Photodegradation of irinotecan (CPT-11) in aqueous solutions: Identification of fluorescent products and influence of solution composition

The photodegradation of irinotecan (CPT-11), the semisynthetic derivative of the antitumor alkaloid 20(S)-camptothecin, has been investigated. The drug was exposed to laboratory light for up to 5 days in 0.9% saline solution (pH 8.5). Five significant photodegradation products were observed and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was employed to isolate them from CPT-11 using gradient conditions. The structures were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and tandem mass spectrometry and shown to be the result of extensive modifications of the lactone ring of CPT-11. Three of the compounds were found to belong to the mappicine group of alkaloids. In addition, the effect of light on the stability of CPT-11 in aqueous solutions and biological fluids was also assessed, Potassium phosphate buffers (0.05 M, pH 5.0-8.2) and saline, plasma, urine, and bile solutions containing 20 mu M CPT-11 were equilibrated in the dark for 24 h before being exposed to laboratory light for up to 171 h at ambient temperature. Four of the five identified photodegradation products were observed and quantitated by isocratic HPLC, using a different detection mode (fluorescence) than the one used for gradient elution, In general, CPT-11 was found to be unstable under neutral and alkaline conditions for all solutions investigated, with the exception of bile. We conclude that CPT-11 is photolabile and that care should be taken to protect samples, particularly those intended for the isolation and identification of novel metabolites of CPT-11.

Role of cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and KC) in the pathogenesis of CPT-11-induced intestinal mucositis in mice: effect of pentoxifylline and thalidomide

Introduction Irinotecan (CPT-11) is an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I and is clinically effective against several cancers. A major toxic effect of CPT-11 is delayed diarrhea; however, the exact mechanism by which the drug induces diarrhea has not been established. Purpose Elucidate the mechanisms of induction of delayed diarrhea and determine the effects of the cytokine production inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX) and thalidomide (TLD) in the experimental model of intestinal mucositis, induced by CPT-11. Materials and methods Intestinal mucositis was induced in male Swiss mice by intraperitoneal administration of CPT-11 (75 mg/kg) daily for 4 days. Animals received subcutaneous PTX (1.7, 5 and 15 mg/kg) or TLD (15, 30, 60 mg/kg) or 0.5 ml of saline daily for 5 and 7 days, starting 1 day before the first CPT-11 injection. The incidence of delayed diarrhea was monitored by scores and the animals were sacrificed on the 5th and 7th experimental day for histological analysis, immunohistochemistry for TNF-alpha and assay of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and KC ELISA. Results CPT-11 caused significant diarrhea, histopathological alterations (inflammatory cell infiltration, loss of crypt architecture and villus shortening) and increased intestinal tissue MPO activity, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and KC level and TNF-alpha immuno-staining. PTX inhibited delayed diarrhea of mice submitted to intestinal mucositis and reduced histopathological damage, intestinal MPO activity, tissue level of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and KC and TNF-alpha immuno-staining. TLD significantly reduced the lesions induced by CPT-11 in intestinal mucosa, decreased MPO activity, TNF-alpha tissue level and TNF-alpha immuno-staining, but did not reduce the severity of diarrhea. Conclusion These results suggest an important role of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and KC in the pathogenesis of intestinal mucositis induced by CPT-11.

CPT-11 and concomitant hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy induce efficient local control in rectal cancer patients: results from a phase II.

Patients with rectal cancer are at high risk of disease recurrence despite neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy with 5-Fluorouracil (5FU), a regimen that is now widely applied. In order to develop a regimen with increased antitumour activity, we previously established the recommended dose of neoadjuvant CPT-11 (three times weekly 90 mg m(-2)) concomitant to hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (HART) followed by surgery within 1 week. Thirty-three patients (20 men) with a locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the rectum were enrolled in this prospective phase II trial (1 cT2, 29 cT3, 3 cT4 and 21 cN+). Median age was 60 years (range 43-75 years). All patients received all three injections of CPT-11 and all but two patients completed radiotherapy as planned. Surgery with total mesorectal excision (TME) was performed within 1 week (range 2-15 days). The preoperative chemoradiotherapy was overall well tolerated, 24% of the patients experienced grade 3 diarrhoea that was easily manageable. At a median follow-up of 2 years no local recurrence occurred, however, nine patients developed distant metastases. The 2-year disease-free survival was 66% (95% confidence interval 0.48-0.83). Neoadjuvant CPT-11 and HART allow for excellent local control; however, distant relapse remains a concern in this patient population.

