Los sentimientos morales en el problema de la responsabilidad moral

El trabajo es un análisis del lugar que ocupan los sentimientos morales en la formulación y justificación de juicios morales. Se analizan las motivaciones morales en un contexto de crímenes de lesa humanidad, tal como fue la dictadura militar argentina, por medio del caso del ex comandante de navío Francisco Scilingo. Se sostiene que la pertenencia a una comunidad moral es determinante para la formación de expectativas morales y que el incumplimiento de esas expectativas está directamente relacionado con el surgimiento de sentimientos morales. El trabajo busca extender la reflexión sobre el concepto de sentimientos morales al ámbito de la responsabilidad colectiva y por eso se pregunta si estos sentimientos tienen lugar en la atribución de responsabilidad a los perpetradores de crímenes de lesa humanidad.

O lugar da memória na obra de jovens autores de expressão alemã

O presente trabalho propõe-se reflectir sobre o efeito transgeracional do Holocausto, responsável pela formação de traumas e sentimentos de culpa, como se testemunham tanto em estudos psicológicos como em textos literários. Trata-se de um factor nuclear da problemática identitária verificada junto da geração de indivíduos, nascidos após o final da ditadura nacionalsocialista. Embora esta geração não tenha vivido durante os anos da ditadura hitleriana, recai sobre ela uma herança histórica que, inevitavelmente, deixa marcas profundas no processo de construção e consolidação da identidade de cada um: se os filhos dos sobreviventes se debatem com o sentimento de "culpa pela sobrevivência" sentido pelos pais, aos filhos dos criminosos é imputada uma culpa moral pela barbárie perpetrada pelos progenitores. Esta reflexão assenta no estudo da obra dos escritores Jan Koneffke e Doron Rabinovici, jovens autores de expressão alemã, que representam os conceitos de trauma, identidade e memória no contexto histórico, político e social da actualidade.

A culpa e o dano moral na separacao e no divórcio

Esta monografia tem o intento, de esclarecer com base no novo Código Civil de 2002 a possibilidade de ser atribuída ao cônjuge culpado pela separação ou pelo divorcio, o dano moral, que ainda e muito desconhecida por nossa sociedade.Serão expostas as circunstâncias em que este pedido poderá ser pleiteado,quais os requisitos para que a tutela nesse caso seja concedida, uma vez que deverá ficar configurado o descumprimento de determinados deveres, para que a parte que vier a sentir-se prejudicada, tenha legitimidade para propositura da açao em face ao cônjuge, será mostrado como e de que forma.Ainda, serão apresentadas as principais alterações realizadas trazidas com o advento do novo Código Civil de 2002 a respeito do tema em questão, a qual revogou a antiga Lei do Divórcio.

Predictores familiares de la internalizaci??n moral en la infancia

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

El resentimiento como motivación moral en el discurso de las autodefensas: el caso de Carlos Castaño

Esta monografía surge en el contexto del conflicto armado colombiano y se analiza desde la sociología política. Entre la variedad de actores presentes en el conflicto se tendrá en cuenta a los grupos paramilitares. La investigación se ocupa de un aspecto mínimo, pero determinante, del paramilitarismo tal como lo es el caso de Carlos Castaño; el líder del importante grupo de autodefensas que hizo presencia violenta en casi todo el país en la primera mitad de la década del noventa: las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia. El problema que abre la investigación consiste en determinar si el resentimiento y la indignación fueron motivaciones políticas para alguno de los jefes paramilitares. Dado que junto con la culpa, estos dos sentimientos son parte de lo que se llaman los sentimientos morales, surge la pregunta por el papel que juegan los sentimientos morales tales como el resentimiento y el odio dentro del discurso de Carlos Castaño. Desarrollamos la investigación para establecer si estos sentimientos se pueden considerar motivaciones morales importantes en la justificación del paramilitarismo. Respecto al problema, planteamos la hipótesis según la cuál las afirmaciones de Carlos Castaño, que aparecen en entrevistas y comunicados, revelan que, efectivamente, el resentimiento está asociado a los motivos de este personaje para impulsar el paramilitarismo en los años noventa. Con este caso se muestra que en el discurso de Carlos Castaño hay aspectos morales que pueden llegar a explicar, pero no a justificar, las acciones violentas que alimentan el conflicto armado en Colombia.

