毛乌素沙地两种根茎型植物克隆生长的生态适应意义

在干旱气候背景下的毛乌素沙地，干旱、风沙是十分突出的环境胁迫因子。植物的生存与繁衍受到这些因子的强烈作用。在这里生存繁衍的许多克隆植物，在长期的生态适应与进化中，形成了有效的生态适应机制来克服沙地环境的不利影响。本研究选择在毛乌素沙地广泛分布的根茎型克隆植物羊柴（Hedysarum laeve Maxim.）和拂子茅(Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth.)为实验对象，运用实验生态学的方法与途径，来探讨它们对环境因子的适应机制。 羊柴为毛乌素沙地的主要固沙植物与优良豆科牧草，在该地区广泛用于飞播和直播种植。对毛乌素沙地区域生态环境建设与畜牧业经济发展起到了重大作用。在毛乌素沙地，水分短缺是植物生长和繁殖的重要限制因子。同时，受地形、生物、基质等因素的影响，毛乌素沙地的水分往往呈异质性的空间分布。羊柴克隆的相连分株极有可能处于异质性水分供应的不同生境位点上。因而，相连的羊柴分株能否对异质性水分供应发生反应，以及反应的耗一益状况，是羊柴克隆对干旱与水分异质性生态适应的基本问题。为此，采用人工设置异质性水分供应的方法，研究了一对相连的羊柴成年克隆分株对水分异质性的反应及反应的耗一益状况。结果显示：分株的水分供应状况，对相连的另一分株的生长有着显著的影响。当生长于低水分供应土壤中的分株与生长于高水分供应土壤中的分株相连接时，此分株的地上植株、根系、新生根茎的产生都有显著的提高，生物量分配与同质高土壤水分供应的分株无显著差异;而同时，与此分株相连的、处于高水分供应土壤中的分株在生长上却无明显的减弱，并且将明显多的生物量分配到地下根系。这表明：分株间发生着明显的水分共享，相连的克隆分株通过水分共享对异质性水分供应发生反应：并且水分共享使处于低水分供应土壤中的羊柴分株显著获益而并不显著地牺牲另一处于高水分供应土壤中的羊柴分株的生长。水分共享可能是羊柴克隆对沙地水分异质性的生态适应机制之一。 风积沙埋在毛乌素沙地生态系统中频繁发生，直接影响着种子发芽后，幼苗的存活与成功定居。因而，对传播到沙地中的植物种具有选择作用。羊柴在近数十年来被大量地用于沙地飞播，以防风固沙重建沙地植被。羊柴在种子萌发后，幼苗很有可能遭受沙埋。为了探讨羊柴幼苗对沙埋的反应，对一周龄、二周龄的羊柴幼苗进行了为期6周的人工沙埋实验，实验结果显示：沙埋对羊柴幼苗的存活、生长影响极为显著，重度沙埋（沙埋深度达到或超过幼苗的高度）可使大量或全部羊柴幼苗死亡;一定深度的沙埋（沙埋深度不超过幼苗株高）羊柴幼苗不仅可以全部存活，而且其整株生物量、叶片生物量、根系生物量以及相对生长率都相应地高于非沙埋的对照（即：不沙埋），而且新生叶片的产生要显著地多于不沙埋的对照。与非沙埋的对照相比，一定深度的沙埋并不显著地改变羊柴幼苗的生物量分配格局，其株高也不发生明显的变化。根据本实验的结果，在飞播羊柴时最好先在流沙和半流沙上设置一些人工固沙、阻沙的设施，以避免羊柴幼苗遭受重度沙埋，降低其定居和形成种群的风险，促进其形成种群，提高飞播成效。 在本研究的实施地一毛乌素沙地，环境胁迫与扰动经常发生，异质性的生境条件有着广泛的分布。严酷的生存环境与异质性，为植物采取多样的生态适应策略提供了前提条件。克隆植物的相连分株间是否发生资源共享以及资源共享的时空格局具有种类特异性。拂子茅为根茎型多年生禾草。其根茎细长，在分株建立后并不随分株的年龄的增加与体形的增大而发生明显的加粗生长。为了探讨拂子茅在异质性水分环境中的表型差异，对拂子茅由母株、子株组成的分株对给予了高水、低水两种不同的异质性水分处理。实验结果表明：水分供应状况直径影响着拂子茅的分株生长表型。在高水条件下，拂子茅的分株能产生多的根茎、新生 后代分株，并将生物量主要用于地上部分生长，从而积累多的地上生物量;在低水条件下，拂子茅分株产生较少的根茎与新生后代分株，并且分配到根系的生物量明显增大。在具有一定对比度的异质性水分环境中，拂子茅分株并不因与其相连的分株所处的水分供应状况而在根茎生长、新生后代分株的产生和生物量分配等特征上，与同质环境中的具有相同水分供应状况的分株表现出有明显的差异。这些结果揭示：拂子茅仅以分株的形式对异质性水分在表型上发生反应;相连的克隆分株在向顶向和向基向这两个基本方向上，不能对另一分株的水分供应状况在生长表型上发生反应，它们在水分关系上可能是相互相对独立的。分株的相对独立有利于在气候干旱、扰动强烈的沙地环境中实现风险分摊，提高基株的存活机率。 可以推断：处于同一环境中的不同克隆植物种在长期的进化中，也可以选择截然不同的生态策略来适应环境。

