1000 resultados para Capacidade de escoamento
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o limite da capacidade de escoamento de esgoto sanitário em tubulação interceptora assentada na área urbana do município de Belém – PA. Para isso, foram considerados a Bacia de Esgotamento 5 (BE 5), as projeções populacionais e de produção de esgoto (2010-2030) da área oficial com coleta e transporte de esgoto da BE 5 (Área 1) e da área total dessa Bacia (Área 2), os 100m (cem) do interceptor assentado na BE 5 (chegada da Estação Elevatória de Esgoto do Una), bem como as informações identificadas dessa tubulação e a alteração de declividade proposta neste trabalho. Foi executado o dimensionamento hidráulico e verificou-se que na Área 1, para todas as declividades escolhidas, o interceptor terá capacidade de escoamento no período de 2010-2030, chegando a lâmina líquida máxima de 0,225 em 2030. No entanto, para a Área 2 verificou-se que a capacidade de escoamento terá comprometimento, quando utilizamos três das sete declividades estimadas, chegando a lâmina líquida máxima de 0,950 em 2030, indo de encontro ao recomentado na NBR 9649/1986 Projeto de Rede Coletora de Esgoto Sanitário (0,750). Recomenda-se, neste caso, a reestruturação/ampliação do sistema de coleta e transporte de esgoto da BE 5, em virtude do aumento populacional e de produção de esgoto, resultante da nova divisão de Bacias de Esgotamento realizado no PDSES (2010).
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jObjective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermoplasticity of the gutta-percha cones used for root canal obturation: Dentsply convencional (Dentsply Ind. e Com., Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil), Dentsply 0.04, (Dentsply Ind. e Com., Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil), Antaeos 0.04 (VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany), ProTaper (Dentsply Ind. e Com., Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil) and Alfa 0.06 (VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany). Material and method: Specimens of each material (n = 10) were prepared after heating. After 24 hours were again heated to 70 °C and placed between two glass plates and subjected to a compression of 5 kg for 2 minutes. The scanned image of the groups before and after the compression was analyzed with the software Image Tool (UTHSCSA Image Tool for Windows version 3.0, San Antonio, TX, USA). The flow capacity of the different materials was determined by the difference between the initial and final area of each specimen. The results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test with significance level of 5%. Result: Among the material evaluated, the gutta-percha cones Alpha 0.06 and ProTaper presented more thermoplasticity than other groups (p < 0.05). The Dentsply gutta-percha presented thermoplasticity intermediate. The groups Dentsply 0.04 and 0.04 showed lower thermoplasticity after heating (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The gutta-percha present different property of thermoplasticity, which is important to selection of thermoplastic obturation techniques.
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The complexity of the Phenomenon of fluid flow in porous way causes a difficulty in its explicit description. Different in the cases where the flow is given through a pipe, where it is possible to measure the length and diameter of the pipe and to determine their ability to flow as a function of pressure, which is a complicated task in porous way. However, we try to approach clearly the equations used to conjecture the behavior of fluid flow in porous way. We made use of the Gambit to create a fractal geometry with the fluent we give the contour´s conditions we would want to analyze the data. The triangular mesh was created; it makes interactions with the discs of different rays, as barriers putted in the geometry. This work presents the results of a simulation with a flow of viscous fluids (oilliquid). The oil flows in a porous way constructed in 2D. The behavior evaluation of the fluid flow inside the porous way was realized with graphics, images and numerical results used for different datas analysis. The study was aimed in relation at the behavior of permeability (k) for different fractal dimensions. Taking into account the preservation of porosity and increasing the fractal distribution of the discs. The results showed that k decreases when we increase the numbers of discs, although the porosity is the same for all generations of the first simulation, in other words, the permeability decreases when we increase the fractality. Well, there are strong turbulence in the flow each time we increase the number of discs and this hinders the passage of the same to the exit. These results permitted to put in evidence how the permeability (k) is affected in a porous way with obstacles distributed in a diversified form. We also note that k decreases when we increase the pressure variation (P) within geometry. So, in front of the results and the absence of bibliographic subsidies about other theories, the work realized here can possibly by considered the unpublished form to explain and reflect on how the permeability is changed when increasing the fractal dimension in a porous way
