Síntese e caracterização do carbeto de molibdênio nanoestruturado para fins catalíticos na reação de oxidação parcial do metano

The nanostructures materials are characterized to have particle size smaller than 100 nm and could reach 1 nm. Due to the extremely reduced dimensions of the grains, the properties of these materials are significantly modified relatively when compared with the conventional materials. In the present work was accomplished a study and characterization of the molybdenum carbide, seeking obtain it with particles size in the nanometers order and evaluate its potential as catalyst in the reaction of partial methane oxidation. The method used for obtaining the molybdenum carbide was starting from the precursor ammonium heptamolybdate of that was developed in split into two oven, in reactor of fixed bed, with at a heating rate of 5ºC/min, in a flow of methane and hydrogen whose flow was of 15L/h with 5% of methane for all of the samples. The studied temperatures were 350, 500, 600, 650, 660, 675 and 700ºC and were conducted for 0, 60, 120 and 180 minutes, and the percent amount and the crystallite size of the intermediate phases were determined by the Rietveld refinement method. The carbide obtained at 660ºC for 3 hours of reaction showed the best results, 24 nm. Certain the best synthesis condition, a passivating study was accomplished, in these conditions, to verify the stability of the carbide when exposed to the air. The molybdenum carbide was characterized by SEM, TEM, elemental analysis, ICP-AES, TG in atmosphere of hydrogen and TPR. Through the elemental analysis and ICP-AES the presence carbon load was verified. TG in atmosphere of hydrogen proved that is necessary the passivating of the molybdenum carbide, because occur oxidation in room temperature. The catalytic test was accomplished in the plant of Fischer-Tropsch of CTGAS, that is composed of a reactor of fixed bed. Already the catalytic test showed that the carbide presents activity for partial oxidation, but the operational conditions should be adjusted to improve the conversion

Obtenção de Mo2C com adição de Co por reação gás-sólido em reator de leito fixo

Sulfur compounds emissions have been, on the late years, subject to more severe environmental laws due to its impact on the environment (causing the acid rain phenomena) and on human health. It has also been object of much attention from the refiners worldwide due to its relationship with equipment’s life, which is decreased by corrosion, and also with products’ quality, as the later may have its color, smell and stability altered by the presence of such compounds. Sulfur removal can be carried out by hydrotreating (HDT) which is a catalytic process. Catalysts for HDS are traditionally based on Co(Ni)-Mo(W)/Al2O3. However, in face of the increased contaminants’ content on crude oil, and stricter legislation on emissions, the development of new, more active and efficient catalysts is pressing. Carbides of refractory material have been identified as potential materials for this use. The addition of a second metal to carbides may enhance catalytic activities by increasing the density of active sites. In the present thesis Mo2C with Co addition was produced in a fixed bed reactor via gas-solid reaction of CH4 (5%) and H2(95%) with a precursor made of a mix of ammonium heptamolybdate [(NH4)6[Mo7O24].4H2O] and cobalt nitrate[Co(NO3)2.6H2O] at stoichiometric amounts. Precursors’ where analyzed by XRF, XRD, SEM and TG/DTA. Carboreduction reactions were carried out at 700 and 750°C with two cobalt compositions (2,5 and 5%). Reaction’s products were characterized by XRF, XRD, SEM, TOC, BET and laser granulometry. It was possible to obtain Mo2C with 2,5 and 5% cobalt addition as a single phase at 750°C with nanoscale crystallite sizes. At 700°C, however, both MoO2 and Mo2C phases were found by XRD. No Co containing phases were found by XRD. XRF, however, confirmed the intended Co content added. SEM images confirmed XRD data. The increase on Co content promoted a more severe agglomeration of the produced powder. The same effect was noted when the reaction temperature was increased. The powder synthesized at 750°C with 2,5% Co addition TOC analysis indicated the complete conversion from oxide material to carbide, with a 8,9% free carbon production. The powder produced at this temperature with 5% Co addition was only partially converted (86%)