Marcelli De compendiosa doctrina per litteras ad filium et Fabii Planciadis Fulgentii expositio ser monum antiquorum. Ad fidem veterum codicum ediderunt et apparatum criticum Indicesque adiecerunt F.D. Gerlach & C.L. Roth.

Mode of access: Internet.

Interview with Dana L. Roth

An interview in four sessions, January and February 2014, with longtime Caltech chemistry librarian Dana L. Roth. Roth received his undergraduate education at Pasadena City College and UCLA (BS in chemistry, 1962). In 1965, he received master’s degrees in chemistry from Caltech and in library science from UCLA; that summer, he became Caltech’s chemistry librarian. After consolidation of Caltech’s division libraries in Millikan Library in 1967, he undertook various administrative responsibilities at Millikan over the years, along with his continuing duties as chemistry librarian. Active in the chemistry division of the Special Libraries Association. In 2008, inducted into the SLA Hall of Fame. That year he also received the Thomas W. Schmitt Staff Prize, presented to a Caltech staff member whose contributions “embody the values and spirit that enable the institute to achieve excellence in research and education.” Retired April 2013. In this interview he discusses his initial education as a chemist, including his graduate education at Caltech, and his switch to library science. He traces the development of library science in general and at Caltech—from the card-catalog days to the growth of the electronic Caltech Library system and the present state of online access and databases.

三蕊草属Sinochasea Keng系统位置的研究

叶片表皮、叶片横切面、花粉和淀粉粒的微观特征，对青藏高原的特有类群三蕊草属Sinochasea Keng的系统位置进行了探讨。结果表明，三蕊草S.trigyna Keng在上述微观性状上与毛蕊草Duthiea brachypodia(P.Candargy)Keng et Keng f.差距最小，与冠毛草Stephanachne pappophorea(Hack.)Keng差距次之，与宝兴野青茅Deyeuxia moupinensis(Franch.)Pilger和拂子茅Calamagrostis epigeios(L.)Roth差距最大；三蕊草属的系统位置应处于毛蕊草所隶的燕麦族Aveneae中；在系统演化上，燕麦族是最原始的类群，它可能直接或间接地派生了针茅族Stipeae和剪股颖族Agrostideae。

Spectral Enhancement in the Double Pulse Regime of Laser Proton Acceleration

The use of two separate ultraintense laser pulses in laser-proton acceleration was compared to the single pulse case employing the same total laser energy. A double pulse profile, with the temporal separation of the pulses varied between 0.75-2.5 ps, was shown to result in an increased maximum proton energy and an increase in conversion efficiency to fast protons by up to a factor of 3.3. Particle-in-cell simulations indicate the existence of a two stage acceleration process. The second phase, induced by the main pulse preferentially accelerates slower protons located deeper in the plasma, in contrast to conventional target normal sheath acceleration.