Preoperative hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (HART) and concomitant CPT-11 in locally advanced rectal carcinoma: a phase I study.

PURPOSE: Patients with locally advanced rectal carcinoma are at risk for both local recurrence and distant metastases. We demonstrated the efficacy of preoperative hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (HART). In this Phase I trial, we aimed at introducing chemotherapy early in the treatment course with both intrinsic antitumor activity and a radiosensitizer effect. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-eight patients (19 males; median age 63, range 28-75) with advanced rectal carcinoma (cT3: 24; cT4: 4; cN+: 12; M1: 5) were enrolled, including 8 patients treated at the maximally tolerated dose. Escalating doses of CPT-11 (30-105 mg/m(2)/week) were given on Days 1, 8, and 15, and concomitant HART (41.6 Gy, 1.6 Gy bid x 13 days) started on Day 8. Surgery was to be performed within 1 week after the end of radiochemotherapy. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients completed all preoperative radiochemotherapy as scheduled; all patients underwent surgery. Dose-limiting toxicity was diarrhea Grade 3 occurring at dose level 6 (105 mg/m(2)). Hematotoxicity was mild, with only 1 patient experiencing Grade 3 neutropenia. Postoperative complications (30 days) occurred in 7 patients, with an anastomotic leak rate of 22%. CONCLUSIONS: The recommended Phase II dose of CPT-11 in this setting is 90 mg/m(2)/week. Further Phase II exploration at this dose is warranted.

Effectiveness of the bevacizumab-irinotecan regimen in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: Comparison with other second-line treatments without this regimen.

A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyse the effectiveness of bevacizumab and irinotecan (BVZ/CPT-11) as a second-line treatment in patients with primary glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in comparison with a control group that were not administered BVZ/CPT-11 at the first recurrence. The difference in overall survival (OS) between the two groups was used as a predictor of effectiveness. OS was calculated according to prognostic factors and gender. A total of 28 and 32 patients were enrolled in the BVZ/CPT-11 cohort and control group, respectively. The median OS was 17.94 months (95% CI, 14.91-20.96) in the BVZ/CPT-11 treatment cohort and 10.97 months (95% CI, 7.65-14.30) in the control cohort. The results obtained on the effectiveness of BVZ/CPT-11 treatment in patients with primary GBM are consistent with data from previous studies. No significant differences were identified in OS based on prognostic factors; therefore, the latter cannot be used to select patients who would incur the greatest benefits from BVZ/CPT-11 treatment.

Development of targeted therapies in advanced gastric cancer: promising exploratory steps in a new era.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Many chemotherapeutic drugs, including fluoropyrimidines, platinums, CPT-11, taxanes and adriamycin have single-agent activity in advanced gastric cancer. Although combination chemotherapy has been shown to be more effective than single agents, response rates between 30 and 50% have not fulfilled their promise as progression-free survival from the best combinations ranges between 3 and 7 months and overall survival between 8 and 11 months. The development of targeted therapies in gastric cancer clearly stays behind the integration of these novel agents into new treatment concepts for patients with colorectal cancer. This review summarizes the experience and major recent advances in the development of targeted therapies in advanced gastric cancer. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent publications on targeted therapies in gastric cancer are limited to nonrandomized phase I or II trials. The majority of agents tested were angiogenesis inhibitors or agents targeting the epidermal growth factor receptors epidermal growth factor receptor 1 and HER2. SUMMARY: Adequately powered, randomized phase III trials are necessary to define the clinical role of targeted therapies in advanced gastric cancer. Biomarker studies to correlate with treatment outcomes will be critical to identify patients who benefit most from chemotherapy and targeted therapy.

