Variability in the fecal egg count and the parasitic burden of hair sheep after grazing in nematode infected paddocks

This study aimed to evaluate the variability in the fecal egg count (FEC) and the parasitic burden of naive hair sheep after grazing in nematode infected paddocks. The research was carried out in Tabasco, Mexico, during two periods (August and December). In each period 32 lambs were grazed for one month on African star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus) contaminated with gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes. FEC, packed cell volume (PCV) and body weight (BW) were recorded. Gastrointestinal worms were recovered at necropsy. Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS using a model of repeated measurements over time. A higher number of Haemonchus contortus worms was found in December (2814±838) than in August (1166±305). The opposite occurred with Cooperia curticei (2167±393 and 3638±441, respectively). The FEC and correlation coefficient in respect to the worm burden were higher in December (6516 ± 1599, r=0.83, respectively) than in August (4364±771, r=0.44, respectively). A high variability in resistance-susceptibility to gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) occurred in Katahdin × Pelibuey lambs after grazing.

Efeito de três espécies de gramíneas forrageiras sobre a estrutura da pastagem e distribuição vertical de larvas infectantes de nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos

The knowledge of interaction between infective larvae setting and the type of grass is important to epidemiological studies and the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of three species of forage grasses on pasture characteristics and the vertical distribution of infective larvae (L3) of gastrointestinal nematodes of woolless sheep on the grasses during the rainy season. Sixty non-periparturients ewes were used, naturally infected, equally distributed on 2ha paddocks sowed with Tanzania, star, and gamba grasses, managed under continuous grazing system, from October 2003 to March 2004, at Santa Bárbara farm, Barreiras-Bahia-Brazil. Data of three samples between December 2003 and March 2004 were analyzed by SAS, using split-plot design, with 10 replications. Infective larvae of Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. were observed on forage in all stratus of vertical layer of the grasses without a defined pattern. Pastures with different characteristics under continuous grazing system had good conditions for developing infective larvae of sheep.

Responses of transplanted native tree species to invasive alien grass removals in an abandoned cattle pasture in the Lacandon region, Mexico

We tested the early performance of 16 native early-, mid-, and late-successional tree species in response to four intensities of grass removal in an abandoned cattle pasture dominated by the introduced, invasive African grass, Cynodon plectostachyus, within the Lacandon rainforest region, southeast Mexico. The increase in grass removals significantly improved the performance of many species, especially of early-and mid-successional species, while performance of late-successional species was relatively poor and did not differ significantly among treatments. Good site preparation and at least one additional grass removal four months after seedling transplant were found to be essential; additional grass removals led to improved significantly performance of saplings in most cases. In order to evaluate the potential of transplanting tree seedlings successfully in abandoned tropical pastures, we developed a "planting risk index", combining field performance measurements and plantation cost estimations. Our results showed a great potential for establishing restoration plantings with many early-and mid-successional species. Although planting risk of late-successional species was considered high, certain species showed some possibilities of acclimation after 18 months and should be considered in future plantation arrangements in view of their long-term contributions to biodiversity maintenance and also to human welfare through delivery of ecosystem services. Conducting a planting risk analysis can help avoid failure of restoration strategies involving simultaneous planting of early-, mid-, and late-successional tree species. This in turn will improve cost-effectiveness of initial interventions in large-scale, long-term restoration programs.

Testing the Performance of Fourteen Native Tropical Tree Species in Two Abandoned Pastures of the Lacandon Rainforest Region of Chiapas, Mexico

The rainforest of Mexico has been degraded and severely fragmented, and urgently require restoration. However, the practice of restoration has been limited by the lack of species-specific data on survival and growth responses to local environmental variation. This study explores the differential performance of 14 wet tropical early-, mid- or late-successional tree species that were grown in two abandoned pastures with contrasting land-use histories. After 18 months, seedling survival and growth of at least 7 of the 14 tree species studied were significantly higher in the site with a much longer history of land use (site 2). Saplings of the three early-successional species showed exceptional growth rates. However, differences in performance were noted in relation to the differential soil properties between the experimental sites. Mid-successional species generally showed slow growth rates but high seedling survival, whereas late-successional species exhibited poor seedling survival at both the study sites. Stepwise linear regressions revealed that the species integrated response index combining survivorship and growth measurements, was influenced mostly by differences in soil pH between the two abandoned pastures. Our results suggest that local environmental variation among abandoned pastures of contrasting land-use histories influences sapling survival and growth. Furthermore, the similarity of responses among species with the same successional status allowed us to make some preliminary site and species-specific silvicultural recommendations. Future field experiments should extend the number of species and the range of environmental conditions to identify site generalists or more narrowly adapted species, that we would call sensitive.

