Relation entre CaMKII et les dynamiques calciques endothéliales : impact de l'hypertension arterielle.

L’endothélium vasculaire joue un rôle prépondérant dans la régulation du tonus vasculaire en générant l’oxyde nitrique (NO), la prostacycline (PGI2) et les facteurs hyperpolarisants dérivés de l’endothélium (EDHF) comme puissants vasodilatateurs. Ces mécanismes requièrent le calcium (Ca2+) à divers niveaux, démontrant l’importance des dynamiques calciques endothéliales. Une perturbation de l’homéostasie calcique est observée dans une dysfonction endothéliale liée à l’hypertension artérielle. Il est impératif d’approfondir nos connaissances sur les signalisations calciques endothéliales impliquées dans le contrôle du tonus vasculaire. Des études récentes ont montré qu’une variation locale de la concentration en Ca2+ libre intracellulaire ([Ca2+]i) est suffisante pour générer une réponse physiologique importante. Les pulsars calciques sont caractérisés par une augmentation de [Ca2+]i spontanée et transitoire spécifiquement localisée au niveau des projections myoendothéliales (PMEs). Ces PMEs sont des sites de communication privilégiés entre les cellules endothéliales (CEs) et les cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLVs). Les pulsars calciques sont impliqués dans le mécanisme de l’EDHF via l’activation des canaux potassiques Ca2+-dépendant de moyenne conductance (KCa3.1 ou IKCa). Les travaux de cette thèse visent à améliorer nos connaissances sur les signalisations calciques locales en caractérisant une nouvelle voie de signalisation pouvant être impliquée dans la régulation du tonus vasculaire en condition physiopathologique. Outre les canaux KCa3.1 peu d’informations sont disponibles sur les cibles sensibles aux pulsars calciques. Une première étude a permis d’identifier la protéine kinase II dépendante du complexe Ca2+/calmoduline (CaMKII) sous ses isoformes α, β et δ dans les CEs d’artères natives de souris comme une cible pouvant être modulée par les pulsars calciques. Des études en immunofluorescence ont permis d’observer la localisation particulière de CaMKII endothéliale dans les PMEs, les sites des pulsars calciques. Une stimulation spécifique des pulsars calciques par la phényléphrine (PE) engendre un recrutement de CaMKII dans les PMEs. Sachant que CaMKII active l’oxyde nitrique synthase endothéliale (NOS3), nous avons évalué l’impact d’une stimulation des pulsars calciques sur la production de NO en présence d’un inhibiteur de CaMKII, le KN-93. Nous avons démontré que la production de NO est en partie dépendante de l’activation de CaMKII par les pulsars calciques. En utilisant un modèle d’hypertension induite par l’infusion chronique de PE, nous avons permis de mettre en évidence une perturbation dans la relation entre les pulsars calciques et CaMKII. Dans une seconde étude nous avons établi deux modèles (normo- et hypertendus) d’infusion chronique à l’angiotensine II (AngII) afin évaluer l’impact des ROS et de l’hypertension sur la voie de signalisation pulsars/CaMKII/NO. Nos résultats ont montré une augmentation des pulsars calciques accompagnée d’un recrutement de CaMKII dans les PMEs. Une stimulation aigue à l’AngII suggère que les ROS modulent les dynamiques calciques et que l’AngII stimule la production de NO. Cette étude propose que ces voies de signalisations impliquent les récepteurs de type 1 et 2 à l’AngII (AT1 et AT2). L’étude des pulsars calciques dépend fortement de la structure native des artères qui permet de conserver la formation des PMEs. La dernière étude présentée dans cette thèse a permis d’établir une relation entre les PMEs et les pulsars calciques dans trois lits vasculaires distincts (artères mésentériques, pulmonaires et coronariennes). Nos résultats ont montré que les paramètres cinétiques des pulsars calciques sont fortement conservés entre les différents lits vasculaires. Toutefois, la fréquence globale ainsi que le nombre de sites actifs des pulsars calciques diffèrent avec une proportion plus élevée dans les artères mésentériques et coronariennes comparativement aux artères pulmonaires. Ces résultats corrèlent avec le nombre plus élevé de PMEs retrouvé dans les artères mésentériques et coronariennes. Ces travaux suggèrent que les pulsars calciques sont fondamentaux pour les artères de résistance. Les études de cette thèse ont mené à l’identification d’une nouvelle voie de signalisation impliquant les pulsars calciques et CaMKII endothéliale dans la stimulation de la production de NO. Cette nouvelle voie de signalisation pourrait être impliquée dans la régulation du tonus vasculaire en condition physiopathologique. Les pulsars calciques semblent être fortement conservés entre les différentes artères de résistances et ce malgré la disparité dans les PMEs, suggérant un rôle prépondérant dans la fonction vasculaire. Ces travaux ouvrent une avenue pour le développement de potentielles cibles thérapeutiques pouvant contrer la dysfonction endothéliale associée à l’hypertension artérielle.

