Inter-lamellar shear resistance confers compressive stiffness in the intervertebral disc: An image-based modelling study on the bovine caudal disc

The intervertebral disc withstands large compressive loads (up to nine times bodyweight in humans) while providing flexibility to the spinal column. At a microstructural level, the outer sheath of the disc (the annulus fibrosus) comprises 12–20 annular layers of alternately crisscrossed collagen fibres embedded in a soft ground matrix. The centre of the disc (the nucleus pulposus) consists of a hydrated gel rich in proteoglycans. The disc is the largest avascular structure in the body and is of much interest biomechanically due to the high societal burden of disc degeneration and back pain. Although the disc has been well characterized at the whole joint scale, it is not clear how the disc tissue microstructure confers its overall mechanical properties. In particular, there have been conflicting reports regarding the level of attachment between adjacent lamellae in the annulus, and the importance of these interfaces to the overall integrity of the disc is unknown. We used a polarized light micrograph of the bovine tail disc in transverse cross-section to develop an image-based finite element model incorporating sliding and separation between layers of the annulus, and subjected the model to axial compressive loading. Validation experiments were also performed on four bovine caudal discs. Interlamellar shear resistance had a strong effect on disc compressive stiffness, with a 40% drop in stiffness when the interface shear resistance was changed from fully bonded to freely sliding. By contrast, interlamellar cohesion had no appreciable effect on overall disc mechanics. We conclude that shear resistance between lamellae confers disc mechanical resistance to compression, and degradation of the interlamellar interface structure may be a precursor to macroscopic disc degeneration.

Diagnóstico epidemiológico de la prevalencia de brucelosis y tuberculosis a traves de las pruebas de campo Rosa de Bengala y Tuberculinica (Ano-caudal) respectivamente en bovinos del municipio de San José de los Remates, Boaco

La presente investigación se realizó con la finalidad de determinar la prevalencia de Brucelosis y Tuberculosis en condiciones tradicionales en hatos de doble propósito en diferentes comarcas del municipio de San José de los Remates. El municipio de San José de los Remates, se encuentra ubicado entre las coordenadas 12º35° de latitud norte y 85º45' longitud oeste, al noroeste del departamento de Boaco, asentado sobre la cordillera de Amerrisque, San José de los Remates se encuentra a 96 km de la capital Managua y a 44 km de la cabecera departamental. Boaco. Se llevó a cabo un estudio preliminar en 72 tincas, con un total 3,992 bovinos muestreados de los cuales se tomaron todas las muestras correspondientes a la zona del municipio antes mencionado siendo analizadas en el laboratorio regional de Juigalpa. Para la detección de anticuerpos contra Brucella abortus se utilizó la prueba de Rosa de Bengala y la prueb a tubercu linica ano-caud al para diagnosticar Tubercul osis. La in formación fue facilitada por los productores acerca de sus explotaciones pecuarias y los resultados en el caso de Rosa de Bengala fueron suministrados por el Departamento de Serología de la Red Nacional de Laboratorio de diagnóstico veterinario Región V. mientras que el de Tuberculosis fue dado por los encargados de la aplicación de tuberculina . Los resultad os manifiestan una prevalencia global de Brucelosis y Tuberculosis Bovina del 0.0% de las comarcas situadas en el municipio.

Development of cell culture from caudal fin and heart of Tor tor (Hamilton-Buchanan)

Tor mahseer (Tor tor), possess high commercial and recreational value as they are potential game as well as food fish of India. Two cell culture systems were developed from fin and heart of T. tor (Hamilton-Buchanan). The explants excised aseptically from fingerling of T. tor were cultured in Leibovitz-15 (L-15) medium with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Radiation of cells started after 72 hours and 48 hours of explant attachment from caudal fin and heart respectively. Confluent monolayer of cells with heterogeneous morphology around fin explants was observed after 7-10 days, where as a homogenous confluent layer of fibroblastic cells from heart explant was observed after 12-13 days. The establishment of cell culture systems from different organs and tissues of commercial important species would facilitates in vitro research.

Caudal neurosecretory system of four hill stream fishes of India

Caudal neurosecretory system is an additional neuroendocrine system found in fishes. Great variation has been observed among different groups of fishes, so far its organization is concerned. Much work has been undertaken on the caudal neurosecretory system of elasmobranchs and teleosts. Large size scattered Dahlgren cells in the posterior end of spinal cord, corresponding to last few vertebrae, with long running axon process and a neurohaemal organ the urophysis are the characteristic features of the system. Although thoroughly investigated in fresh water carps, no work is reported in hill-stream fishes. In an attempt to investigate structure and organization of caudal neurosecretory system in hill-stream fishes, present investigation was undertaken in four hill-stream fish of Indian freshwater namely, Barilius bendelensis, Garra gotyla, Schizothorax plagiostomus and Tor tor. The organization of this system in hill-stream fishes was found to be quite different from that observed in fresh water carps. It displays an organization which is more close to the organization of caudal neurosecretory system observed in elasmobranchs. The features are described and discussed.

Delay activity of saccade-related neurons in the caudal dentate nucleus of the macaque cerebellum.

