial, and suppressed motions were treated as dependent and assessed in relation to those that were independent – lawsuits (year, type, legal representation, defendant, court in which it was filed, adjudication time), drugs (level five of the anatomical therapeutic chemical classification), and diseases (chapter of the International Classification of Diseases). Statistical analyses were performed using the Chi-square test. RESULTS Out of the 5,072 lawsuits with injunctions, 4,184 (82.5%) had the injunctions granted. Granting varied from 95.8% of the total lawsuits in 2004 to 76.9% in 2008. Where there was legal representation, granting exceeded 80.0% and in lawsuits without representation, it did not exceed 66.9%. In public civil actions (89.1%), granting was higher relative to ordinary lawsuits (82.8%) and injunctions (80.1%). Federal courts granted only 68.6% of the injunctions, while the state courts granted 84.8%. Diseases of the digestive system and neoplasms received up to 87.0% in granting, while diseases of the nervous system, mental and behavioral disorders, and diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue received granting below 78.6% and showed a high proportion of suspended injunctions (10.9%). Injunctions involving paroxetine, somatropin, and ferrous sulfate drugs were all granted, while less than 54.0% of those involving escitalopram, sodium diclofenac, and nortriptyline were granted. CONCLUSIONS There are significant differences in the granting of injunctions, depending on the procedural and clinical variances. Important trends in the pattern of judicial action were observed, particularly, in the reduced granting [of injunctions] over the period.

Disease identification based on ambulatory drugs dispensation and in-hospital ICD-10 diagnoses: a comparison.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacy-based case mix measures are an alternative source of information to the relatively scarce outpatient diagnoses data. But most published tools use national drug nomenclatures and offer no head-to-head comparisons between drugs-related and diagnoses-based categories. The objective of the study was to test the accuracy of drugs-based morbidity groups derived from the World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification of drugs by checking them against diagnoses-based groups. METHODS: We compared drugs-based categories with their diagnoses-based analogues using anonymous data on 108,915 individuals insured with one of four companies. They were followed throughout 2005 and 2006 and hospitalized at least once during this period. The agreement between the two approaches was measured by weighted kappa coefficients. The reproducibility of the drugs-based morbidity measure over the 2 years was assessed for all enrollees. RESULTS: Eighty percent used a drug associated with at least one of the 60 morbidity categories derived from drugs dispensation. After accounting for inpatient under-coding, fifteen conditions agreed sufficiently with their diagnoses-based counterparts to be considered alternative strategies to diagnoses. In addition, they exhibited good reproducibility and allowed prevalence estimates in accordance with national estimates. For 22 conditions, drugs-based information identified accurately a subset of the population defined by diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Most categories provide insurers with health status information that could be exploited for healthcare expenditure prediction or ambulatory cost control, especially when ambulatory diagnoses are not available. However, due to insufficient concordance with their diagnoses-based analogues, their use for morbidity indicators is limited.

Antipsychotic polypharmacy in a regional health service: a population-based study

Background To analyse the extent and profile of outpatient regular dispensation of antipsychotics, both in combination and monotherapy, in the Barcelona Health Region (Spain), focusing on the use of clozapine and long-acting injections (LAI). Methods Antipsychotic drugs dispensed for people older than 18 and processed by the Catalan Health Service during 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. First and second generation antipsychotic drugs (FGA and SGA) from the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification (ATC) code N05A (except lithium) were included. A patient selection algorithm was designed to identify prescriptions regularly dispensed. Variables included were age, gender, antipsychotic type, route of administration and number of packages dispensed. Results A total of 117,811 patients were given any antipsychotic, of whom 71,004 regularly received such drugs. Among the latter, 9,855 (13.9%) corresponded to an antipsychotic combination, 47,386 (66.7%) to monotherapy and 13,763 (19.4%) to unspecified combinations. Of the patients given antipsychotics in association, 58% were men. Olanzapine (37.1%) and oral risperidone (36.4%) were the most common dispensations. Analysis of the patients dispensed two antipsychotics (57.8%) revealed 198 different combinations, the most frequent being the association of FGA and SGA (62.0%). Clozapine was dispensed to 2.3% of patients. Of those who were receiving antipsychotics in combination, 6.6% were given clozapine, being clozapine plus amisulpride the most frequent association (22.8%). A total of 3.800 patients (5.4%) were given LAI antipsychotics, and 2.662 of these (70.1%) were in combination. Risperidone was the most widely used LAI. Conclusions The scant evidence available regarding the efficacy of combining different antipsychotics contrasts with the high number and variety of combinations prescribed to outpatients, as well as with the limited use of clozapine. Background To analyse the extent and profile of outpatient regular dispensation of antipsychotics, both in combination and monotherapy, in the Barcelona Health Region (Spain), focusing on the use of clozapine and long-acting injections (LAI). Methods Antipsychotic drugs dispensed for people older than 18 and processed by the Catalan Health Service during 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. First and second generation antipsychotic drugs (FGA and SGA) from the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification (ATC) code N05A (except lithium) were included. A patient selection algorithm was designed to identify prescriptions regularly dispensed. Variables included were age, gender, antipsychotic type, route of administration and number of packages dispensed. Results A total of 117,811 patients were given any antipsychotic, of whom 71,004 regularly received such drugs. Among the latter, 9,855 (13.9%) corresponded to an antipsychotic combination, 47,386 (66.7%) to monotherapy and 13,763 (19.4%) to unspecified combinations. Of the patients given antipsychotics in association, 58% were men. Olanzapine (37.1%) and oral risperidone (36.4%) were the most common dispensations. Analysis of the patients dispensed two antipsychotics (57.8%) revealed 198 different combinations, the most frequent being the association of FGA and SGA (62.0%). Clozapine was dispensed to 2.3% of patients. Of those who were receiving antipsychotics in combination, 6.6% were given clozapine, being clozapine plus amisulpride the most frequent association (22.8%). A total of 3.800 patients (5.4%) were given LAI antipsychotics, and 2.662 of these (70.1%) were in combination. Risperidone was the most widely used LAI. Conclusions The scant evidence available regarding the efficacy of combining different antipsychotics contrasts with the high number and variety of combinations prescribed to outpatients, as well as with the limited use of clozapine.