El desarrollo moral en la infancia y preadolescencia : razonamiento, emoción y conducta.

Pretende ahondar en el conocimiento del desarrollo moral en sus tres aspectos fundamentales: cognitivo, emocional y conductual y contribuir a proporcionar una línea de trabajo e intervención en las escuelas. 160 estudiantes de 6 a 13 años organizados en cuatro grupos (primero y tercero de primaria y quinto y séptimo de EGB) de 40 sujetos (20 niños y 20 niñas). La fundamentación teórica trata el desarrollo moral desde el enfoque cognitivo evolutivo destacando a los autores más representativos: Piaget y Kohlberg; y las tendencias actuales sobre el desarrollo moral en sus tres aspectos: razonamiento, emoción y conducta moral, relacionandolo con otras variables psicosociales como el autoconcepto y el grado de aceptación entre compañeros-as. Sobre esta fundamentación se desarrolla el estudio empírico. Escala de desarrollo moral de Kurtines y Pimm, Escala sobre la anticipación del sentimiento de culpa (hecha para esta investigación), Prueba de conducta moral de justicia de distribución en situación real (hecha para esta investigación), Escala de activación empática para niños y adolescentes de Bryant, Escala de autoconcepto para niños de Piers-Harris y Cuestionario sociométrico de Díaz-Aguado. Las variables estudiadas son: juicio moral, sentimiento de culpabilidad, empatía, conducta moral de distribución, autoconcepto y status sociométrico. Con los datos se realizan diferencias de porcentajes, diferencias de medias y correlaciones. Se confirma la naturaleza evolutiva del razonamiento moral, de la anticipación del sentimiento de culpa, de la opinión empática y de la conducta moral de justicia distributiva. La empatía es el único aspecto donde se dan diferencias sexuales, las niñas poseen una mayor activación empática que los niños..

Pedagogía de una moral sexual en la infancia hasta la adolescencia.

Se trata de analizar la función constructiva de la sexualidad y caer en la cuenta de que sólo cuando se lesiona, entonces se puede hablar de perversión en la moralidad. Hay que ir mostrando al niño que el desarrollo de su sexo es tan positivo de su inteligencia o de sus músculos. Con su sexualidad podrá entregarse más de lleno al mundo y a completar sus emociones en la fase de la pubertad, habrá que irlas analizando con tranquilidad sin crearle una obsesión en este sentido. Debe aprender a distinguir sus mecanismos fisiológicos involuntarios de los voluntarios y, sobre todo, limar los sentidos de culpa que pueden crearse cuando estos no aparecen como fundamento claro. Ello no quiere decir que ante ciertos acontecimientos deba tomar una responsabilidad .El comportamiento sexual es un comportamiento que afecta a toda la persona. El actuar sexual connota un crecimiento hacia una madurez de entrega sincera al otro y, por tanto, lleva hacia una socialización con los otros. Por lo tanto, más que preguntarse obsesivamente sobre los actos concretos de la masturbación , caria que preguntarse sobre las motivaciones, circunstancias, intenciones y significados que estos síntomas externos manifiestan. Una pedagogía eficaz sería la creación de un ambiente de confianza y tranquilidad, donde el joven pueda analizar su propia situación y sincerarse consigo mismo. Toda pedagogía que lleve consigo el no como exclusivo y determinante y cree un mundo de terror psicofísico o religioso no conducirá a ningún elemento liberador constructivo. Una pedagogía de la moral sexual en el niño se podría resumir en dos momentos contemporáneos: Un primer momento en que se va apoyando en la experiencia de búsqueda que posee el niño ante su propio cuerpo y ante el cuerpo de padres y hermanos. De sus mismos padres debe aprender que el sexo y su placer son la ternura que permite la posibilidad de entrega mutua, cuyo fruto es el mismo hijo. Así podrá comprender que el sexo supera la pura genitalidad y que no se trata de algo vergonzoso a soportar. Un segundo momento cuando el muchacho se coloca. Un análisis tranquilo y la búsqueda de soluciones constructivas se la mejor pedagogía que se puede llevar a cabo. Finalmente decir que una pedagogía centrada más en el modo natural de comunicar y analizar experiencias personales y ajenas es más constructiva que un mero comunicar conceptos morales abstractos.