Microbial Metabolic Potential Affected by Surplus Wastewater Irrigation in Tropical Soil Cultivated with Tifton 85 Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon Pers. X C. niemfuensis Vanderyst)

Agricultural reuse of treated sewage effluent (TSE) is an environmental and economic practice; however, little is known about its effects on the characteristics and microbial function in tropical soils. The effect of surplus irrigation of a pasture with TSE, in a period of 18 months, was investigated, considering the effect of 0% surplus irrigation with TSE as a control. In addition, the experiment consisted of three surplus treatments (25%, 50%, and 100% excess) and a nonirrigated pasture area (SE) to compare the soil microbial community level physiological profiles, using the Biolog method. The TSE application increased the average substrate consumption of the soil microbial community, based on the kinetic parameters of the average well color development curve fitting. There were no significant differences between the levels of surplus irrigation treatments. Surplus TSE pasture irrigation caused minor increases in the physiological status of the soil microbial community but no detectable damage to the pasture or soil.

Milk yield, milk composition, eating behavior, and lamb performance of ewes fed diets containing soybean hulls replacing coastcross (Cynodon species) hay

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of replacing coastcross hay NDF by soybean hull (SH) NDF on the lactation performance and eating behavior of ewes and also on the performance of their lambs. Fifty-six Santa Ines lactating ewes (56.1 +/- 6.8 kg of initial BW; mean +/- SD) were penned individually and used in a randomized complete block design with 14 blocks and 4 treatments. Diets were formulated to provide similar concentrations of NDF (56%) and CP (16%). The SH NDF replaced 33 (SH33), 67 (SH67), or 100% (SH100) of the NDF contributed by coastcross hay in a 70% forage-based diet (SH0), resulting in SH inclusion rates of 0, 25, 54, and 85% of the dietary DM. Once a week, from the second to the eighth week of lactation (weaning time), ewes were separated from their lambs, stimulated by a 6-IU i.v. oxytocin injection, and hand milked to empty the udder. After 3 h, milk production was obtained after the same procedure. Quadratic effect for milk production (142.4, 179.8, 212.6, and 202.9 g/3 h) and cubic effect for DMI (2.27, 2.69, 3.25, and 3.00 kg/d) were observed as SH inclusion increased from 0 to 85% of the dietary DM. Milk fat (7.59, 7.86, 7.59, and 7.74%), protein (4.53, 4.43, 4.40, and 4.55%), and total solids (18.24, 18.54, 18.39, and 18.64%) did not differ among the 70% forage-based diet and diets with SH NDF replacing 33, 67, or 100% of the NDF. A linear increase in lactose concentration was observed with SH inclusion. Ewe BW gain during the trial showed a cubic response (0.37, 0.03, 4.80, and 2.80 kg) with SH inclusion. The preweaning ADG of lambs increased linearly, and ADG of lambs after weaning decreased linearly with SH inclusion. Final BW of lambs (2 wk after weaning) did not differ among treatments. Eating behavior observations were conducted with 44 ewes. The same facilities, experimental design, dietary treatments, and feeding management were used. Observations were visually recorded every 5 min for a 24-h period when ewes were 46 +/- 6.8 d in milk. Eating time (min/d, min/g of DMI, and min/g of NDF intake) and time expended in rumination and chewing activities (min/g of DMI and min/g of NDF intake) decreased linearly with the addition of SH in the diets. The inclusion of SH improved DMI and milk production, also reflecting on the BW of lambs at weaning. Milk performance was not affected when SH NDF replaced 100% of hay NDF.

Postpartum ovarian activity of Santa Ines lactating ewes fed diets containing soybean hulls as a replacement for coastcross (Cynodon sp.) hay

