Orthoptera do ecossistema pinhal

O pinhal constitui o tipo de floresta mais representado em Portugal, ocupando 35.5% da área florestada. Este estudo foi efectuado em pinhais e sistemas circundantes, tendo por objectivo identificar a fauna de Orthoptera, e avaliar quais os impactes ecológicos das espécies encontradas, isto é quais delas poderão constituir pragas, e quais deverão ser protegidas. Recolheram-se 60 espécies de Orthoptera, em pinhais distribuídos por seis regiões de Portugal Continental, das quais 24 pertencem à sub-ordem Ensifera e 36 à sub-ordem Caelifera, representando cerca de 50% das espécies anteriormente encontradas. Foi registado pela primeira vez em Portugal a presença de nove espécies de órtopteros, uma das quais nova para a ciência Uromenus (Steropleurus) anapaulae (G. H. Schmidt, 2002). Procedeu-se à comparação da biodiversidade de Orthoptera nos locais estudados, utilizando-se os índices de Shannon, Brillouin e Simpson. Verificou-se que os valores mais elevados, para a biodiversidade de Orthoptera, foram encontrados nos locais que apresentavam uma considerável diversidade da paisagem e diversidade de habitats, como é o caso do Parque Natural do Alvão, enquanto que os menores valores foram registados na Mata Nacional de Leiria e na Herdade da Ferraria, onde existe grande homogeneidade de habitats, constituídos quase exclusivamente por plantações de Pinus pinaster. Investigou-se qual a importância dos Orthoptera, como predadores da processionária do pinheiro Thaumetopoea pityocampa, um dos fitófagos mais importantes na região Mediterrânica, causador tanto de prejuízos económicos em pinhais como de reacções alérgicas ao Homem e outros mamíferos. Registou-se pela primeira vez, que os gafanhotos da família Tettigonidea predam sobre lagartas e imagos de T. pityocampa, além de consumirem as posturas. Em alguns pinhais verificou-se existir uma relação inversamente proporcional entre o número de tetigonídeos, e o nível de ataque do fitófago. Não se confirmou, no entanto, uma possível utilização da feromona sexual de T. pityocampa como cairomona, pelos tetigonídeos. Entre os ortópteros potencialmente causadores de pragas salienta-se a sub-espécie Locusta migratoria cinerascens, que apresenta uma distribuição circum -mediterrânica. Procedeu-se à criação laboratorial e ao estudo comparativo da bio-ecologia desta subespécie e de L. m. migratorioides, que causa prejuízos devastadores em regiões tropicais. Ambas são morfologicamente semelhantes mas ocorrem em fases diferentes, respectivamente solitária e gregária. Quantificaram-se os parâmetros reprodutivos de fêmeas virgens e copuladas das duas sub-espécies, e de fêmeas híbridas, tendo-se registado taxas de fertilidade superiores para L. m. migratorioides, denotando a sua adaptação a densidades populacionais elevadas. Obteve-se ainda, por reprodução partenogenética, 13 gerações consecutivas de fêmeas, facto que se regista pela primeira vez. Compararam-se as principais componentes das substâncias semioquímicas emitidas por fêmeas, machos e ninfas de último instar para as duas sub-espécies de L. migratoria estudadas, tendo-se verificado que existem algumas diferenças relativamente às fêmeas. Analisaram-se as respostas olfactivas a algumas das principais substâncias, nomeadamente guaiacol, veratrol, anisol, acetofenona, benzaldeído e extracto de folhas verdes, através de testes de electroantenografia, tendo-se concluído que a sub-espécie L. m. migratorioides reagiu mais intensamente às substâncias acetofenona, guaiacol e veratrol do que a sub-espécie L. m.cinerascens.

Notas sobre o gênero Leptopyrgota Hendel, com descrição de vinte e uma novas espécies do Brasil (Diptera, Pyrgotidae)

Notes and comments on the Neotropical genus Leptopyrgota Hendel are presented. The following Brazilian species are described as new: apposita, celeriuscula, accolens, quaerens, ensifera, definienda, cocta, andrei, marci, sarae, juniae, liae, isabelae, gracilenta, flavipes, lenkoi, brevipennis, tibialis, minensis, caelifera, hesterna.

Ronderosia ommexechoides: a new species of Brazilian dichroplini (Orthoptera : Acrididae, Melanoplinae)

A new species of the genus Ronderosia Cigliano 1997 is described. Color illustrations of the female and male, drawings of female and male external genitalia as well as drawings of its phallic structures and photographs of the chromosomes are included.