The caudal dentate nucleus (DN) in lateral cerebellum is connected with two visual/oculomotor areas of the cerebrum: the frontal eye field and lateral intraparietal cortex. Many neurons in frontal eye field and lateral intraparietal cortex produce "delay activity" between stimulus and response that correlates with processes such as motor planning. Our hypothesis was that caudal DN neurons would have prominent delay activity as well. From lesion studies, we predicted that this activity would be related to self-timing, i.e., the triggering of saccades based on the internal monitoring of time. We recorded from neurons in the caudal DN of monkeys (Macaca mulatta) that made delayed saccades with or without a self-timing requirement. Most (84%) of the caudal DN neurons had delay activity. These neurons conveyed at least three types of information. First, their activity was often correlated, trial by trial, with saccade initiation. Correlations were found more frequently in a task that required self-timing of saccades (53% of neurons) than in a task that did not (27% of neurons). Second, the delay activity was often tuned for saccade direction (in 65% of neurons). This tuning emerged continuously during a trial. Third, the time course of delay activity associated with self-timed saccades differed significantly from that associated with visually guided saccades (in 71% of neurons). A minority of neurons had sensory-related activity. None had presaccadic bursts, in contrast to DN neurons recorded more rostrally. We conclude that caudal DN neurons convey saccade-related delay activity that may contribute to the motor preparation of when and where to move.

Jettisoning Ballast or Fuel? Caudal Autotomy and Locomotory Energetics of the Cape Dwarf Gecko Lygodactylus capensis (Gekkonidae)

Many lizard species will shed their tail as a defensive response (e.g., to escape a putative predator or aggressive conspecific). This caudal autotomy incurs a number of costs as a result of loss of the tail itself, loss of resources (i.e., stored in the tail or due to the cost of regeneration), and altered behavior. Few studies have examined the metabolic costs of caudal autotomy. A previous study demonstrated that geckos can move faster after tail loss as a result of reduced weight or friction with the substrate; however, there are no data for the effects of caudal autotomy on locomotory energetics. We examined the effect of tail loss on locomotory costs in the Cape dwarf gecko Lygodactylus capensis (similar to 0.9 g) using a novel method for collecting data on small lizards, a method previously used for arthropods. We measured CO2 production during 5-10 min of exhaustive exercise (in response to stimulus) and during a 45-min recovery period. During exercise, we measured speed (for each meter moved) as well as total distance traveled. Contrary to our expectations, tailless geckos overall expended less effort in escape running, moving both slower and for a shorter distance, compared with when they were intact. Tailless geckos also exhibited lower excess CO2 production (CO2 production in excess of normal resting metabolic rate) during exercising. This may be due to reduced metabolically active tissue (tails represent 8.7% of their initial body mass). An alternative suggestion is that a change in energy substrate use may take place after tail loss. This is an intriguing finding that warrants future biochemical investigation before we can predict the relative costs of tail loss that lizards might experience under natural conditions.

A PEPTIDE FROM THE CAUDAL NEUROSECRETORY-SYSTEM OF THE DOGFISH SCYLIORHINUS-CANICULA THAT IS STRUCTURALLY RELATED TO UROTENSIN-I

Using reversed-phase HPLC in combination with a radioimmunoassay for ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a peptide with CRH-like immunoreactivity was isolated in pure form from an extract of the caudal spinal cord region of the spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. The primary structure of the peptide was established as Pro-Ala-Glu-Thr-Pro-Asn-Ser-Leu-Asp-Leu(10)-Thr-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu-Met-Ile-Glu(20)-Ile-Ala-Lys-His-Glu-Asn-Gln-Gln-Met-Gln(30)-Ala-Asp-Ser-Asn-Arg-Arg-Ile-Met-Asp-Thr(40)-Ile . NH2. This amino acid sequence shows moderate structural similarity to Catostomus urotensin I (51%) and to human CRH (56%). The data provide, therefore, chemical evidence to support the conclusions of earlier immunohistochemical studies that the diffuse caudal neurosecretory system of elasmobranchs produces a peptide that is immunochemically related to teleost urotensin I peptides. However, the primary structure of urotensin I has been poorly conserved during evolution. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc.

Influência do caudal de ventilação no desempenho económico de um sistema AVAC de um edifício administrativo

Este estudo pretende analisar a influência do caudal de ar novo insuflado num edifício administrativo no desempenho energético do seu sistema AVAC. O RSECE determina os caudais mínimos de AN para renovação do ar interior e qualidade do ar aceitável em espaços em que não haja fontes atípicas de poluentes e sem fumadores. Existe uma tendência para se projectar sistemas AVAC insuflando o caudal mínimo de AN, para assim se poupar no consumo de energia. No entanto, em determinadas situações, com esse procedimento está-se a fazer precisamente o contrário. Nessas situações não se está a aproveitar a oportunidade de aumentar a QAI e, simultaneamente, reduzir o consumo de energia. Neste estudo calculou-se o consumo energético do sistema AVAC do edifício, inicialmente insuflando o caudal mínimo de AN, e depois repetiu-se o cálculo várias vezes aumentando esse mesmo caudal progressivamente. Este cálculo foi feito para dois tipos de sistemas de ar, CAV e VAV, e para três localizações diferentes do mesmo edifício. Foi também estudada a possibilidade do sistema funcionar em regime de “free cooling”, e também foram feitos cálculos para diferentes temperaturas de insuflação em situação de arrefecimento. Concluiu-se que, para as localizações do edifício em que este apresenta necessidades de arrefecimento anuais superiores às de aquecimento, o caudal de AN responsável pelo menor consumo energético do seu sistema AVAC é superior ao mínimo imposto pelo RSECE. Observou-se também que, quando se insufla no edifício o caudal mínimo de AN e o sistema está preparado para funcionar em regime de “free cooling”, conseguem-se poupanças no consumo energético anual do sistema bastante relevantes, independentemente do balanço entre as necessidades de aquecimento e arrefecimento anuais que o edifício apresenta. Em relação aos dois sistemas de ar estudados concluiu-se que, em qualquer das situações estudadas, o sistema VAV apresenta consumos energéticos inferiores.

Concepção e projecto de um sistema para medição de caudal de gás

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica(2º Ciclo)