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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil de Gestão de Sistemas Ambientais. A presente dissertação foi preparada no âmbito do protocolo nº 2007/009/INAG, celebrado entre o Instituto da Água e a UNL/FCT/DCEA
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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil – Perfil de construção
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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil – Perfil Construção
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As cheias em zonas urbanas representam um fenómeno natural que parece ocorrer cada vez com mais frequência, provocando muitas vezes a inundação de caves, estações de metropolitano e, em alguns casos extremos, a perda de vidas humanas. Estas cheias ocorrem quando os sistemas artificiais de recolha de águas pluviais deixam de ter capacidade de vazão suficiente para os caudais afluídos e parte do escoamento começa a fazer-se à superfície. Deste modo, o objetivo principal deste trabalho consiste na avaliação da influência que o grau de obstrução, causado pela presença de viaturas nas vias públicas, tem no agravamento das alturas de água nos arruamentos. Para isso, foram realizados ensaios laboratoriais num modelo à escala 1:12, nos quais se procurou simular as condições reais de escoamento de caudais de cheia, em vias urbanas. Os ensaios foram feitos para 20 cenários, para os quais se combinaram diferentes quantidades e disposições de veículos, a que correspondem diferentes graus de obstrução ao escoamento. Durante as medições das alturas de água, em todos os cenários, fizeram-se variar as inclinações do fundo entre 0,005 e 0,030 m/m para uma gama de caudais compreendida entre 10 e 40 m3/h. Posteriormente, com os valores das medições obtidas, inferiram-se quais os cenários mais críticos, ou seja, quais as situações onde se observaram maiores incrementos nas alturas de água de escoamento nos arruamentos. A partir da variação entre as alturas de escoamento do cenário base, sem a presença de veículos, e as alturas dos diferentes cenários com obstáculos, obtiveram-se as sobrelevações da altura de água, tanto em valor absoluto como em valor relativo. Por fim, mas não menos importante, procurou-se obter padrões e consequentemente relações entre os diversos parâmetros em estudo, principalmente a relação entre a percentagem de obstrução e a sobrelevação da altura de água nos arruamentos. Da análise dos resultados obtidos procurou-se por último extrair conclusões e tecer algumas recomendações tendo em vista a minimização de algumas consequências deste tipo de situações extremas.
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Técnicas atuais de Gerenciamento da Drenagem Urbana preconizam que a drenagem da água da precipitação seja realizada com o uso de dispositivos de controle que agem na fonte do escoamento superficial. Tais dispositivos têm o objetivo de recuperar a capacidade natural de armazenamento do solo, reduzida devido aos impactos da urbanização. Com o desvio do escoamento das áreas impermeáveis para esses dispositivos, o solo recupera as condições de escoamento anteriores à urbanização. A presente dissertação descreve um experimento inédito no Brasil, onde foi aplicada a técnica do Pavimento Permeável. Foi montado um aparato experimental que possibilita o monitoramento do desempenho do dispositivo, com o objetivo principal de analisar a viabilidade técnica da utilização de um pavimento permeável de baixo custo e tecnologia simples, no controle da geração de escoamento superficial na fonte. Com o trabalho, permitiuse uma maior difusão do conhecimento e propagação da técnica, ainda pouco dominada pelos engenheiros e contratantes. A obra consta de um lote de estacionamento de aproximadamente 264m2, que foi dividido em duas partes iguais, onde foram utilizados os seguintes revestimentos: asfalto poroso, de granulometria aberta; blocos vazados intertravados de concreto. O experimento foi projetado para permitir o monitoramento quali-quantitativo dos escoamentos nos dois tipos de pavimento, com relação à redução no escoamento superficial, quando sujeitos às condições de tráfego encontradas na prática, no lote de estacionamento situado próximo ao bloco de ensino do IPH/UFRGS. São discutidos aspectos relacionados às condições de funcionamento, adequação dos materiais empregados, eficiência do dispositivo e custos envolvidos. A avaliação da eficiência hidráulica-hidrológica do dispositivo foi feita através do monitoramento e análise de dados de precipitação, armazenamento no reservatório, escoamento superficial e umidade no solo subjacente. O pavimento permeável se mostrou uma técnica eficiente de controle na fonte do escoamento superficial. Foram obtidas taxas médias de 5% de escoamento superficial para a superfície com revestimento asfáltico, e de 2,3% para o revestimento em blocos vazados intertravados. Os dados de armazenamento mostraram que em nenhum evento o volume armazenado superou 25% da capacidade máxima do reservatório. Ainda com base nesses dados, verificou-se que a metodologia de dimensionamento utilizada super-dimensionou a estrutura reservatório. A importância do dimensionamento preciso da estrutura é evidenciada pela estimativa dos custos, onde se verifica que o reservatório de britas contribui para uma significativa parcela dos custos totais.