Exclusão étnica, julgamento moral e emoções morais : estudo em adolescentes

Os pressupostos defendidos na declaração de Salamanca sobre a Educação Inclusiva não são fáceis de concretizar pois as pessoas, por causa de diferenças de sexo, etnia, aparência, etc, têm frequentemente condutas diferenciais. Um dos critérios sociais que mais provoca exclusão social são as diferenças étnicas, um fenómeno mais estudado pela psicologia social. Porém, a atitude de exclusão social pode estar relacionada com a competência moral dos indivíduos, uma relação que foi analisada neste estudo. Para isso recorremos ao suporte da psicologia moral que valoriza o papel das emoções na compreensão das condutas sociais, bem exemplificada nos estudos do vitimizador feliz (e.g., Arsenio & Kramer, 1992; Lourenço, 1998). Nas perspectivas mais recentes da psicologia moral tem sido atribuída grande ênfase à necessidade de analisar cognições e emoções nas condutas morais (e.g., Malti & Latzko, 2010; Turiel & Killen, 2010). Apoiados no estudo de Malti, Killen & Gasser (2012) sobre a exclusão social analisámos os julgamentos e as emoções morais de adolescentes em três contextos, etnia africana, etnia cigana e género, numa amostra de 45 adolescentes, com idades entre os 13 e os 19 anos, através da aplicação de uma versão traduzida da Survey Instrument for Measuring Judgments about Emotions about Exclusion (Malti, Killen & Gasser, 2009). Os jovens avaliaram a exclusão étnica como mais incorreta que a exclusão por género mas não foram encontradas diferenças nos juízos e emoções expressas pelos portugueses e estrangeiros. As emoções de culpa, tristeza, vergonha, atribuídas ao excludente confirmam a avaliação negativa da atitude de exclusão. Porém, a emoção normal que revela indiferença expressa que alguns jovens avaliaram positivamente a exclusão. A intensidade emocional intermédia das emoções atribuídas mostra inconsistência com o juízo moral. Relativamente ao excluído existe consenso pois as emoções de tristeza e raiva foram as mais atribuídas. As justificações dos juízos e emoções atribuídos são de tipo diverso, ou seja, argumentos morais de justiça e igualdade, argumentos de inclusão por empatia e argumentos convencionais relativos à coesão intragrupal. A atitude de exclusão não é estritamente moral pois também é vista em função de benefícios para o funcionamento do grupo. A relação complexa entre juízos, emoções e justificações requisita mais investigação de modo a percebermos melhor os processos psicológicos que induzem a conduta social.