Avaliação de catalisadores a base de carbeto e nitreto de molibdênio na obtenção de lactitol via hidrogenação da lactose

Seeking a greater appreciation of cheese whey was developed to process the hydrogenation of lactose for the production of lactitol, a polyol with high added value, using the catalyst Ni / activated carbon (15% and 20% nickel), the nitride Mo2N, the bimetallic carbide Ni-Mo/ activated carbon and carbide Mo2C. After synthesis, the prepared catalysts were analyzed by MEV, XRD, laser granulometry and B.E.T. The reactor used in catalytic hydrogenation of lactose was the type of bed mud with a pressure (68 atm), temperature (120 oC) and stirring speed (500 rpm) remained constant during the experiments. The system operated in batch mode for the solid and liquid and semi-continuous to gas. Besides the nature of the catalyst, we studied the influence of pH of reaction medium for Mo2C carbide as well as evaluating the character of the protein inhibitor and chloride ions on the activity of catalysts Ni (20%)/Activated Carbon and bimetallic carbide Ni-Mo/Activated Carbon. The decrease in protein levels was performed by coagulation with chitosan and adsorption of chloride ions was performed by ion exchange resins. In the process of protein adsorption and chloride ions, the maximum percentage extracted was about 74% and 79% respectively. The micrographs of the powders of Mo2C and Mo2N presented in the form of homogeneous clusters, whereas for the catalysts supported on activated carbon, microporous structure proved impregnated with small particles indicating the presence of metal. The results showed high conversion of lactose to lactitol 90% for the catalyst Ni (20%)/Activated Carbon at pH 6 and 46% for the carbide Mo2C pH 8 (after addition of NH4OH) using the commercial lactose. Monitoring the evolution of the constituents present in the reaction medium was made by liquid chromatography. A kinetic model of heterogeneous Langmuir Hinshelwood type was developed which showed that the estimated constants based catalysts promoted carbide and nitride with a certain speed the adsorption, desorption and production of lactitol

Soja: molibdênio e cobalto.

Introdução: nitrogênio, molibdênio, cobalto. Resultados da Embrapa Soja: safra de 1992/93, 1993/94, 1994/95. Resultados da Fundação Mato Grosso do Sul. Considerações gerais: Embrapa Soja, Fundação Mato Grosso do Sul. Recomendações.

