Freeway traffic oscillations : microscopic analysis of formations and propagations using Wavelet Transform

In this paper we identify the origins of stop-and-go (or slow-and-go) driving and measure microscopic features of their propagations by analyzing vehicle trajectories via Wavelet Transform. Based on 53 oscillation cases analyzed, we find that oscillations can be originated by either lane-changing maneuvers (LCMs) or car-following behavior (CF). LCMs were predominantly responsible for oscillation formations in the absence of considerable horizontal or vertical curves, whereas oscillations formed spontaneously near roadside work on an uphill segment. Regardless of the trigger, the features of oscillation propagations were similar in terms of propagation speed, oscillation duration, and amplitude. All observed cases initially exhibited a precursor phase, in which slow-and-go motions were localized. Some of them eventually transitioned into a well developed phase, in which oscillations propagated upstream in queue. LCMs were primarily responsible for the transition, although some transitions occurred without LCMs. Our findings also suggest that an oscillation has a regressive effect on car following behavior: a deceleration wave of an oscillation affects a timid driver (with larger response time and minimum spacing) to become less timid and an aggressive driver less aggressive, although this change may be short-lived. An extended framework of Newell’s CF is able to describe the regressive effects with two additional parameters with reasonable accuracy, as verified using vehicle trajectory data.

Comparative evaluation of microscopic car-following behavior

Microscopic traffic-simulation tools are increasingly being applied to evaluate the impacts of a wide variety of intelligent transport, systems (ITS) applications and other dynamic problems that are difficult to solve using traditional analytical models. The accuracy of a traffic-simulation system depends highly on the quality of the traffic-flow model at its core, with the two main critical components being the car-following and lane-changing models. This paper presents findings from a comparative evaluation of car-following behavior in a number of traffic simulators [advanced interactive microscopic simulator for urban and nonurban networks (AIMSUN), parallel microscopic simulation (PARAMICS), and Verkehr in Statiten-simulation (VISSIM)]. The car-following algorithms used in these simulators have been developed from a variety of theoretical backgrounds and are reported to have been calibrated on a number of different data sets. Very few independent studies have attempted to evaluate the performance of the underlying algorithms based on the same data set. The results reported in this study are based on a car-following experiment that used instrumented vehicles to record the speed and relative distance between follower and leader vehicles on a one-lane road. The experiment was replicated in each tool and the simulated car-following behavior was compared to the field data using a number of error tests. The results showed lower error values for the Gipps-based models implemented in AIMSUN and similar error values for the psychophysical spacing models used in VISSIM and PARAMICS. A qualitative drift and goal-seeking behavior test, which essentially shows how the distance headway between leader and follower vehicles should oscillate around a stable distance, also confirmed the findings.

Comparing fuzzy and intelligent PI controllers in stop-and-go manoeuvres

The aim of this work was twofold: on the one hand, to describe a comparative study of two intelligent control techniques-fuzzy and intelligent proportional-integral (PI) control, and on the other, to try to provide an answer to an as yet unsolved topic in the automotive sector-stop-and-go control in urban environments at very low speeds. Commercial vehicles exhibit nonlinear behavior and therefore constitute an excellent platform on which to check the controllers. This paper describes the design, tuning, and evaluation of the controllers performing actions on the longitudinal control of a car-the throttle and brake pedals-to accomplish stop-and-go manoeuvres. They are tested in two steps. First, a simulation model is used to design and tune the controllers, and second, these controllers are implemented in the commercial vehicle-which has automatic driving capabilities-to check their behavior. A stop-and-go manoeuvre is implemented with the two control techniques using two cooperating vehicles.

Plan de Negocios: Stop And Go

Ante el crecimiento económico y la transformación del país. Con el incremento de los flujos de comercio y el transporte, Bogotá, buscando reducir el impacto ambiental por la cantidad de vehículos y reducir la congestión, ha decidido implementar políticas públicas que restringen el ingreso de vehículos de carga pesada por la ciudad. Esto crea una necesidad de espacios a las afueras de la ciudad, cerca de las zonas logísticas y con la capacidad de ofrecer a los transportadores los servicios de alimentación, parqueadero, alojamiento y reabastecimiento de combustible. Atendiendo estas necesidades, Stop And Go surge como proyecto de inversión que pretende constituir un espacio eficazmente equipado, con altos estándares de calidad y de bajo costo. En el presente documento se desarrolla el plan de negocios y de viabilidad, recorriendo la estructura de la organización, las características de los servicios ofrecidos, la propuesta de mercadeo y la viabilidad estratégica y financiera.