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Oil production and exploration techniques have evolved in the last decades in order to increase fluid flows and optimize how the required equipment are used. The base functioning of Electric Submersible Pumping (ESP) lift method is the use of an electric downhole motor to move a centrifugal pump and transport the fluids to the surface. The Electric Submersible Pumping is an option that has been gaining ground among the methods of Artificial Lift due to the ability to handle a large flow of liquid in onshore and offshore environments. The performance of a well equipped with ESP systems is intrinsically related to the centrifugal pump operation. It is the pump that has the function to turn the motor power into Head. In this present work, a computer model to analyze the three-dimensional flow in a centrifugal pump used in Electric Submersible Pumping has been developed. Through the commercial program, ANSYS® CFX®, initially using water as fluid flow, the geometry and simulation parameters have been defined in order to obtain an approximation of what occurs inside the channels of the impeller and diffuser pump in terms of flow. Three different geometry conditions were initially tested to determine which is most suitable to solving the problem. After choosing the most appropriate geometry, three mesh conditions were analyzed and the obtained values were compared to the experimental characteristic curve of Head provided by the manufacturer. The results have approached the experimental curve, the simulation time and the model convergence were satisfactory if it is considered that the studied problem involves numerical analysis. After the tests with water, oil was used in the simulations. The results were compared to a methodology used in the petroleum industry to correct viscosity. In general, for models with water and oil, the results with single-phase fluids were coherent with the experimental curves and, through three-dimensional computer models, they are a preliminary evaluation for the analysis of the two-phase flow inside the channels of centrifugal pump used in ESP systems
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The use of Progressing Cavity Pumps (PCPs) in artificial lift applications in low deep wells is becoming more common in the oil industry, mainly, due to its ability to pump heavy oils, produce oil with large concentrations of sand, besides present high efficiency when compared to other artificial lift methods. Although this system has been widely used as an oil lift method, few investigations about its hydrodynamic behavior are presented, either experimental or numeric. Therefore, in order to increase the knowledge about the BCP operational behavior, this work presents a novel computational model for the 3-D transient flow in progressing cavity pumps, which includes the relative motion between rotor and stator, using an element based finite volume method. The model developed is able to accurately predict the volumetric efficiency and viscous looses as well as to provide detailed information of pressure and velocity fields inside the pump. In order to predict PCP performance for low viscosity fluids, advanced turbulence models were used to treat, accurately, the turbulent effects on the flow, which allowed for obtaining results consistent with experimental values encountered in literature. In addition to the 3D computational model, a simplified model was developed, based on mass balance within cavities and on simplification on the momentum equations for fully developed flow along the seal region between cavities. This simplified model, based on previous approaches encountered in literature, has the ability to predict flow rate for a given differential pressure, presenting exactness and low CPU requirements, becoming an engineering tool for quick calculations and providing adequate results, almost real-time time. The results presented in this work consider a rigid stator PCP and the models developed were validated against experimental results from open literature. The results for the 3-D model showed to be sensitive to the mesh size, such that a numerical mesh refinement study is also presented. Regarding to the simplified model, some improvements were introduced in the calculation of the friction factor, allowing the application fo the model for low viscosity fluids, which was unsuccessful in models using similar approaches, presented in previous works
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The progressing cavity pumping (PCP) is one of the most applied oil lift methods nowadays in oil extraction due to its ability to pump heavy and high gas fraction flows. The computational modeling of PCPs appears as a tool to help experiments with the pump and therefore, obtain precisely the pump operational variables, contributing to pump s project and field operation otimization in the respectively situation. A computational model for multiphase flow inside a metallic stator PCP which consider the relative motion between rotor and stator was developed in the present work. In such model, the gas-liquid bubbly flow pattern was considered, which is a very common situation in practice. The Eulerian-Eulerian approach, considering the homogeneous and inhomogeneous models, was employed and gas was treated taking into account an ideal gas state. The effects of the different gas volume fractions in pump volumetric eficiency, pressure distribution, power, slippage flow rate and volumetric flow rate were analyzed. The results shown that the developed model is capable of reproducing pump dynamic behaviour under the multiphase flow conditions early performed in experimental works
Influência da aplicação de vinhaça na capacidade de Infiltração de um solo de textura franco arenosa
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The objective of this study was to analyze effects in different depth in soil water infiltration and to verify the Horton and Kostiakov-Lewis models adequacy in infiltration rate estimate. The treatments were five doses of vinasse (0, 200, 250, 300 and 350 m3?ha1?. The vinasse application reduced the soil erosion risk increasing the possibility of runoff. The Horton model had the best adjustment on the observed data, and the Kostiakov-Lewis model overestimated the infiltration rate values.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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This paper seeks to show which impacts there are of the combined use of different modal for the coffee’s outflow. Nowadays is used, almost exclusively, the roadway to transport. How-ever, for this product with low added value, the types of transports best suited, in the litera-ture, are the railway and waterway. For this, is describe the development and spread of coffee throughout Brazil. Subsequently, is calculate the current cost of transporting two producing regions (Minas Gerais and Rondônia), using for that information about the freight, the social cost, and the level of losses along the way. After that is projected costs if utilizes the multi-modal model, when considering the same cost parameters used for the current model. Here-after, an analysis is made of the obtained cost, speed, consistency, capacity, availability and frequency of each transport model. Therefore, note that the multi-modal system is more ef-ficient and economical than current, based on transport by road