The Santa Ines, a Brazilian hair sheep, has a non-seasonal breeding activity. Data regarding the duration of the postpartum anestrous period in Santa Ines lactating ewes is lacking and the objective of this trial was to determine the effects of replacing neutral detergent fibre (NDF) provided by coastcross (Cynodon sp.) hay with NDF contained in soybean hulls (SH) on the postpartum ovarian activity-as measured by the serum progesterone (P(4)) concentration. Fifty-six lactating ewes (body weight 56.1 +/- 6.8 kg) were individually penned and used in a randomized complete block design with 14 blocks and four treatments. The SH NDF replaced 33 (SH33), 67 (SH67), or 100% (SH100) of the NDF contributed by coastcross hay in the control diet (SHO). This resulted in a SH inclusion at rates of 0, 25, 54, and 85% of the dietary dry matter (DM). Blood samples were collected twice weekly from the 14th to 84th day postpartum and the serum P(4) concentrations determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). It was estimated that the 1st postpartum ovulation occurred 6 days before the date that a serum P(4) >= 1 ng/ml concentration was first recorded. The mean body condition score (BCS; 0-5 scale) was 3.0 +/- 0.19 on day 14 postpartum and the mean BCS at day 56 postpartum increased linearly (P<0.01) with the inclusion levels of SH (3.09, 3.24, 3.34, and 3.36, respectively). Treatments did not differ significantly in the induction of postpartum days to the resumption of ovarian luteal activity (34.1 +/- 15.3 days postpartum). On days 25, 50, and 75 postpartum 36.80, and 100% of the ewes had resumed ovarian activity, respectively. Nonesterified fatty acid concentration decreased quadratically (P<0.05) with the SH inclusion, with values of 0.323, 0.244, 0.204, and 0.216 mequiv./l for the SHO, SH33, SH67, and SH100 treatments being recorded, respectively. Replacement of the NDF provided by coastcross hay with the NDF from the SH did not influence the duration of the postpartum anestrous period in Santa Ines lactating ewes. Considering a 150-day gestation period and the 34 days postpartum anestrous demonstrated in the present study, the current production system of a lambing interval of 8 months (3 lambing events in 2 years) may not be optimizing the production potential and a system in which the lambing interval is shortened by at least 1 month may be feasible. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Marker concentration patterns of labelled leaf and stem particles in the rumen of cattle grazing bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) analysed by reference to a raft model

Large (>1600 mum), ingestively masticated particles of bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) leaf and stem labelled with Yb-169 and Ce-144 respectively were inserted into the rumen digesta raft of heifers grazing bermuda grass. The concentration of markers in digesta sampled from the raft and ventral rumen were monitored at regular intervals over approximately 144 h. The data from the two sampling sites were simultaneously fitted to two pool (raft and ventral rumen-reticulum) models with either reversible or sequential flow between the two pools. The sequential flow model fitted the data equally as well as the reversible flow model but the reversible flow model was used because of its greater application. The reversible flow model, hereafter called the raft model, had the following features: a relatively slow age-dependent transfer rate from the raft (means for a gamma 2 distributed rate parameter for leaf 0.0740 v. stem 0.0478 h(-1)), a very slow first order reversible flow from the ventral rumen to the raft (mean for leaf and stem 0.010 h(-1)) and a very rapid first order exit from the ventral rumen (mean of leaf and stem 0.44 h(-1)). The raft was calculated to occupy approximately 0.82 total rumen DM of the raft and ventral rumen pools. Fitting a sequential two pool model or a single exponential model individually to values from each of the two sampling sites yielded similar parameter values for both sites and faster rate parameters for leaf as compared with stem, in agreement with the raft model. These results were interpreted as indicating that the raft forms a large relatively inert pool within the rumen. Particles generated within the raft have difficulty escaping but once into the ventral rumen pool they escape quickly with a low probability of return to the raft. It was concluded that the raft model gave a good interpretation of the data and emphasized escape from and movement within the raft as important components of the residence time of leaf and stem particles within the rumen digesta of cattle.

Frações de zinco em solo arenoso e suas relações com disponibilidade para Cynodon spp cv. Tifton-85

Para avaliar um esquema de fracionamento de zinco em Argissolo arenoso e suas relações com a disponibilidade de Zn para Cynodon spp cv. Tifton-85, realizou-se um experimento em casa de vegetação, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 x 2 (5 doses de Zn, 2 doses de calcário e 2 épocas de amostragem), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. As doses de Zn foram de 0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e 10 mg dm-3; metade dos vasos não recebeu calagem (V = 42 %) e metade recebeu a calagem com vistas em elevar o índice de saturação por bases a 70 %. As épocas de amostragem foram 30 e 150 dias após aplicação de Zn, respectivamente, antes do plantio e depois do 3º corte de Tifton-85. A aplicação de Zn resultou em aumento significativo do elemento nas frações: trocável, óxidos de Mn, matéria orgânica e óxidos de Fe. O Zn ligado aos óxidos de Mn aumentou significativamente com a calagem. Após 150 dias de experimentação, houve diminuição do Zn trocável, ligado aos óxidos de Mn, à matéria orgânica e aos óxidos de Fe, e aumento na fração residual. A distribuição de Zn nas frações do solo foi: residual > óxidos de Fe > óxidos de Mn > trocável > matéria orgânica. As relações entre as características estudadas mostraram que tanto o Zn-DTPA quanto o Zn trocável, ligado à M.O. e aos óxidos de Mn, foram eficientes para representar o Zn absorvido pela planta.