Neoextractivismo, neodesarrollismo y proceso de acumulación de capital : ¿Superando el ciclo stop-and-go? Argentina, 2003-2012

Argentina ha entrado en una etapa de acumulación capitalista estabilizada bajo un nuevo proyecto de desarrollo hegemónico. Este proyecto avanza en la conformación de un patrón de acumulación de capital que busca superar las contradicciones entre el eje extractivista-rentista y el eje industrialista de las fracciones dominantes del capital. En esta ponencia discutiremos sí y de qué manera el histórico par campo-industria analizado en los clásicos modelos de acumulación à la Diamand, habrían perdido relevancia. Buscaremos analizar cómo las contradicciones latentes pretenden ser desplazas y qué lugar tiene la contradicción entre el capital y el trabajo en la nueva etapa que se está abriendo. El trabajo se basará en una reflexión histórico-conceptual apoyada en estadísticas construidas a partir de la información provista por los organismos públicos de estadísticas

Neoextractivismo, neodesarrollismo y proceso de acumulación de capital : ¿Superando el ciclo stop-and-go? Argentina, 2003-2012

Argentina ha entrado en una etapa de acumulación capitalista estabilizada bajo un nuevo proyecto de desarrollo hegemónico. Este proyecto avanza en la conformación de un patrón de acumulación de capital que busca superar las contradicciones entre el eje extractivista-rentista y el eje industrialista de las fracciones dominantes del capital. En esta ponencia discutiremos sí y de qué manera el histórico par campo-industria analizado en los clásicos modelos de acumulación à la Diamand, habrían perdido relevancia. Buscaremos analizar cómo las contradicciones latentes pretenden ser desplazas y qué lugar tiene la contradicción entre el capital y el trabajo en la nueva etapa que se está abriendo. El trabajo se basará en una reflexión histórico-conceptual apoyada en estadísticas construidas a partir de la información provista por los organismos públicos de estadísticas

Neoextractivismo, neodesarrollismo y proceso de acumulación de capital : ¿Superando el ciclo stop-and-go? Argentina, 2003-2012

Argentina ha entrado en una etapa de acumulación capitalista estabilizada bajo un nuevo proyecto de desarrollo hegemónico. Este proyecto avanza en la conformación de un patrón de acumulación de capital que busca superar las contradicciones entre el eje extractivista-rentista y el eje industrialista de las fracciones dominantes del capital. En esta ponencia discutiremos sí y de qué manera el histórico par campo-industria analizado en los clásicos modelos de acumulación à la Diamand, habrían perdido relevancia. Buscaremos analizar cómo las contradicciones latentes pretenden ser desplazas y qué lugar tiene la contradicción entre el capital y el trabajo en la nueva etapa que se está abriendo. El trabajo se basará en una reflexión histórico-conceptual apoyada en estadísticas construidas a partir de la información provista por los organismos públicos de estadísticas

Incorporating human-factors in car-following models : a review of recent developments and research needs

Over the past decades there has been a considerable development in the modeling of car-following (CF) behavior as a result of research undertaken by both traffic engineers and traffic psychologists. While traffic engineers seek to understand the behavior of a traffic stream, traffic psychologists seek to describe the human abilities and errors involved in the driving process. This paper provides a comprehensive review of these two research streams. It is necessary to consider human-factors in {CF} modeling for a more realistic representation of {CF} behavior in complex driving situations (for example, in traffic breakdowns, crash-prone situations, and adverse weather conditions) to improve traffic safety and to better understand widely-reported puzzling traffic flow phenomena, such as capacity drop, stop-and-go oscillations, and traffic hysteresis. While there are some excellent reviews of {CF} models available in the literature, none of these specifically focuses on the human factors in these models. This paper addresses this gap by reviewing the available literature with a specific focus on the latest advances in car-following models from both the engineering and human behavior points of view. In so doing, it analyses the benefits and limitations of various models and highlights future research needs in the area.