Synthesis of 4-arm star poly(L-Lactide) oligomers using an in situ-generated calcium-based initiator

Using an in situ-generated calcium-based initiating species derived from pentaerythritol, the bulk synthesis of well-defined 4-arm star poly(L-lactide) oligomers has been studied in detail. The substitution of the traditional initiator, stannous octoate with calcium hydride allowed the synthesis of oligomers that had both low PDIs and a comparable number of polymeric arms (3.7 – 3.9) to oligomers of similar molecular weight. Investigations into the degree of control observed during the course of the polymerization found that the insolubility of pentaerythritol in molten L-lactide resulted in an uncontrolled polymerization only when the feed mole ratio of L-lactide to pentaerythritol was 13. At feed ratios of 40 and greater, a pseudo-living polymerization was observed. As part of this study, in situ FT-Raman spectroscopy was demonstrated to be a suitable method to monitor the kinetics of the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide. The advantages of using this technique rather than FT-IR-ATR and 1H NMR for monitoring L-lactide consumption during polymerization are discussed.

Deposition of hydroxyapatite and calcium oxalate dihydrate on a heat exchanger tube

Most studies on the characterisation of deposits on heat exchangers have been based on bulk analysis, neglecting the fine structural features and the compositional profiles of layered deposits. Attempts have been made to fully characterise a fouled stainless steel tube obtained from a quintuple Roberts evaporator of a sugar factory using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The deposit contains three layers at the bottom of the tube and two layers on the other sections and is composed of hydroxyapatite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and an amorphous material. The proportions of these phases varied along the tube height. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy and XRD analysis on the surfaces of the outermost and innermost layers showed that hydroxyapatite was the major phase attached to the tube wall, while calcium oxalate dihydrate (with pits and voids) was the major phase on the juice side. Elemental mapping of the cross-sections of the deposit revealed the presence of a mineral, Si-Mg-Al-Fe-O, which is probably a silicate mineral. Reasons for the defects in the oxalate crystal surfaces, the differences in the crystal size distribution from bottom to the top of the tube and the composite fouling process have been postulated.

Effect of poly(acrylic acid) end-group functionality on inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal growth

A number of series of poly(acrylic acids) (PAA) of differing end-groups and molecular weights prepared using atom transfer radical polymerization were used as inhibitors for the crystallization of calcium oxalate at 23 and 80°C. As measured by turbidimetry and conductivity and as expected from previous reports, all PAA series were most effective for inhibition of crystallization at molecular weights of 1500–4000. However, the extent of inhibition was in general strongly dependent on the hydrophobicity and molecular weight of the end-group. These results may be explicable in terms of adsorption/desorption of PAA to growth sites on crystallites. The overall effectiveness of the series didn't follow a simple trend with end-group hydrophobicity, suggesting self-assembly behavior or a balance between adsorption and desorption rates to crystallite surfaces may be critical in the mechanism of inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization.