Índice de área foliar, coeficiente de extinção luminosa e acúmulo de forragem em pastagens de Cynodon spp. sob lotação contínua

Avaliou-se o índice de área foliar, o coeficiente de extinção luminosa e o acúmulo de matéria seca em três cultivares de Cynodon spp. (Tifton 85, Florakirk e Coastcross) submetidas a quatro intensidades de pastejo (5, 10, 15 e 20 cm) por ovinos em regime de lotação contínua. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em parcelas subdivididas, tendo na parcela as cultivares, e na subparcela, as intensidades de pastejo. Os maiores valores de índice de área foliar foram encontrados na cultivar Tifton 85. A extinção de luz dentro do dossel do pasto variou com a cultivar, mês do ano e intensidade de pastejo. Os valores mais elevados de coeficiente de extinção de luz (k) foram observados nos pastos mantidos mais altos, dentro de cultivares, na Florakirk. As taxas de acúmulo de matéria seca foram semelhantes em todas as cultivares avaliadas, independentemente dos regimes de desfolha adotados.

Métodos indiretos para estimar a massa de forragem em pastos de Cynodon spp

O planejamento e o manejo em sistemas de produção animal em pastagens utilizam como informação essencial valores de massa e taxas de acúmulo de forragem. Este trabalho avaliou dois métodos, régua e prato ascendente, para estimar a massa de matéria seca de forragem em pastagens do gênero Cynodon, cultivares Florakirk, Tifton 85 e Coastcross. Os pastos foram mantidos a 5, 10, 15 e 20 cm de altura por meio de lotação contínua de ovinos em um delineamento experimental de blocos completos ao acaso com 4 repetições. Durante 12 meses foram geradas curvas de calibração do tipo y = a + bx entre altura do pasto (x), medida por meio de cada um dos dois métodos, e a massa de matéria seca de forragem correspondente (y), em kg ha-1. Os valores do intercepto (a) foram os mais influenciados por cultivar e época do ano. Houve variação apenas moderada nos valores do coeficiente angular (b). Essa variação esteve relacionada com modificações da estrutura do dossel forrageiro, particularmente a proporção de material morto. Os métodos não diferiram em precisão, porém o método do prato ascendente mostrou-se mais rápido e ágil. A calibração dos métodos deve ser específica para cada cultivar e realizada freqüentemente para que as equações geradas sejam precisas.

Eficácia de uma nova formulação de glifosato para o controle de grama-seda (Cynodon dactylon), em pomar de citros.

Avaliou-se a eficácia do herbicida glifosato potássico, comparado ao sulfosato e ao glifosato amínico, utilizados como padrões comerciais. Os herbicidas foram aplicados em um pomar de laranja da variedade Pêra-rio, infestado por grama-seda (Cynodon dactylon) com aproximadamente 25 cm de altura, em 70% da área. O experimento foi instalado no município de Taiúva-SP, em solo Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo, distrófico, de textura arenosa, com relevo suave ondulado. Os tratamentos testados foram: glifosato potássico (ZAPP Qi) a 1,05; 2,10 e 2,50 kg e.a./ha, sulfosato (ZAPP) e glifosato amínico (ROUNDUP CS) a 1,98 e 2,16 kg e.a./ha, respectivamente, além da testemunha sem capina. Os herbicidas foram aplicados em pós-emergência da planta daninha, com pulverizador costal, à pressão constante (mantida por CO2 comprimido) de 2,5 kg/cm², munido de barra com seis bicos de jato plano ("leque") DG 11002, com um consumo de calda equivalente a 200 L/ha. Os melhores resultados de controle foram obtidos com 2,5 kg e.a./ha do glifosato potássico, que também garantiu menor brotação da grama-seda. No entanto, a dosagem de 2,10 kg e.a./ha deste mesmo herbicida não foi menos eficaz que o sulfosato e o glifosato, com 1,98 e 2,16 kg e.a./ha, respectivamente.