A behavioural car-following model that captures traffic oscillations

This paper presents a behavioral car-following model based on empirical trajectory data that is able to reproduce the spontaneous formation and ensuing propagation of stop-and-go waves in congested traffic. By analyzing individual drivers’ car-following behavior throughout oscillation cycles it is found that this behavior is consistent across drivers and can be captured by a simple model. The statistical analysis of the model’s parameters reveals that there is a strong correlation between driver behavior before and during the oscillation, and that this correlation should not be ignored if one is interested in microscopic output. If macroscopic outputs are of interest, simulation results indicate that an existing model with fewer parameters can be used instead. This is shown for traffic oscillations caused by rubbernecking as observed in the US 101 NGSIM dataset. The same experiment is used to establish the relationship between rubbernecking behavior and the period of oscillations.

Simulação de segmentos rodoviários de pista simples com faixas adicionais

Este trabalho apresenta o modelo de simulação microscópico, STIRO (Simulador de Tráfego Ininterrupto ROdoviário), desenvolvido para representar trechos de rodovias de pista simples em aclives com faixas adicionais para veículos lentos. STIRO foi utilizado permitir para avaliar as condições de tráfego sob diferentes alternativas de projeto e demanda. O comportamento dos veículos é representado pelos modelos de car-following e lane-changing. No STIRO, o modelo de car-following ainda incorpora uma restrição ao desempenho motriz baseado na relação entre massa e potência de cada categoria de veículo. O trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre diferenças entre as velocidades dos veículos pesados e automóveis e as melhorias proporcionadas pela implantação de faixas adicionais. Por fim, foi realizado um projeto de experimentos para determinar o efeito sobre a velocidade média de percurso dos veículos e ocupação média da via causado por fatores como inclinação da rampa, proporção de veículos pesados no fluxo de tráfego, extensão da rampa, e outras variáveis consideradas no modelo STIRO.

Modelling, calibrating, and validating car following and lane changing behaviour

Car following (CF) and lane changing (LC) are two primary driving tasks observed in traffic flow, and are thus vital components of traffic flow theories, traffic operation and control. Over the past decades a large number of CF models have been developed in an attempt to describe CF behaviour under a wide range of traffic conditions. Although CF has been widely studied for many years, LC did not receive much attention until recently. Over the last decade, researchers have slowly but surely realized the critical role that LC plays in traffic operations and traffic safety; this realization has motivated significant attempts to model LC decision-making and its impact on traffic. Despite notable progresses in modelling CF and LC, our knowledge on these two important issues remains incomplete because of issues related to data, model calibration and validation, human factors, just to name a few. Thus, this special issue will focus on latest developments in modelling, calibrating, and validating two primary vehicular interactions observed in traffic flow: CF and LC.

The effects of lane-changing on the immediate follower : anticipation, relaxation, and change in driver characteristics

This paper investigates the effects of lane-changing in driver behavior by measuring (i) the induced transient behavior and (ii) the change in driver characteristics, i.e., changes in driver response time and minimum spacing. We find that the transition largely consists of a pre-insertion transition and a relaxation process. These two processes are different but can be reasonably captured with a single model. The findings also suggest that lane-changing induces a regressive effect on driver characteristics: a timid driver (characterized by larger response time and minimum spacing) tends to become less timid and an aggressive driver less aggressive. We offer an extension to Newell’s car-following model to describe this regressive effect and verify it using vehicle trajectory data.

Recent developments and research needs in modeling lane changing

This paper comprehensively reviews recent developments in modeling lane-changing behavior. The major lane changing models in the literature are categorized into two groups: models that aim to capture the lane changing decision-making process, and models that aim to quantify the impact of lane changing behavior on surrounding vehicles. The methodologies and important features (including their limitations) of representative models in each category are outlined and discussed. Future research needs are determined.

Computer simulation of driver behavior during car following: a methodological study; final report,

Mode of access: Internet.