Catalisadores ou precursores de espécies activas à base de molibdénio

Atendendo à produção de epóxidos em larga escala e à sua importância como intermediários versáteis, muita atenção tem sido dada à epoxidação de olefinas. Destaca-se a implementação do processo industrial de epoxidação de propileno em fase líquida com tBHP, usando complexos de molibdénio como catalisadores homogéneos (Halcon-ARCO). Neste trabalho foram investigados novos complexos à base de molibdénio como catalisadores (ou precursores) para epoxidação de olefinas em fase líquida. Foi objecto de estudo a identificação das espécies activas e a estabilidade dos catalisadores através da sua separação no final das reacções catalíticas, caracterização e reutilização. Escolheu-se como reacção modelo a epoxidação do ciscicloocteno com tBHP (em decano, tBHPdec), a 55 ºC. Estendeu-se o estudo dos desempenhos catalíticos a diferentes substratos, oxidantes, solventes e métodos de aquecimento. A maior actividade catalítica foi observada para os complexos [MoO2Cl2L2] (L=ligando dialquilamida), mais estáveis e fáceis de manusear que [MoO2Cl2] e complexos análogos com L {THF, MeCN} (Cap. 2). A partir destes complexos podem-se formar in situ espécies activas intermediárias do tipo [(MoO2ClL2)2(μ-O)]. O complexo [MoO2(Lzol)], Lzol= ligando oxazolina quiral (Cap. 3), é um catalisador estável e versátil, activo para a epoxidação de diversas olefinas (selectividades elevadas para epóxidos, mas enantioselectividades baixas), desidrogenação oxidativa de álcoois e sulfoxidação de sulfuretos. O catalisador foi também reciclado eficientemente, usando um líquido iónico (LI). O complexo iónico [MoO2Cl{HC(3,5-Me2pz)3}]BF4 (Cap.4) converteu-se nos complexos activos [{MoO2(HC(3,5-Me2pz)3)}2(μ-O)](BF4)2, [Mo2O3(O2)2(μ-O){HC(3,5-Me2pz)3}] e [MoO3{HC(3,5-Me2pz)3}]; quando dissolvido num LI, o catalisador foi reciclado com sucesso. A presença de água e o meio oxidante influenciaram a formação destas espécies. Os complexos [CpMo(CO)3Me] (Cap.5) e [CpMo(CO)2(η3- C3H5)] (Cap.6) originaram espécies activas similares (baseado nos testes catalíticos e nos espectros FT-IR ATR dos sólidos recuperados). Para [Cp'Mo(CO)2(η3-C3H5)], a influência do Cp' na actividade catalítica sugeriu a formação de espécies activas com este ligando. A partir dos complexos [Mo(CO)4L] formaram-se in situ catalisadores estáveis, que podem ser heterogéneos: para L=2-[3(5)-pirazolil]piridina formou-se [Mo4O12L4]; para L=[3- (2-piridil)-1-pirazolil]acetato de etilo formou-se [Mo8O24L4] (Cap.7). O uso de microondas (MO) como método de aquecimento em vez de um banho de óleo (BO) resultou no aumento da velocidade da reacção catalítica, devido ao aquecimento mais rápido da mistura reaccional (Caps. 5 e 7). A utilização da solução aquosa de tBHP em vez de tBHPdec era preferível, porque excluía o decano do sistema reaccional e mantinham-se elevados os rendimentos em epóxido (Caps. 2 e 6); optimizou-se o desempenho catalítico removendo a água das misturas reaccionais (Caps. 4 e 7). O melhor resultado para a epoxidação de limoneno foi observado para [CpMoCO3Me]: 88% de rendimento em epóxido (2 h, 55 ºC, método de aquecimento MO).

Estudo da sinterização do aço inox 316L reforçado com 3% Carbeto de Tântalo - TaC

The present work shows a contribution to the studies of development and solid sinterization of a metallic matrix composite MMC that has as starter materials 316L stainless steel atomized with water, and two different Tantalum Carbide TaC powders, with averages crystallite sizes of 13.78 nm and 40.66 nm. Aiming the metallic matrix s density and hardness increase was added different nanometric sizes of TaC by dispersion. The 316L stainless steel is an alloy largely used because it s high resistance to corrosion property. Although, its application is limited by the low wear resistance, consequence of its low hardness. Besides this, it shows low sinterability and it cannot be hardened by thermal treatments traditional methods because of the austenitic structure, face centered cubic, stabilized mainly in nickel presence. Steel samples added with TaC 3% wt (each sample with different type of carbide), following a mechanical milling route using conventional mill for 24 hours. Each one of the resulted samples, as well as the pure steel sample, were compacted at 700 MPa, room temperature, without any addictive, uniaxial tension, using a 5 mm diameter cylindrical mold, and quantity calculated to obtain compacted final average height of 5 mm. Subsequently, were sintered in vacuum atmosphere, temperature of 1290ºC, heating rate of 20ºC/min, using different soaking times of 30 and 60 min and cooled at room temperature. The sintered samples were submitted to density and micro-hardness analysis. The TaC reforced samples showed higher density values and an expressive hardness increase. The complementary analysis in optical microscope, scanning electronic microscope and X ray diffractometer, showed that the TaC, processed form, contributed with the hardness increase, by densification, itself hardness and grains growth control at the metallic matrix, segregating itself to the grain boarders

Sinterização de aço inoxidável reforçado com partículas nanométricas dispersas de carbeto de nióbio - NbC

