877 resultados para CHIAPAS (MEXICO) – HISTORIA – INVESTIGACIONES


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El conflicto mexicano presenta un escenario diferente al estudiado en Irlanda del Norte y en la antigua Yugoslavia. Esto se debe a que en el caso mexicano, al igual que en el peruano, no se ha llevado a cabo un proceso de paz con ninguno de los actores que protagonizan el conflicto, el cual comenzó en 1994 tras el levantamiento armado del Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (de ahora en adelante, EZLN) en el estado de Chiapas. Hasta la actualidad, el Estado mexicano no reconoce la existencia de un conflicto armado en este estado sureño, por lo que califica como violencia interétnica lo que sucede en diferentes municipios del mismo. En esta ocasión el objeto de estudio son los grupos paramilitares que actúan en Chiapas desde mediados de la década de los noventa, lo cual va en consonancia con los anteriores documentos de investigación (BI No. 33, 34 y 35), en los que se trabajaron los casos de Irlanda del Norte, la antigua Yugoslavia y Perú.

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This study evaluates the effects of environmental variables on traditional and alternative agroecosystems in three Ejidos (communal lands) in the Chiapas rainforest in Mexico. The tests occurred within two seasonal agricultural cycles. In spring-summer, experiments were performed with the traditional slash, fell and burn (S-F-B) system, no-burn systems and rotating systems with Mucuna deeringiana Bort., and in the autumn-winter agricultural cycle, three no-burn systems were compared to evaluate the effect of alternative sowing with corn (no-burn and topological modification of sowing). The results show a high floristic diversity in the study area (S_S = 4 - 23%), with no significant differences among the systems evaluated. In the first cycle, the analysis of the agronomical variables of the corn indicated better properties in the fallowing systems, with an average yield of 1950 kg ha^‑1, but there was variation related to the number of years left fallow. In the second cycle, the yields were positive for the alternative technology (average yield 3100 kg ha^‑1). The traditional S-F-B systems had reduced pests and increased organic matter and soil phosphorous content. These results are the consequence of fallow periods and adaptation to the environment; thus, this practice in the Chiapas rainforest constitutes an ethnocultural reality, which is unlikely to change in the near future if the agrosystems are managed based on historical principles.

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The rainforest of Mexico has been degraded and severely fragmented, and urgently require restoration. However, the practice of restoration has been limited by the lack of species-specific data on survival and growth responses to local environmental variation. This study explores the differential performance of 14 wet tropical early-, mid- or late-successional tree species that were grown in two abandoned pastures with contrasting land-use histories. After 18 months, seedling survival and growth of at least 7 of the 14 tree species studied were significantly higher in the site with a much longer history of land use (site 2). Saplings of the three early-successional species showed exceptional growth rates. However, differences in performance were noted in relation to the differential soil properties between the experimental sites. Mid-successional species generally showed slow growth rates but high seedling survival, whereas late-successional species exhibited poor seedling survival at both the study sites. Stepwise linear regressions revealed that the species integrated response index combining survivorship and growth measurements, was influenced mostly by differences in soil pH between the two abandoned pastures. Our results suggest that local environmental variation among abandoned pastures of contrasting land-use histories influences sapling survival and growth. Furthermore, the similarity of responses among species with the same successional status allowed us to make some preliminary site and species-specific silvicultural recommendations. Future field experiments should extend the number of species and the range of environmental conditions to identify site generalists or more narrowly adapted species, that we would call sensitive.

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Soil erosion is a natural geological phenomenon resulting from removal and transportation of soil particles by water, wind, ice and gravity. As soil erosion may be affected from cultural factors as well. The physical and social phenomena of soil erosion are researched in six communities in the upper part of Rio Grijalva Basin in the vicinity of Motozintla de Mendoza, Chiapas, Mexico. For this study, the USDA RUSLE model was applied to estimate soil erosion rates in the six communities based on the available data. The RUSLE model is based on soil properties, topography, and land cover and management factors. These results showed that estimated soil erosion rates ranged from a high of 2,050 metric ton ha-1 yr-1 to a low of 100 metric ton ha-1 yr-1. A survey concerning knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to soil erosion was also conducted in all 236 households in the six communities. The main findings of the KAP survey were: 69% of respondents did not know what soil erosion was, while over 40% of the population perceived that hurricanes are the biggest factors that cause soil erosion, and about 20 % of the interviewees said that the landslides are the consequences of the soil erosion. People in communities did not perceive cultural factors as important in conservation efforts for reduce vulnerability to erosion; therefore, the results obtained are suggested to be useful for informing efforts to educate stakeholders.

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Mode of access: Internet.

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En esta monografía identifico los cambios en las condiciones de trabajo, salud y participación política de las mujeres indígenas, del estado de Chiapas de 1992 a 1998, cuestionando si el EZLN con su aparición pública en 1994 fue precursor de dichos cambios.

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Este trabajo explora las referencias históricas mexicanas inscritas en la novela Pedro Páramo de Juan Rulfo. Aquí se procura mostrar cómo una narración novelesca, mediante la mezcla de elementos ficticios y de referencias a acontecimientos reales, puede enriquecer la comprensión del pasado histórico de una nación. El enfoque metodológico es de tipo hermenéutico, el trabajo se trata de una interpretación cuidadosa de un texto novelesco, a fin de resaltar sus conexiones con la historia no oficial de un país latinoamericano. El trabajo está estructurado en tres secciones, primero se presenta el contexto de Juan Rulfo, segundo se muestra cómo el pasado constituye una fuente para la construcción de una narración y se resalta la importancia de que los individuos conozcan su pasado. Tercero, se realiza el análisis de las referencias históricas mexicanas insertadas en Pedro Páramo. Con este trabajo se muestra cómo la novela de Rulfo involucra un ejercicio de reescritura y reinterpretación artística de una parte importante de la historia de México.

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Durante los siglos XX y XXI, la política exterior colombiana ha reflejado ciertas tendencias que han repercutido en la realidad del país de manera favorable y desfavorable. Al ser la política exterior el reflejo de los intereses y necesidades de los ciudadanos de un Estados, es importante conocer cómo es el Carácter Nacional para entender por qué un Estado actúa de cierta manera, y cómo puede mejorar sus estrategias implementadas a nivel exterior. La presente investigación diagnóstica busca, mediante un recuento de la historia de Colombia durante estos dos siglos, vislumbrar los factores que han condicionado el carácter nacional, y por ende, han influenciado la política exterior colombiana. Al hacer un recuento de estos sucesos, se podrá comprender por qué el gobierno colombiano utiliza ciertas estrategias a nivel exterior, para así, recomendar su replanteamiento de tal manera que se adecúen favorablemente al carácter nacional colombiano.

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Fil: Girbal Blacha, Noemí María. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

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Fil: Girbal Blacha, Noemí María. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

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Atlas has no t.p.

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Mode of access: Internet.