A importância da seqüência de administração do irinotecan e 5-fluorouracil na inibição da proliferação do carcinoma de cólon humano in vitro

O câncer colorretal é um dos tumores humanos mais freqüentes e a terceira causa de morte relacionada ao câncer no mundo. Apesar de importantes progressos terapêuticos, os resultados na doença avançada ainda são muito modestos. Isto deve-se ao fato de que a droga mais utilizada nesta neoplasia, o antimetabólito 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), foi desenvolvido a mais de 40 anos produzindo taxas de respostas de somente 10-15%. Recentemente, o inibidor da topoisomerase I irinotecan (CPT-11) demonstrou, em carcinoma de cólon avançado, respostas comparáveis tanto em pacientes não tratados quanto naqueles que tiveram recaída após terapia com 5-FU. Estes resultados justificam a avaliação da combinação 5-FU/CPT-11 nesta doença. Apesar das respostas dos estudos clínicos serem promissoras, a melhor seqüência de administração destes agentes ainda não foi determinada. Neste estudo, avaliamos a combinação CPT-11/5-FU quanto ao aumento da inibição do crescimento celular quando comparada com os agentes sozinhos nas linhagens celulares de carcinoma de cólon humano SW620, HT-29 e SNU-C4. Para isto, as células foram expostas às drogas sozinhas ou a várias combinações e seqüências de dose baixa e fixa (IC20) de um dos agentes na presença de dose alta e seriada do outro. As células foram avaliadas imediatamente após os tratamentos e/ou cultivadas por mais 2 dias em meio de cultura sem drogas através de coloração com sulforodamina B. As interações entre CPT-11 e 5-FU foram avaliadas por um programa de computador que permite calcular os índices de combinação (CIs) das drogas indicando sinergismo, adição, ou antagonismo (CI < 1, = 1, ou > 1, respectivamente). As respostas celulares foram relacionadas com as atividades das enzimas timidilato sintase, topoisomerase I e carboxil esterase, que foram determinadas através de ensaio que mede os sítios de ligação e atividade catalítica da enzima, ensaio de decatenação do DNA e método espectrofotométrico, respectivamente. Estando a toxicidade no DNA envolvida no mecanismo de ação das duas drogas, também relacionamos as respostas celulares com a introdução de danos ao DNA por método fluorescente. Para melhor entendermos as interações entre as drogas, examinamos os efeitos da exposição à IC20, IC50 e/ou IC80 do CPT-11 ou 5-FU por 2 h ou 24 h em alvos celulares possivelmente relacionados com a citotoxicidade destes agentes. Estes incluem: capacidade de reparo por excisão do 10 DNA, distribuição das células nas fases do ciclo celular, integridade da membrana plasmática e formação de complexos DNA-topoisomerase I. Para isto, utilizamos método de incorporação de [3H-metil]timidina, citometria de fluxo, liberação de lactato desidrogenase (LDH) no meio de cultura e ensaio de precipitação com SDS, respectivamente. Os estudos de inibição do crescimento celular revelaram valores de IC50 do 5-FU nas linhagens SW620, HT-29 e SNU-C4 de aproximadamente 15, 8 e 2 µM, respectivamente, e do CPT-11 próximos a 2, 2 e 4 µM, respectivamente. As diferentes sensibilidades ao 5-FU nas três linhagens foram determinadas principalmente pela diferença na afinidade ao substrato. As respostas comparáveis obtidas pela exposição ao CPT-11 podem ser explicadas pelo equilíbrio entre as diferentes atividades das enzimas topoisomerase I e carboxil esterase, entre as linhagens. O programa de análise da combinação das drogas mostrou adição ou sinergismo após exposição a IC20 do CPT-11 seguido do 5-FU, nas três linhagens celulares. Por outro lado, o pré-tratamento com IC20 do 5-FU antagonizou a inibição do crescimento mediada pelo CPT-11. Nenhum dos tratamentos simultâneos determinou um aumento na inibição do crescimento nas linhagens SW620 e HT-29; mas mostraram adição ou antagonismo na linhagem SNU-C4. Observamos um significativo acréscimo na introdução de danos ao DNA nas linhagens celulares SW620 e HT-29 somente quando a IC20 do CPT-11 precedeu a IC50 do 5-FU. Já na linhagem SNU-C4, não somente este tratamento, mas também a utilização simultânea dos agentes introduziu mais dano ao DNA. Os tratamentos por 2 h ou 24 h com IC20, IC50, e/ou IC80 do 5-FU ou CPT-11 não causaram mudanças significativas na distribuição das células nas fases do ciclo celular, concentração de LDH no meio de cultura, ou formação de complexos DNA-topoisomerse I. Indicando que alterações nestes processos não estão envolvidas com os efeitos modulatórios dos pré-tratamentos na citotoxicidade das drogas. Entretanto, a incorporação de [3H-metil]timidina no DNA de células tratadas com CPT-11, aumentou em função da dose e tempo de exposição à droga. Este resultado sugere que o dano ao DNA introduzido pelo CPT-11 depende da dose e tempo de exposição podendo ser reparado por mecanismos de excisão. Somente foi observada significativa incorporação de [3H-metil]timidina em células tratadas com IC20 do 5-FU por 2 h, sugerindo que o reparo por excisão só ocorre após exposição por curto período e à doses baixas deste agente. Juntos, os resultados deste estudo mostraram que tanto os efeitos anti-proliferativos quanto a introdução de danos ao DNA pela combinação CPT-11/5-FU em dose baixa e fixa de um agente junto com dose alta do outro, nas linhagens celulares de carcinoma de cólon humano SW620, HT-29 e SNU-C4, dependem da seqüência de administração das drogas. Estes achados podem ter sido determinados pelos diferentes efeitos do tratamento com uma dose baixa dos agentes nos mecanismos de reparo por excisão do DNA.

