Biologia floral de Cleistes macrantha (Barb. Rodr.) Schltr. (Orchidaceae: Vanilloideae: Pogoniinae)

Cleistes macrantha (Barb. Rodr.) Schltr. distribui-se amplamente em regiões de Mata Atlântica do sul e sudeste brasileiros, onde ocorre em áreas perturbadas e em restinga. Aspectos da biologia floral de C. macrantha foram investigados na região de Intervales, no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Esta espécie oferece néctar como recompensa e é polinizada principalmente por espécies de abelhas do gênero Bombus. O néctar é secretado antes da antese, não havendo secreção após a abertura das flores. Beija-flores do gênero Phaethornis também podem atuar como polinizadores. No entanto, é necessária uma prévia visita de Bombus spp. para que possa ocorrer a deposição de pólen no bico dos beija-flores. Abelhas Bombus são responsáveis pela realização da maioria das polinizações cruzadas. Os beija-flores realizam principalmente autopolinização. Tratamentos preliminares revelam que C. macrantha é auto-compatível, mas dependente de um agente polinizador. Apesar da autocompatibilidade, fatores ecológicos favorecem a polinização cruzada para a espécie. Este estudo faz, ainda, uma comparação da biologia floral de C. macrantha com o que é conhecido sobre os gêneros pertencentes ao clado norte-americano-asiático em Pogoniinae.

Phylogeny of South American Pogonieae (Orchidaceae, Vanilloideae) based on sequences of nuclear ribosomal (ITS) and chloroplast (psaB, rbcL, rps16, and trnL-F) DNA, with emphasis on Cleistes and discussion of biogeographic implications

Tribe Pogonieae (Orchidaceae), as Currently known, comprises live genera distributed from South to North America and Eastern Asia. Phylogenetic inferences within Cleistes and among genera of tribe Pogonieae were made based oil nrDNA (ITS) and cpDNA (trnL-F, rps16, rbcL, and psaB) Sequence data and maximum parsimony. Eighteen species of Cleistes, members of all other genera of Pogonieae, and outgroups were sampled. Analyses based oil individual DNA regions provided similar topologies. All evidence indicates that Cleistes is paraphyletic. The North American C. divaricata and C bifaria are more closely related to the temperate genera Isotria and Pogonia than to their Central and South American congeners, the latter Constituting a monophyletic group characterized by the production of nectar as reward, tuberous roots, and their distribution in Central and South America. The Amazonian Duckeella is sister to the remainder of Pogonieae. Taxonomic and biogeographic implications are discussed, and morphological synapomorphies are given For clades obtained in the inferred molecular phylogeny. (C) 2008 Gesellschaft fur Biologische Systematik. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Pollination systems in Pogonieae (Orchidaceae: Vanilloideae): A hypothesis of evolution among reward and rewardless flowers

The tribe Pogonieae of Vanilloideae (Orchidaceae) consists of six genera, including Pogoniopsis, a mycoheterotrophic taxon with morphological characteristics distinct from the remaining of the tribe. A hypothesis about the phylogeny of the tribe was inferred, involving all currently recognized genera, based on isolated and combined sequence data of 5.8S, 18S and 26S (nrDNA) regions using parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Phylogenetic analyses show that inclusion of Pogoniopsis turns the tribe Pogonieae paraphyletic. All analyses reveal that Pogoniopsis is closely related to members of Epidendroideae. The pantropical Vanilla is monophyletic if Dictyophyllaria is assumed as synonym of Vanilla. Members of Pogonieae are pollinated by several groups of solitary and social bees, two pollination systems being recognized: reward-producing and deceptive. The molecular phylogeny suggests that ancestrals related to Pogonieae gave rise to two evolutionary lines: a tropical one with reward production of flowers, and a predominantly temperate regions invading line with deceptive flowers. Reward-producing flowers characterize the South and Central American clade (=Cleistes), while deceptive pollination is prominent in the clade that includes North American-Asiatic taxa plus the Amazonian genus Duckeella. (C) 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.