Negotiating social and moral order in internet relay chat

Although internet chat is a significant aspect of many internet users’ lives, the manner in which participants in quasi-synchronous chat situations orient to issues of social and moral order remains to be studied in depth. The research presented here is therefore at the forefront of a continually developing area of study. This work contributes new insights into how members construct and make accountable the social and moral orders of an adult-oriented Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channel by addressing three questions: (1) What conversational resources do participants use in addressing matters of social and moral order? (2) How are these conversational resources deployed within IRC interaction? and (3) What interactional work is locally accomplished through use of these resources? A survey of the literature reveals considerable research in the field of computer-mediated communication, exploring both asynchronous and quasi-synchronous discussion forums. The research discussed represents a range of communication interests including group and collaborative interaction, the linguistic construction of social identity, and the linguistic features of online interaction. It is suggested that the present research differs from previous studies in three ways: (1) it focuses on the interaction itself, rather than the ways in which the medium affects the interaction; (2) it offers turn-by-turn analysis of interaction in situ; and (3) it discusses membership categories only insofar as they are shown to be relevant by participants through their talk. Through consideration of the literature, the present study is firmly situated within the broader computer-mediated communication field. Ethnomethodology, conversation analysis and membership categorization analysis were adopted as appropriate methodological approaches to explore the research focus on interaction in situ, and in particular to investigate the ways in which participants negotiate and co-construct social and moral orders in the course of their interaction. IRC logs collected from one chat room were analysed using a two-pass method, based on a modification of the approaches proposed by Pomerantz and Fehr (1997) and ten Have (1999). From this detailed examination of the data corpus three interaction topics are identified by means of which participants clearly orient to issues of social and moral order: challenges to rule violations, ‘trolling’ for cybersex, and experiences regarding the 9/11 attacks. Instances of these interactional topics are subjected to fine-grained analysis, to demonstrate the ways in which participants draw upon various interactional resources in their negotiation and construction of channel social and moral orders. While these analytical topics stand alone in individual focus, together they illustrate different instances in which participants’ talk serves to negotiate social and moral orders or collaboratively construct new orders. Building on the work of Vallis (2001), Chapter 5 illustrates three ways that rule violation is initiated as a channel discussion topic: (1) through a visible violation in open channel, (2) through an official warning or sanction by a channel operator regarding the violation, and (3) through a complaint or announcement of a rule violation by a non-channel operator participant. Once the topic has been initiated, it is shown to become available as a topic for others, including the perceived violator. The fine-grained analysis of challenges to rule violations ultimately demonstrates that channel participants orient to the rules as a resource in developing categorizations of both the rule violation and violator. These categorizations are contextual in that they are locally based and understood within specific contexts and practices. Thus, it is shown that compliance with rules and an orientation to rule violations as inappropriate within the social and moral orders of the channel serves two purposes: (1) to orient the speaker as a group member, and (2) to reinforce the social and moral orders of the group. Chapter 6 explores a particular type of rule violation, solicitations for ‘cybersex’ known in IRC parlance as ‘trolling’. In responding to trolling violations participants are demonstrated to use affiliative and aggressive humour, in particular irony, sarcasm and insults. These conversational resources perform solidarity building within the group, positioning non-Troll respondents as compliant group members. This solidarity work is shown to have three outcomes: (1) consensus building, (2) collaborative construction of group membership, and (3) the continued construction and negotiation of existing social and moral orders. Chapter 7, the final data analysis chapter, offers insight into how participants, in discussing the events of 9/11 on the actual day, collaboratively constructed new social and moral orders, while orienting to issues of appropriate and reasonable emotional responses. This analysis demonstrates how participants go about ‘doing being ordinary’ (Sacks, 1992b) in formulating their ‘first thoughts’ (Jefferson, 2004). Through sharing their initial impressions of the event, participants perform support work within the interaction, in essence working to normalize both the event and their initial misinterpretation of it. Normalising as a support work mechanism is also shown in relation to participants constructing the ‘quiet’ following the event as unusual. Normalising is accomplished by reference to the indexical ‘it’ and location formulations, which participants use both to negotiate who can claim to experience the ‘unnatural quiet’ and to identify the extent of the quiet. Through their talk participants upgrade the quiet from something legitimately experienced by one person in a particular place to something that could be experienced ‘anywhere’, moving the phenomenon from local to global provenance. With its methodological design and detailed analysis and findings, this research contributes to existing knowledge in four ways. First, it shows how rules are used by participants as a resource in negotiating and constructing social and moral orders. Second, it demonstrates that irony, sarcasm and insults are three devices of humour which can be used to perform solidarity work and reinforce existing social and moral orders. Third, it demonstrates how new social and moral orders are collaboratively constructed in relation to extraordinary events, which serve to frame the event and evoke reasonable responses for participants. And last, the detailed analysis and findings further support the use of conversation analysis and membership categorization as valuable methods for approaching quasi-synchronous computer-mediated communication.