Entropic information for travelling solitons in Lorentz and CPT breaking systems

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Search for Lorentz invariance and CPT violation with muon antineutrinos in the MINOS Near Detector

We have searched for sidereal variations in the rate of antineutrino interactions in the MINOS Near Detector. Using antineutrinos produced by the NuMI beam, we find no statistically significant sidereal modulation in the rate. When this result is placed in the context of the Standard Model Extension theory we are able to place upper limits on the coefficients defining the theory. These limits are used in combination with the results from an earlier analysis of MINOS neutrino data to further constrain the coefficients.

"Crescimento humano, composição corporal e desenvolvimento das caracteristicas sexuais secundarias de adolescentes de 11 a 14 anos"

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Metabólitos secundários das esponjas Aplysina fistularis e Dysidea sp. e atividade antituberculose da 11-cetofistularina-3

The present investigation reports the isolation of aeroplysinin-2, 2-(3,5-dibromo-4-methoxyphenyl)-N,N,N-trimethyletanamonium, 7,9-dibromo-10-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1-oxa-2-azaspiro[4.5]deca-2,6,8-trien-3-carboxylic acid and its methyl ester, 11-oxoaerothionin, aerothionin, 11-keto-12-hydroxyaerothionin, 11-ketofistularin-3 and fistularin-3 from Aplysina fistularis, as well as of furodysinin lactone and 9α,11α-epoxicholest-7-en-3β,5α,6α,10-tetrol-6-acetate from Dysidea sp. Although the extracts of both sponges displayed antituberculosis activity, only 11-ketofistularin-3 isolated from A. fistularis displayed antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H34Rv, with MIC at 16 μg/mL and SI of 40, a result that reinforce that fistularin-3 derivatives are interesting leads for the development of antituberculosis drugs.

Health Related Quality of Life Assessment questionnaire for children aged 5 to 11 years with HIV/AIDS: cross-cultural adaptation for the Portuguese language

The objective of this study is to describe preliminary results from the cross-cultural adaptation of the Quality of Life Assessment Questionnaire, used to measure health related quality of life (HRQL) in Brazilian children aged between 5 and 11 with HIV/AIDS. The cross-cultural model evaluated the Concept, Item, Semantic and Measurement Equivalences (internal consistency and intra-observer reliability). Evaluation of the conceptual, item, semantic equivalences showed that the Portuguese version is pertinent for the Brazilian context. Four of seven domains showed internal consistency above 0.70 (α: 0.76-0.90) and five of seven revealed intra-observer reliability (ricc: 0.41-0.70). This first Portuguese version of the HRQL questionnaire can be understood as a valuable tool for assessing children's HRQL, but further studies with large samples and more robust analyses are recommended before use in the Brazilian context.