Seed characteristics and dispersal of dimorphic fruit segments of Cakile maritima Scopoli (Brassicaceae) population of southern Brazilian coastal dunes

Cakile maritima occurs sporadically along the southern Brazilian coast, where it is restricted to more protected sites at the base of foredunes. Somatic dimorphism in C. maritima is manifested as morphologically distinct upper and lower fruit segments (silicules). The two morphs were tested for differences in size, number of seeds, dispersal ability and natural establishment. In the C. maritima population of southern Brazil, the lower silicule has more seeds than upper silicule, and lower seeds are more likely to abort than the upper ones. Seeds from upper segments were significantly larger than those from lower ones; however, their mass ranges overlap. The mean silicule mass was not significantly different from both segments, but the silicule/seed mass ratio from upper and lower segments was significantly different. Both segments had high ability to float in sea water, more than 50% were still afloat after 70 days. Nevertheless, dispersal occurs mainly to landward due to dominant wind action. Most of the seedlings were restricted to within a one-metre radius of the mother plant, and were principally derived from lower fruit segments.

European phylogeography of the coastal plants Cakile maritima Scop. (Brassicaceae) and Eryngium maritimum L. (Apiaceae)

Linear dispersal systems, such as coastal habitats, are well suited for phylogeographic studies because of their low spatial complexity compared to three dimensional habitats. Widely distributed coastal plant species additionally show azonal and often essentially continuous distributions. These properties, firstly, make it easier to reconstruct historical distributions of coastal plants and, secondly, make it more likely that present distributions contain both Quaternary refugia and recently colonized areas. Taken together this makes it easier to formulate phylogeographic hypotheses. This work investigated the phylogeography of Cakile maritima and Eryngium maritimum, two species growing in sandy habitats along the north Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea coasts on two different spatial scales using AFLP data. The genetic structure of these species was investigated by sampling single individuals along most of their distributions from Turkey to south Sweden. On a regional scale the population genetic structure of both species was also studied in detail in the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, the Strait of Gibraltar and along a continuous stretch of dunes in western France. Additionally, populations of C. maritima were investigated in the Baltic Sea/Kattegat/North Sea area. Over the complete sampling range the species show both differences and similarities in their genetic structure. In the Mediterranean Sea, both species contain Aegean Sea/Black Sea and west Mediterranean clusters. Cakile maritima additionally shows a clustering of Ionian Sea/Adriatic Sea collections. Further, both species show a subdivision of Atlantic Ocean/North Sea/Baltic Sea material from Mediterranean. Within the Atlantic Ocean group, C. maritima from the Baltic Sea and the most northern Atlantic localities form an additional cluster while no such substructure was found in E. maritimum. In all three instances where population genetic investigations of both species were performed in the same area, the results showed almost complete congruency of spatial genetic patterns. In the Aegean/Black Sea/Marmara region a subdivision of populations into a Black Sea, a Sea of Marmara and an Aegean Sea group is shared by both species. In addition the Sea of Marmara populations are more close to the Aegean Sea populations than they are to the Black Sea populations in both cases. Populations from the Atlantic side of the Strait of Gibraltar are differentiated from those on the Mediterranean side in both species, a pattern that confirms the results of the wide scale study. Along the dunes of West France no clear genetic structure could be detected in any of the species. Additionally, the results from the Baltic Sea/North Sea populations of C. maritima did not reveal any geographical genetic pattern. It is postulated that the many congruencies between the species are mainly due to a predominantly sea water mediated seed dispersal in both species and their shared sandy habitat. The results are compared to hypothetical distributions for the last glacial maximum based on species specific temperature requirements. It is argued that in both species the geographical borders of the clusters in the Mediterranean area were not affected by quaternary temperature changes and that the Aegean/Black Sea/Marmara cluster, and possibly the Ionian Sea/Adriatic Sea cluster in C. maritima, is the result of sea currents that isolate these basins from the rest of the sampled areas. The genetic gap in the Strait of Gibraltar between Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea populations in both species is also explained in terms of sea currents. The existence of three subgroups corresponding to the Aegean Sea, Black Sea and Sea of Marmara basins is suggested to have arisen due to geographical isolation during periods of global sea regressions in the glacials. The population genetic evidence was inconclusive regarding the Baltic Sea cluster of C. Maritima from the wide scale study. The results of this study are very similar to those of an investigation of three other coastal plant species over a similar range. This suggests that the phylo-geographic patterns of widespread coastal plants may be more predictable than those of other terrestrial plants.

Relatório Preliminar sobre a Biodiversidade - Complexo de Árias protegidas do Leste da Ilha da Boa Vista

O Complexo de Áreas Protegidas do Leste da Ilha da Boa Vista (CAPLBV) inclui áreas terrestres, costeiras e marinhas bem como algumas colinas de baixa altitude em suas zonas terrestres (como a Ponta de Chã de Tarafe e o Monumento Natural de Monte Estância) na parte oriental da ilha da Boa Vista e estende-se por uma vasta área desde a Ponta de Ajudante a sul até a Ponta de Chã de Tarafe a norte. A biodiversidade da ilha da Boa Vista é caracterizada pela existência de várias comunidades de fauna e flora representativas dos ecossistemas costeiros e marinhos de Cabo Verde, da qual se destaca a tartaruga marinha Caretta caretta que aqui tem a sua principal área de desova em Cabo Verde. A vegetação costeira inclui Sporobolus spicatus, Cakile maritima, Sesuvium sesuvioides, Zygophylum fontanesii e Zygophylum simplex, sendo que as espécies mais representativas nas áreas lagunares são Arthrocnemum glaucum, Zygophylum waterlotii, Zygophylum fontanesii, Sporobolus minutus, Sporobolus spicatus e Cyperus bulbosus. A avifauna associada inclui Charadrius alexandrinus, Himantopus himantopus, Arenaria interpres, Pluvialis squatarola, Tringa nebularia, Ardea cinerea, Egretta garcetta, Ibis bulbucus, Platalea leucorodia, Pandion haliaetus, Fregata magnificens, Calonectris edwardsii, Sula leucogaster, Phaethon aethereus, Pelagodroma marina e Oceanodroma castro. As comunidades de corais ao longo da costa da ilha da Boa Vista, nomeadamente no ilhéu de Sal Rei e na baía das Gatas são das mais diversificadas e abundantes de todo o território de Cabo Verde (Cabo Verde 2000, 2001). As espécies do género Conus apresentam uma elevada diversidade e um elevado grau de endemismo. Várias espécies de tubarões e peixes pelágicos bem como mamíferos marinhos se reproduzem nas águas costeiras da Boa Vista. O presente relatório tem como objectivo caracterizar o ambiente terrestre, costeiro e marinho em geral, identificar e avaliar a situação da biodiversidade na área proposta para fazer parte do CAPLBV e nas áreas circundantes, através do levantamento, com recurso à pesquisa bibliográfica e saídas de campo, da diversidade e abundância da flora e fauna, em especial das espécies em vias de extinção e as endémicas, das espécies com importância ecológica no contexto internacional decorrente da posição biogeográfica do arquipélago e das espécies com importância ecológica e económica para a ilha da Boa Vista bem como para o arquipélago de Cabo Verde.