Metal powder sintering appears to be promising option to achieve new physical and mechanical properties combining raw material with new processing improvements. It interest over many years and continue to gain wide industrial application. Stainless steel is a widely accepted material because high corrosion resistance. However stainless steels have poor sinterability and poor wear resistance due to their low hardness. Metal matrix composite (MMC) combining soft metallic matrix reinforced with carbides or oxides has attracted considerable attention for researchers to improve density and hardness in the bulk material. This thesis focuses on processing 316L stainless steel by addition of 3% wt niobium carbide to control grain growth and improve densification and hardness. The starting powder were water atomized stainless steel manufactured for Höganäs (D 50 = 95.0 μm) and NbC produced in the UFRN and supplied by Aesar Alpha Johnson Matthey Company with medium crystallite size 16.39 nm and 80.35 nm respectively. Samples with addition up to 3% of each NbC were mixed and mechanically milled by 3 routes. The route1 (R1) milled in planetary by 2 hours. The routes 2 (R2) and 3 (R3) milled in a conventional mill by 24 and 48 hours. Each milled samples and pure sample were cold compacted uniaxially in a cylindrical steel die (Ø 5 .0 mm) at 700 MPa, carried out in a vacuum furnace, heated at 1290°C, heating rate 20°C stand by 30 and 60 minutes. The samples containing NbC present higher densities and hardness than those without reinforcement. The results show that nanosized NbC particles precipitate on grain boundary. Thus, promote densification eliminating pores, control grain growth and increase the hardness values

Comportamento da adição do carbeto de nióbio (nBC) na matriz metálica do aço ferrítico 15kH2mfa

The 15Kh2MFA steel is a kind of Cr-Mo-V family steels and can be used in turbines for energy generation, pressure vessels, nuclear reactors or applications where the range of temperature that the material works is between 250 to 450°C. To improve the properties of these steels increasing the service temperature and the thermal stability is add a second particle phase. These particles can be oxides, carbides, nitrites or even solid solution of some chemical elements. On this way, this work aim to study the effect of addition of 3wt% of niobium carbide in the metallic matrix of 15Kh2MFA steel. Powder metallurgy was the route employed to produce this metallic matrix composite. Two different milling conditions were performed. Condition 1: milling of pure 15Kh2MFA steel and condition 2: milling of 15Kh2MFA steel with addition of niobium carbide. A high energy milling was carried out during 5 hours. Then, these two powders were sintered in a vacuum furnace (10-4torr) at 1150 and 1250°C during 60 minutes. After sintering the samples were normalized at 950°C per 3 minutes followed by air cooling to obtain a desired microstructure. Results show that the addition of niobium carbide helps to mill faster the particles during the milling when compared with that steel without carbide. At the sintering, the niobium carbide helps to sinter increasing the density of the samples reaching a maximum density of 7.86g/cm³, better than the melted steel as received that was 7,81g/cm³. In spite this good densification, after normalizing, the niobium carbide don t contributed to increase the microhardness. The best microhardness obtained to the steel with niobium carbide was 156HV and to pure 15Kh2MFA steel was 212HV. It happened due when the niobium carbide is added to the steel a pearlitic structure was formed, and the steel without niobium carbide submitted to the same conditions reached a bainitic structure

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de um compósito matriz metálica (CMM): aço EUROFER97 reforçado com Carbeto de Tântalo - TaC