Effect of poly(acrylic acid) molecular mass and end-group functionality on calcium oxalate crystal morphology and growth

A number of series of poly(acrylic acids) (PAA) of differing end-groups and molecular mass were used to study the inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization. The effects of the end-group on crystal speciation and morphology were significant and dramatic, with hexyl-isobutyrate end groups giving preferential formation of calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) rather than the more stable calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), while both more hydrophobic end-groups and less-hydrophobic end groups led predominantly to formation of the least thermodynamically stable form of calcium oxalate, calcium oxalate trihydrate. Conversely, molecular mass had little impact on calcium oxalate speciation or crystal morphology. It is probable that the observed effects are related to the rate of desorption of the PAA moiety from the crystal (lite) surfaces and that the results point to a major role for end-group as well as molecular mass in controlling desorption rate.

Formation of thermodynamically unstable calcium oxalate dihydrate in sugar mill evaporators

Calcium oxalate (CaOX) is the most intractable scale component to remove in sugar mill evaporators by either mechanical or chemical means. The operating conditions of sugar mill evaporators should preferentially favour the formation of the thermodynamically stable calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), yet analysis of scale deposit from different sugar factories have shown that calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) is usually the predominant phase, and in some cases is the only hydrate formed. The effects of trans-aconitic, succinic and acetic acids, all of which are present in sugarcane juice, and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) on the growth of CaOX crystals have been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). trans-Aconitic acid, which constitutes two-thirds of the organic acid component in sugarcane juice, in the presence of sugar resulted in the formation of COD and COM in a 3:1 ratio. EDTA was the most effective acid to promote the formation of COD followed by trans-aconitic acid, then acetic acid and lastly succinic acid.

Some aspects of calcium phosphate chemistry in sugarcane clarification

This paper reviews some aspects of calcium phosphate chemistry since phosphate in juice is an important parameter in all sugar juice clarification systems. It uses basic concepts to try and explain the observed differences in clarification performance obtained with various liming techniques. The paper also examines the current colorimetric method used for the determination of phosphate in sugar juice. In this method, a phosphomolybdate blue complex formed due to the addition of a dye is measured at 660 nm. Unfortunately, at this wavelength there is interference of the colour arising from within the juice and results in the underestimation of the amount of soluble inorganic phosphate content of juice. It is suggested that phosphate analysis be conducted at the higher wavelength of 875 nm where the interference of the juice colour is minimised.

The effect of high concentrations of calcium hydroxide in neutralised synthetic supernatant liquor : implications for alumina refinery residues

The presence of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in Bayer residue slurry inhibits the effectiveness of the seawater neutralisation process to reduce the pH and aluminium concentration in the residue. An increase in the slurry pH (reversion), after seawater neutralisation, is caused by the dissolution of calcium hydroxide and hydrocalumite (solid components found in bauxite refinery residue). Reversion was not observed when the final solution pH was greater than 10.5, due to hydrocalumite being in a state of equilibrium at high pH. Hydrocalumite has been found to form during the neutralisation process when high concentrations of calcium hydroxide are present in the residue liquor. The dissolution of hydrocalumite releases hydroxyl (OH-) and aluminium ions back into solution after the seawater neutralisation (SWN) process, which causes pH and aluminium reversion to occur. This investigation looks at the effect of Ca(OH)2 and subsequently hydrocalumite on the pH and aluminium concentration in bauxite refinery residue liquors after the SWN process.

Preparation of porous calcium phosphate ceramic scaffold in bone tissue engineering

Calcium Phosphate ceramic has been widely used in bone tissue engineering due to its excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, low mechanical properties and biodegradability limit their potential applications. In this project, hydroxyapatite (HA) and calcium phosphate bioglass were used to produce porous tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) bio-ceramic scaffolds. It was found that porous TCP bioceramic could be obtained when 20wt percent bioglass addition and sintered in 1400 degrees celsius for 3 h. Significantly higher compressive strength (9.98 MPa) was achieved in the scaffolds as compared to those produced from tCP power (<3 MPa). The biocompatibility of the scaffold was also estimated.