Dynamic control and enhancement of laser-accelerated protons using multiple laser pulses

The use of schemes involving multiple laser pulses to enhance and control the properties of beams of protons accelerated in ultra-intense laser irradiation of planar foil targets is discussed. Specifically, the schemes include the use of a second laser pulse to produce and control preplasma expansion of the target to enhance energy coupling to the proton beam; the use of a second laser pulse to drive shock deformation of the target to change the direction of the proton beam; and a scheme involving dual high intensity laser pulses to change the properties of the sheath field, with the aim of modifying the proton energy spectrum. An overview of our recent experimental and theoretical results is given. The overall aim of this work is to determine the extent to which the properties of the sheath-accelerated proton beam can be optically controlled, to enable beam delivery at high repetition rates. To cite this article: D.C. Carroll et al., C. R. Physique 10 (2009). (C) 2009 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Rapid development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in Psammomys obesus (Israeli Sand Rat)

Background and AimsA major impediment to establishing new treatments for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is the lack of suitable animal models that accurately mimic the biochemical and metabolic characteristics of the disease. The aim of this study was to explore a unique polygenic animal model of metabolic disease as a model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by determining the effects of 2% dietary cholesterol supplementation on metabolic and liver endpoints in Psammomys obesus (Israeli sand rat).MethodsP. obesus were provided ad libitum access to either a standard rodent diet (20% kcal/fat) or a standard rodent diet supplemented with 2% cholesterol (w/w) for 4 weeks. Histological sections of liver from animals on both diets were examined for key features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The expression levels of key genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism were measured by real-time PCR.ResultsP. obesus fed a cholesterol-supplemented diet exhibited profound hepatomegaly and steatosis, and higher plasma transaminase levels. Histological analysis identified extensive steatosis, inflammation, hepatocyte injury and fibrosis. Hepatic gene expression profiling revealed decreased expression of genes involved in delivery and uptake of lipids, and fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis, and increased expression of genes involved in very low density lipoprotein cholesterol synthesis, triglyceride and cholesterol export.ConclusionsP. obesus rapidly develop non-alcoholic steatohepatitis when fed a cholesterol-supplemented diet that appears to be histologically and mechanistically similar to patients.

Eficácia do herbicida amicarbazone em aplicação conjunta com a colheita de cana-de-açúcar no controle das principais plantas daninhas da cultura

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeito da palha na disponibilidade do herbicida amicarbazone na solução do solo em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Die Geschichte der Gaonim

von L. Roth

The legacy of Israel : essays

by Sir George Adam Smith ... ; planned by ... Israel Abrahams and ed. by Edwyn R. Bevan ... With an introduction by the master of Balliol

Revisiting the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous of the NW South Iberian Basin: new ages and sedimentary environments

The study of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous deposits (Higueruelas, Villar del Arzobispo and Aldea de Cortés Formations) of the South Iberian Basin (NW Valencia, Spain) reveals new stratigraphic and sedimentological data, which have significant implications on the stratigraphic framework, depositional environments and age of these units. The Higueruelas Fm was deposited in a mid-inner carbonate platform where oncolitic bars migrated by the action of storms and where oncoid production progressively decreased towards the uppermost part of the unit. The overlying Villar del Arzobispo Fm has been traditionally interpreted as an inner platform-lagoon evolving into a tidal-flat. Here it is interpreted as an inner-carbonate platform affected by storms, where oolitic shoals protected a lagoon, which had siliciclastic inputs from the continent. The Aldea de Cortés Fm has been previously interpreted as a lagoon surrounded by tidal-flats and fluvial-deltaic plains. Here it is reinterpreted as a coastal wetland where siliciclastic muddy deposits interacted with shallow fresh to marine water bodies, aeolian dunes and continental siliciclastic inputs. The contact between the Higueruelas and Villar del Arzobispo Fms, classically defined as gradual, is also interpreted here as rapid. More importantly, the contact between the Villar del Arzobispo and Aldea de Cortés Fms, previously considered as unconformable, is here interpreted as gradual. The presence of Alveosepta in the Villar del Arzobispo Fm suggests that at least part of this unit is Kimmeridgian, unlike the previously assigned Late Tithonian-Middle Berriasian age. Consequently, the underlying Higueruelas Fm, previously considered Tithonian, should not be younger than Kimmeridgian. Accordingly, sedimentation of the Aldea de Cortés Fm, previously considered Valangian-Hauterivian, probably started during the Tithonian and it may be considered part of the regressive trend of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous cycle. This is consistent with the dinosaur faunas, typically Jurassic, described in the Villar del Arzobispo and Aldea de Cortés Fms.