Análise energética na produção de feno de Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers

O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar o consumo de energia na implantação, condução, fenação e armazenamento, assim como a eficiência energética do Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers, em sistema intensivo de produção de leite, na região de Coronel Pacheco - MG, sendo utilizados dados coletados pela Embrapa Gado de Leite, em média de sete anos. Para o levantamento dos componentes da matriz, foram utilizados coeficientes energéticos preconizados por autores especializados. A energia direta, relativa aos insumos, teve maior participação que a indireta, sendo os percentuais encontrados de 94,69 e 5,31, respectivamente. O principal consumidor de energia indireta foi o trator, por acionar todos os equipamentos tratorizados, seguido do equipamento de irrigação. A eficiência energética, de 4,18, foi considerada favorável, demonstrando sustentabilidade do agroecossistema. A maioria da energia direta utilizada foi derivada de petróleo, na forma de combustível. Houve, ainda, grande consumo de outro derivado de petróleo, o fertilizante, principalmente na forma de nitrogênio (28,89% do total).

Controle de Brachiaria brizantha com uso do glyphosate após o estabelecimento de Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.)

A eficiência do glyphosate no controle de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu em áreas de cultivo do Tifton 85 foi avaliada utilizando o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com oito doses de glyphosate (0, 90, 180, 360, 720, 1.080, 1.440 e 1.800 g ha-1), e quatro repetições. Cada parcela foi constituída de um vaso com duas plantas de B. brizantha cv. Marandu e duas plantas de Tifton-85. A aplicação do herbicida foi feita quando as plantas de B. brizantha apresentavam cerca de 40 cm de altura. O nível de intoxicação nas plantas de Tifton 85 e a eficiência do herbicida no controle de B. brizantha foram avaliados aos 15, 30 e 60 dias após aplicação (DAA). Aos 60 DAA, as plantas foram colhidas ao nível do solo e secas em estufa. A rebrota foi avaliada, do mesmo modo, aos 60 dias após o corte (DAC). Obeservou-se controle superior a 90% de B. brizantha, a partir da dose de 738,28 g ha-1 de glyphosate, enquanto a intoxicação para as plantas de Tifton 85 foi de apenas 12,05. Aos 60 DAA, houve redução na produção de massa seca de braquiária a partir da dose de 90 g ha-1. Doses superiores a 720 g ha-1 diminuíram o crescimento e desenvolvimento do Tifton 85, afetando sua produção, sem, no entanto, ocasionar a morte das plantas. Os resultados evidenciam boa tolerância do Tifton 85 até a dose de 720 g ha-1 de glyphosate.

Controle de Brachiaria brizantha, com uso do glyphosate, na formação de pastagem de Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.)

Este trabalho foi proposto com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do herbicida glyphosate no controle de Brachiaria brizantha, cultivar Marandu, na formação de pastagem de Tifton 85. O experimento foi realizado em ambiente desprotegido, utilizando vasos de polietileno com capacidade de 10 L. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de duas épocas de aplicação e oito doses: 0, 90, 180, 360, 720, 1.080, 1.440 e 1.800 g e.a. ha-1 de glyphosate, no esquema fatorial 2 x 8. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Cada parcela foi constituída de um vaso com duas plantas de B. brizantha e duas de Tifton 85. A primeira aplicação do glyphosate foi realizada antes do perfilhamento das plantas de B. brizantha, quando estas apresentavam cerca 10 cm de altura, e a segunda, quando as plantas estavam com quatro a cinco perfilhos e aproximadamente 20 cm de altura. Para cada época de aplicação foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle de B. brizantha e intoxicação nas plantas de Tifton 85, aos 15, 30 e 60 DAA (dias após aplicação). Aos 60 DAA, as plantas de ambas as espécies forrageiras foram cortadas e secas em estufa, assim como a rebrota aos 60 DAC (dias após o corte). Porcentagem de controle de 90% de B. brizantha, aos 60 DAA, foi obtida com 133,60 g ha-1 na primeira aplicação e 365,63 g ha-1 na segunda. Foi observado aos 60 DAA, na primeira e segunda épocas de aplicação, que baixas doses de glyphosate (133,60 e 365,63 g ha-1, respectivamente) promovem controle da braquiária, com ausência de rebrota dessas plantas aos 60 DAC, e intoxicação leve de Tifton 85, sem influenciar o rendimento desta forrageira. Devido à maior tolerância do Tifton 85 ao glyphosate, é possível o controle de Brachiaria brizantha utilizando doses baixas de glyphosate, sem, no entanto, comprometer o rendimento forrageiro de Tifton 85.