Antimicrobial drug administration errors identified in Brazilian multicentric study

Medication administration errors (MAE) are the most frequent kind of medication errors. Errors with antimicrobial drugs (AD) are relevant because they may interfere inpatient safety and in the development of microbial resistance. The aim of this study is to analyze the AD errors detected in a Brazilian multicentric study of MAE. It was a devcriptive and explorotory study carried out in clinical units in five Brazilian teaching hospitals. The hospitals were investigated during 30 days. MAE were detected by observation technique. MAE were classified in categories: wrong route(WR), wrong patient(WP), wrong dose(WD) wrong time (WT) and unordered drug (UD). AD with MA E were classified by Anatomical-Therapeutical-Chemical Classification System. AD with narrow therapeutic index (NTI) wet-e identified A descriptive statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 11.5 software. A total of 1500 errors were observed, 277 (18.5%) of them were error with AD. The hopes of AD error were: WT87.7%, QD 6.9%, WR 1.5%, UD 3.2% and WP 0.7%. The number of AD found was 36. The mostly ATC class were fluoroquinolones 13.9%, combinations of penicillin 13.9%, macrolides 8.3% and third-generation cephalosporines 5.6%. The parenteral drug dosage form was associated with 55.6% of AD. 16.7% of AD were NTI. 47.4% of WD and 21.8% WT were with NTI drugs. This study shows that these errors should be considered potential areas for improvement in the medication process and patient safety plus there is requirement to develop rational drug use of AD.

Residues of b-lactams and quinolones in tissues and milk samples. Confirmatory analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

The aim of this work is to optimize and validate methods for the multiresidue determination of series of families of antibiotics as quinolones, penicillins and cephalosporins included in European regulation in food samples using LC-MS/MS. Different extraction techniques and clean-up applied to antibiotics in meat were compared. The quality parameters were established according with EU guideline. The developed method was applied to 49 positive raw milk samples from animal medicated with different antibiotics; the 63% of the analyzed samples were found to be compliant. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

Discoespondilite Canina : Estudo Retrospectivo de 10 Casos Clínicos

A discoespondilite é uma doença infecciosa rara que afecta, de forma crónica, os discos intervertebrais e as extremidades adjacentes dos corpos vertebrais. Geralmente advém de uma infecção disseminada por via hematógena e os agentes mais frequentes são bacterianos e são principalmente Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., E. Coli e Brucella spp. Também pode ser devida a infecções fúngicas, parasitárias ou migração de corpos estranhos. É caracterizada pela degenerescência do disco intervertebral e lesões escleróticas e proliferativas das extremidades dos corpos vertebrais. O principal sinal clínico desta doença é a hiperestesia paravertebral e alterações da marcha ou relutância ao movimento. Febre e anorexia são menos frequentes do que seria de esperar e os sinais neurológicos são considerados raros. O diagnóstico desta doença é geralmente radiográfico e a determinação do agente pode ser conseguida por cultura de material discal, hemocultura ou urocultura. Podem ser usados meios de imagiologia avançada como TAC e RM para melhor avaliar a extensão das lesões e o envolvimento dos tecidos circunvizinhos. A realização de hemogramas raramente revela alterações significativas embora possa existir leucocitose. O tratamento médico é eficaz em aproximadamente 76% dos casos e deve ser feito com base em cultura e TSA mas, de forma empírica, as cefalosporinas de primeira geração são frequentemente utilizadas. Em alguns casos pode ser necessária a estabilização ou desbridamento cirúrgicos. O estudo retrospectivo realizado no âmbito deste trabalho, teve como objectivo avaliar os sinais clínicos, radiográficos e laboratoriais , assim como o maneio médico e cirúrgico de 10 casos de discoespondilite confirmada radiográfica e clinicamente, num período de 2 anos. Observou-se maior prevalência da doença em machos, em cães jovens e adultos, e raças de grande porte. A região mais afectada foi a junção lombossagrada, e o sinal mais observado foi a dor paraespinhal. No entanto os sinais neurológicos foram mais frequentes do que o descrito. Os agentes isolados em cultura de material discal não foram os mais comuns. O tratamento médico instituído pelos veterinários foi eficaz em 6 dos casos, Foi necessária intervenção cirúrgica em 3 e 1 animal não recuperou totalmente até à conclusão deste estudo.

Antimicrobial drug use and risk factors associated with treatment incidence and mortality in Swiss veal calves reared under improved welfare conditions

Ninety-one Swiss veal farms producing under a label with improved welfare standards were visited between August and December 2014 to investigate risk factors related to antimicrobial drug use and mortality. All herds consisted of own and purchased calves, with a median of 77.4% of purchased calves. The calves' mean age was 29±15days at purchasing and the fattening period lasted at average 120±28 days. The mean carcass weight was 125±12kg. A mean of 58±33 calves were fattened per farm and year, and purchased calves were bought from a mean of 20±17 farms of origin. Antimicrobial drug treatment incidence was calculated with the defined daily dose methodology. The mean treatment incidence (TIADD) was 21±15 daily doses per calf and year. The mean mortality risk was 4.1%, calves died at a mean age of 94±50 days, and the main causes of death were bovine respiratory disease (BRD, 50%) and gastro-intestinal disease (33%). Two multivariable models were constructed, for antimicrobial drug treatment incidence (53 farms) and mortality (91 farms). No quarantine, shared air space for several groups of calves, and no clinical examination upon arrival at the farm were associated with increased antimicrobial treatment incidence. Maximum group size and weight differences >100kg within a group were associated with increased mortality risk, while vaccination and beef breed were associated with decreased mortality risk. The majority of antimicrobial treatments (84.6%) were given as group treatments with oral powder fed through an automatic milk feeding system. Combination products containing chlortetracycline with tylosin and sulfadimidine or with spiramycin were used for 54.9%, and amoxicillin for 43.7% of the oral group treatments. The main indication for individual treatment was BRD (73%). The mean age at the time of treatment was 51 days, corresponding to an estimated weight of 80-100kg. Individual treatments were mainly applied through injections (88.5%), and included administration of fluoroquinolones in 38.3%, penicillines (amoxicillin or benzylpenicillin) in 25.6%, macrolides in 13.1%, tetracyclines in 12.0%, 3th and 4th generation cephalosporines in 4.7%, and florfenicol in 3.9% of the cases. The present study allowed for identifying risk factors for increased antimicrobial drug treatment and mortality. This is an important basis for future studies aiming at reducing treatment incidence and mortality in veal farms. Our results indicate that improvement is needed in the selection of drugs for the treatment of veal calves according to the principles of prudent use of antibiotics.