Steel is an alloy EUROFER promising for use in nuclear reactors, or in applications where the material is subjected to temperatures up to 550 ° C due to their lower creep resistance under. One way to increase this property, so that the steel work at higher temperatures it is necessary to prevent sliding of its grain boundaries. Factors that influence this slip contours are the morphology of the grains, the angle and speed of the grain boundaries. This speed can be decreased in the presence of a dispersed phase in the material, provided it is fine and homogeneously distributed. In this context, this paper presents the development of a new material metal matrix composite (MMC) which has as starting materials as stainless steel EUROFER 97, and two different kinds of tantalum carbide - TaC, one with average crystallite sizes 13.78 nm synthesized in UFRN and another with 40.66 nm supplied by Aldrich. In order to improve the mechanical properties of metal matrix was added by powder metallurgy, nano-sized particles of the two types of TaC. This paper discusses the effect of dispersion of carbides in the microstructure of sintered parts. Pure steel powders with the addition of 3% TaC UFRN and 3% TaC commercial respectively, were ground in grinding times following: a) 5 hours in the planetary mill for all post b) 8 hours of grinding in the mill Planetary only for steel TaC powders of commercial and c) 24 hours in the conventional ball mill mixing the pure steel milled for 5 hours in the planetary mill with 3% TaC commercial. Each of the resulting particulate samples were cold compacted under a uniaxial pressure of 600MPa, on a cylindrical matrix of 5 mm diameter. Subsequently, the compressed were sintered in a vacuum furnace at temperatures of 1150 to 1250 ° C with an increment of 20 ° C and 10 ° C per minute and maintained at these isotherms for 30, 60 and 120 minutes and cooled to room temperature. The distribution, size and dispersion of steel and composite particles were determined by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy followed by chemical analysis (EDS). The structures of the sintered bodies were observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron accompanied by EDS beyond the x-ray diffraction. Initial studies sintering the obtained steel EUROFER 97 a positive reply in relation to improvement of the mechanical properties independent of the processing, because it is obtained with sintered microhardness values close to and even greater than 100% of the value obtained for the HV 333.2 pure steel as received in the form of a bar

Calagem e aplicação de cobalto e molibdênio na cultura do amendoim

O experimento compreendeu dois cultivos consecutivos de amendoim das águas em um latossolo vermelho-escuro distrófico, textura média, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da calagem e da aplicação de cobalto e molibdênio nas sementes sobre a produção de amendoim. Empregaram-se quatro doses de calcário dolomítico calcinado: 0, 4, 6 e 8 t/ha; dois cultivares de amendoim: Tatu e Tupã, e quatro tratamentos de sementes: não tratadas, tratadas com cobalto, com molibdênio e com cobalto mais molibdênio. Verificou-se que a calagem elevou a produção de amendoim em função do aumento proporcionado no número e massa de grãos por vagem. A máxima produção de vagens foi obtida para pH (CaCl2 0,01M) 5,0, teor de cálcio trocável de 23,5 mmol c/dm³ e saturação por bases do solo de 50%. A aplicação de cobalto, com ou sem molibdênio, nas sementes, não influenciou a produção de amendoim, independentemente das condições de acidez do solo. A maior produtividade de vagens do cultivar Tupã, em relação ao 'Tatu', quando ocorre, é devida à maior proporção de cascas e não de grãos.

Aplicação foliar de molibdênio, produtividade e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijoeiro irrigado

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses e épocas de aplicação de molibdênio, por via foliar, na produtividade e qualidade fisiológica de sementes do feijoeiro Pérola irrigado, cultivado em Neossolo Quatizarênico. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela aplicação de quatro doses de Mo (0, 40, 80 e 160 g ha-1), aplicadas em duas épocas: 15 ou 26 dias após a emergência das plântulas (DAE). A aplicação de Mo via foliar aumentou a produtividade de sementes e a matéria seca da parte aérea de plântulas do feijoeiro irrigado, cultivado em solo arenoso, independentemente da época de aplicação (15 ou 26 DAE). A germinação das sementes do feijoeiro foi aumentada pela aplicação de Mo aos 26 DAE. Na avaliação do vigor das sementes de feijão, pelo teste de primeira contagem, constatou-se efeito negativo da aplicação de Mo via foliar. A aplicação foliar de Mo aumentou a produtividade do feijoeiro e promoveu a obtenção de sementes que originaram plântulas com maior desenvolvimento inicial.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de milho tratadas com molibdênio