Utilização de medicamentos durante a gravidez na cidade de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

OBJETIVO: estudar o uso de medicamentos por gestantes atendidas durante o pré-natal em unidades básicas do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) na cidade de Natal, rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. MÉTODOS: foram entrevistadas 610 grávidas, entre o primeiro e o terceiro trimestre de gestação, que compareceram para consulta pré-natal em unidades de saúde localizadas nos quatro distritos sanitários de Natal, entre maio e julho de 2006. Os dados foram coletados com entrevistas estruturadas, baseando-se em perguntas uso-orientadas e medicamento-orientadas. Os fármacos foram classificados de acordo com o Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC) e segundo critérios de risco para a gestação da Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Utilizou-se teste do chi2 para análise dos dados. RESULTADOS: eram utilizados 1.505 medicamentos, obtendo-se uma média de 2,4 drogas por mulher. O uso de pelo menos um fármaco na gravidez foi relatado por 86,6% das gestantes. As classes mais utilizadas foram os antianêmicos (35,6% dos medicamentos), analgésicos (24,9%), drogas para distúrbios gastrintestinais (9,1%) e vitaminas (7%). De acordo com a classificação do FDA, dos medicamentos empregados 42,7% pertencem a categoria A de risco; 27,1% à categoria B, 29,3% à categoria C; 0,3 à categoria D e nenhum à categoria X. Foram usados, no primeiro trimestre da gestação, 43,6% dos fármacos. Observou-se maior uso de medicamentos quanto maior a escolaridade e a renda familiar da mulher. A automedicação ocorreu em 12,2% dos medicamentos; esse índice foi maior no primeiro trimestre de gravidez e em gestantes de baixa escolaridade e multigestas. CONCLUSÕES: as gestantes de Natal estão sendo expostas a uma variedade de medicamentos, cuja segurança na gravidez ainda é incerta, o que exige prescrição criteriosa para evitar possíveis danos ao feto.

Petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous silicic volcanism in SE Uruguay: The role of mantle and crustal sources

Early Cretaceous (similar to 129 Ma) silicic rocks crop out in SE Uruguay between the Laguna Merin and Santa Lucia basins in the Lascano, Sierra Sao Miguel. Salamanca and Minas areas They are mostly rhyolites with minor quartz-trachytes and are nearly contemporaneous with the Parana-Etendeka igneous province and with the first stages of South Atlantic Ocean opening A strong geochemical variability (particularly evident from Rb/Nb, Nb/Y trace element ratios) and a wide range of Sr-Nd isotopic ratios ((143)Nd/(144)Nd((129)) = 0.51178-0.51209, (87)Sr/(86)Sr((129)) = 0.70840-0.72417) characterize these rocks Geochemistry allows to distiniguish two compositional groups, corresponding to the north-eastern (Lascano and Sierra Sao Miguel, emplaced on the Neo-Proterozoic southern sector of the Dom Feliciano mobile belt) and south-eastern localities (Salamanca, Minas, emplace on the much older (Archean) Nico Perez teriane or on the boundary between the Dom Feliciano and Nico Perez termites) These compositional differences between the two groups are explained by variable mantle source and crust contributions. The origin of the silicic magmas is best explained by complex processes involving assimilation and fractional crystallization and mixing of a basaltic magma with upper crustal lithologies, for Lascano and Sierra Sao Miguel rhyolites. In the Salamanea and Minas rocks genesis, a stronger contribution from lower crust is indicated.

Avaliação de prescrições em farmácia comunitária universitária

Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - FCFAR

Potencial hidromineral das águas hipertermais do sistema aquífero Guarani no Estado de São Paulo

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Qualidade da água para irrigação na microbacia do Córrego do Coqueiro no Noroeste Paulista

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS

Classificação hidroquímica das águas subterrâneas do Aquífero Serra Geral na porção centro norte do estado de São Paulo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)