Evolutionary dynamics of 5S rDNA location in acridid grasshoppers and its relationship with H3 histone gene and 45S rDNA location

We analyze the chromosomal location of 5S rDNA clusters in 29 species of grasshoppers belonging to the family Acrididae. There was extensive variation among species for the number and location of 5S rDNA sites. Out of 148 sites detected, 75% were proximally located, 21.6% were interstitial, and only 3.4% were distal. The number of 5S rDNA sites per species varied from a single chromosome pair (in six species) to all chromosome pairs (in five species), with a range of intermediate situations. Thirteen chromosomes from eight species carried two 5S rDNA clusters. At intraspecific level, differences among populations were detected in Eyprepocnemis plorans, and some heteromorphisms have also been observed in some species. Double FISH for 5S rDNA and H3 histone gene DNA, performed on 17 of these 29 species, revealed that both markers are sometimes placed in a same chromosome but at different location, whereas they appeared to co-localize in five species (Calliptamus barbarus, Heteracris adpersa, Aiolopus strepens, Oedipoda charpentieri and O. coerulescens). Double fiber-FISH in A. strepens and O. coerulescens showed that the two DNAs are closely interspersed with variable relative amounts of both classes of DNA. Finally, no correlation was observed between the number of 5S and 45S rDNA clusters in 23 species where this information was available. These results are discussed in the light of possible mechanisms of spread that led to the extensive variation in the number of clusters observed for both rDNA types in acridid grasshoppers. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Chromosomal Mapping of Repetitive DNAs in the Grasshopper Abracris flavolineata Reveal Possible Ancestry of the B Chromosome and H3 Histone Spreading

Supernumerary chromosomes (B chromosomes) occur in approximately 15% of eukaryote species. Although these chromosomes have been extensively studied, knowledge concerning their specific molecular composition is lacking in most cases. The accumulation of repetitive DNAs is one remarkable characteristic of B chromosomes, and the occurrence of distinct types of multigene families, satellite DNAs and some transposable elements have been reported. Here, we describe the organization of repetitive DNAs in the A complement and B chromosome system in the grasshopper species Abracris flavolineata using classical cytogenetic techniques and FISH analysis using probes for five multigene families, telomeric repeats and repetitive C0t-1 DNA fractions. The 18S rRNA and H3 histone multigene families are highly variable and well distributed in A. flavolineata chromosomes, which contrasts with the conservation of U snRNA genes and less variable distribution of 5S rDNA sequences. The H3 histone gene was an extensively distributed with clusters occurring in all chromosomes. Repetitive DNAs were concentrated in C-positive regions, including the pericentromeric region and small chromosomal arms, with some occurrence in C-negative regions, but abundance was low in the B chromosome. Finally, the first demonstration of the U2 snRNA gene in B chromosomes in A. flavolineata may shed light on its possible origin. These results provide new information regarding chromosomal variability for repetitive DNAs in grasshoppers and the specific molecular composition of B chromosomes. © 2013 Bueno et al.

Tracking the evolution of sex chromosome systems in Melanoplinae grasshoppers through chromosomal mapping of repetitive DNA sequences

Background: The accumulation of repetitive DNA during sex chromosome differentiation is a common feature of many eukaryotes and becomes more evident after recombination has been restricted or abolished. The accumulated repetitive sequences include multigene families, microsatellites, satellite DNAs and mobile elements, all of which are important for the structural remodeling of heterochromatin. In grasshoppers, derived sex chromosome systems, such as neo-XY♂/XX♀ and neo-X1X2Y♂/X 1X1X2X2♀, are frequently observed in the Melanoplinae subfamily. However, no studies concerning the evolution of sex chromosomes in Melanoplinae have addressed the role of the repetitive DNA sequences. To further investigate the evolution of sex chromosomes in grasshoppers, we used classical cytogenetic and FISH analyses to examine the repetitive DNA sequences in six phylogenetically related Melanoplinae species with X0♂/XX♀, neo-XY♂/XX♀ and neo-X1X2Y♂/X1X1X 2X2♀ sex chromosome systems. Results: Our data indicate a non-spreading of heterochromatic blocks and pool of repetitive DNAs (C 0 t-1 DNA) in the sex chromosomes; however, the spreading of multigene families among the neo-sex chromosomes of Eurotettix and Dichromatos was remarkable, particularly for 5S rDNA. In autosomes, FISH mapping of multigene families revealed distinct patterns of chromosomal organization at the intra- and intergenomic levels. Conclusions: These results suggest a common origin and subsequent differential accumulation of repetitive DNAs in the sex chromosomes of Dichromatos and an independent origin of the sex chromosomes of the neo-XY and neo-X1X2Y systems. Our data indicate a possible role for repetitive DNAs in the diversification of sex chromosome systems in grasshoppers. © 2013Palacios-Gimenez et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.