O tratamento de sementes com micronutrientes, como o molibdênio, garante uma maior uniformidade de aplicação, sendo que, a quantidade a ser aplicada desse elemento nas sementes deve ser suficiente para provir à exigência para o desenvolvimento e produção da cultura. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de milho tratadas com molibdênio. A qualidade das sementes foi avaliada por meio da determinação do teor de água, do teste de germinação, da primeira contagem de germinação e da emissão de raízes primárias. Os tratamentos testados consistiram de cinco híbridos (DOW CO32; DOW 2B587; DOW 2B688; PIONEER 30F35 e PIONEER 30K73) e cinco doses de molibdênio aplicadas via semente (0; 7,5; 22,5; 67,5; 202,5 g ha-1 de molibdênio). A fonte de molibdênio utilizada foi o molibdato de sódio dihidratado (39% de molibdênio), sendo que a aplicação do molibdênio foi efetuada por meio da mistura com o fungicida líquido de suspensão concentrada carboxina+thiram sobre as sementes. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes de milho é influenciada negativamente por doses crescentes de molibdênio aplicadas. O híbrido de milho DOW 2B587 obteve melhor resposta à aplicação da maior dose de molibdênio em relação aos demais híbridos estudados.

Adubação nitrogenada em cobertura no feijoeiro com suplementação de molibdênio via foliar

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of leaf spray of molybdenum (Mo) and nitrogen (N) rates in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cultivar Carioca Precoce, evaluating the yield components, yield and leaves nitrate levels. The research was carried out in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The sowing of the beans (06/03/2003) was made with the supply of 230 kg ha(-1) of NPK (4-30-10) granulated fertilizer at planting. The experiment was a complete randomized block, with four replications and a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement, involving five N rates (25; 50; 75 and 125 kg ha(-1)), applied 20 days after emergency (DAE), with or without 80 g ha(-1) of Mo, applied on leaves at 25 DAE. The Mo absence by leaf spray promoted the nitrate accumulation in the leaves in treatments with higher rates of N. The weight of 100 grains increased with the Mo by leaf spray, reducing the need for N to get the best results. The molybdenum fertilization increased bean yield regardless of N rate applied to the beans.

Síntese e caracterização de aluminofosfato impregnado com molibdênio/zinco visando a dessulfurização por adsorção

Discussions about pollution caused by vehicles emission are old and have been developed along the years. The search for cleaner technologies and frequent weather alterations have been inducing industries and government organizations to impose limits much more rigorous to the contaminant content in fuels, which have an direct impact in atmospheric emissions. Nowadays, the quality of fuels, in relation to the sulfur content, is carried out through the process of hydrodesulfurization. Adsorption processes also represent an interesting alternative route to the removal of sulfur content. Both processes are simpler and operate to atmospheric temperatures and pressures. This work studies the synthesis and characterization of aluminophosphate impregnate with zinc, molybdenum or both, and its application in the sulfur removal from the gasoline through the adsorption process, using a pattern gasoline containing isooctane and thiophene. The adsorbents were characterized by x-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis (DTG), x-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The specific area, volume and pore diameter were determined by BET (Brunauer- Emmet-Teller) and the t-plot method. The sulfur was quantified by elementary analysis using ANTEK 9000 NS. The adsorption process was evaluated as function of the temperature variation and initial sulfur content through the adsorption isotherm and its thermodynamic parameters. The parameters of entropy (ΔS), enthalpy variation (ΔH) and free Gibbs energy (ΔG) were calculated through the graph ln(Kd) versus 1/T. Langmuir, Freundlich and Langmuir-Freundlich models were adjusted to the experimental data, and the last one had presented better results. The thermodynamic tests were accomplished in different temperatures, such as 30, 40 and 50ºC, where it was concluded the adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic. The kinetic of adsorption was studied by 24 h and it showed that the capability adsorption to the adsorbents studied respect the following order: MoZnPO > MoPO > ZnPO > AlPO. The maximum adsorption capacity was 4.91 mg/g for MoZnPO with an adsorption efficiency of 49%.

Nitrogênio em cobertura e molibdênio foliar no feijoeiro de inverno

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)