"Well, now I'm upset": Moral and social orders in the playground

There is much still to learn about how young children’s membership with peers shapes their constructions of moral and social obligations within everyday activities in the school playground. This paper investigates how a small group of girls, aged four to six years, account for their everyday social interactions in the playground. They were video-recorded as they participated in a pretend game of school. Several days later, a video-recorded excerpt of the interaction was shown to them and invited to comment on what was happening in the video. This conversation was audio-recorded. Drawing on a conversation analysis approach, this chapter shows that, despite their discontent and complaining about playing the game of school, the girls’ actions showed their continued orientation to the particular codes of the game, of ‘no going away’ and ‘no telling’. By making relevant these codes, jointly constructed by the girls during the interview, they managed each other’s continued participation within two arenas of action: the pretend, as a player in a pretend game of school; and the real, as a classroom member of a peer group. Through inferences to explicit and implicit codes of conduct, moral obligations were invoked as the girls attempted to socially exclude or build alliances with others, and enforce their own social position. As well, a shared history that the girls re-constructed has moral implications for present and future relationships. The girls oriented to the history as an interactional resource for accounting for their actions in the pretend game. This paper uncovers how children both participate in, and shape, their everyday social worlds through talk and interaction and the consequences a taken-for-granted activity such as playing school has for their moral and social positions in the peer group.

Free will, moral responsibility and ADHD

One of the oldest problems in philosophy concerns the relationship between free will and moral responsibility. If we adopt the position that we lack free will, in the absolute sense—as have most philosophers who have addressed this issue—how can we truly be held accountable for what we do? This paper will contend that the most significant and interesting challenge to the long-standing status-quo on the matter comes not from philosophy, jurisprudence, or even physics, but rather from psychology. By examining this debate through the lens of contemporary behaviour disorders, such as ADHD, it will be argued that notions of free will, along with its correlate, moral responsibility, are being eroded through the logic of psychology which is steadily reconfiguring large swathes of familiar human conduct as pathology. The intention of the paper is not only to raise some concerns over the exponential growth of behaviour disorders, but also, and more significantly, to flag the ongoing relevance of philosophy for prying open contemporary educational problems in new and interesting ways.

Free will, moral responsibility and ADHD

One of the oldest problems in philosophy concerns the relationship between free will and moral responsibility. If we adopt the position that we lack free will, in the absolute sense—as have most philosophers who have addressed this issue—how can we truly be held accountable for what we do? This paper will contend that the most significant and interesting challenge to the long-standing status-quo on the matter comes not from philosophy, jurisprudence, or even physics, but rather from psychology. By examining this debate through the lens of contemporary behaviour disorders, such as ADHD, it will be argued that notions of free will, along with its correlate, moral responsibility, are being eroded through the logic of psychology which is steadily reconfiguring large swathes of familiar human conduct as pathology. The intention of the paper is not only to raise some concerns over the exponential growth of behaviour disorders, but also, and more significantly, to flag the ongoing relevance of philosophy for prying open contemporary educational problems in new and interesting ways.

Queensland Aborigines, multiple realities and the social sources of suffering: Psychiatry and moral regions of being (Part 1)

This two part paper considers the experience of a range of magico-religious experiences (such as visions and voices) and spirit beliefs in a rural Aboriginal town. The papers challenge the tendency of institutionalised psychiatry to medicalise the experiences and critiques the way in which its individualistic practice is intensified in the face of an incomprehensible Aboriginal „other‟ to become part of the power imbalance that characterises the relationship between Indigenous and white domains. The work reveals the internal differentiation and politics of the Aboriginal domain, as the meanings of these experiences and actions are contested and negotiated by the residents and in so doing they decentre the concerns of the white domain and attempt to control their relationship with it. Thus the plausibility structure that sustains these multiple realities reflects both accommodation and resistance to the material and historical conditions imposed and enacted by mainstream society on the residents, and to current socio- political realities. I conclude that the residents‟ narratives chart the grounds of moral adjudication as the experiences were rarely conceptualised by local people as signs of individual pathology but as reflections of social reality. Psychiatric drug therapy and the behaviourist assumptions underlying its practice posit atomised individuals as the appropriate site of intervention as against the multiple realities revealed by the phenomenology of the experiences. The papers thus call into question Australian mainstream „commonsense‟ that circulates about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people which justifies representations of them as sickly outcasts in Australian society.