Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report

Animal and human studies indicate that cannabidiol (CBD), a major constituent of cannabis, has anxiolytic properties. However, no study to date has investigated the effects of this compound on human pathological anxiety and its underlying brain mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to investigate this in patients with generalized social anxiety disorder (SAD) using functional neuroimaging. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) at rest was measured twice using (99m)Tc-ECD SPECT in 10 treatment-naive patients with SAD. In the first session, subjects were given an oral dose of CBD (400 mg) or placebo, in a double-blind procedure. In the second session, the same procedure was performed using the drug that had not been administered in the previous session. Within-subject between-condition rCBF comparisons were performed using statistical parametric mapping. Relative to placebo, CBD was associated with significantly decreased subjective anxiety (p < 0.001), reduced ECD uptake in the left parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, and inferior temporal gyrus (p < 0.001, uncorrected), and increased ECD uptake in the right posterior cingulate gyrus (p < 0.001, uncorrected). These results suggest that CBD reduces anxiety in SAD and that this is related to its effects on activity in limbic and paralimbic brain areas.

RELATÓRIO DE TRANVERSALIDADE E SINERGIA ENTRE AS TRÊS CONVENÇÕES DE RIO (CCD, CBD, CCC)

- Este relatório refere a avaliação transversal e estabelecimento de sinergias entre as três Convenções do Rio (CCD, CD, CCC), no âmbito da Autoavaliação das Capacidades Nacionais para a Gestão Ambiental Global. Mostrando-se necessário ultrapassar as políticas e traduzir essas políticas em acções práticas e concretas, principalmente em acções de capacitação em gestão ambiental foi elaborado e apresentado para financiamento o projecto NCSA-GEM para reforçar as capacidades nacionais em termos individuais, institucionais e sistémico, nos domínios prioritários das Convenções Internacionais de Rio e, consequentemente reforçar a implementação do PANA II enquanto instrumento estratégico da politica nacional para a gestão do ambiente. - Os desafios do Ambiente Mundial mobilizam, desde há varias décadas, a comunidade internacional. A iniciativa condutora da estratégia de luta da comunidade internacional apareceu sob forma de Desenvolvimento Durável, lançado em Estocolmo em 1972, e confirmado na Conferência de Rio em 1992, através do consenso à volta dos princípios, recomendações e acções da Agenda 21 e, sobretudo das Convenções Internacionais, como nova abordagem da problemática do ambiente mundial. Para confirmar a sua participação na luta contra as ameaças ambientais planetários, Cabo Verde ratificou as principais convenções internacionais e comprometeu se a implementa-las através de estratégias e planos de acção. A ligação entre a Gestão Ambiental Global e o Desenvolvimento Durável é capital para um país como Cabo Verde. Os “cenários” de desenvolvimento humano e económico, tendo em conta a vulnerabilidade ambiental e no contexto de um pequeno estado insular em desenvolvimento (SIDS), devem ser bem avaliados e implementados com uma visão estratégica integrada, sinérgica e de longo prazo. - Este trabalho teve como principal objectivo identificar as forças, constrangimentos e as necessidades prioritárias em matéria de reforço das capacidades do sistema nacional de gestão ambiental aos 3 níveis, assim como as oportunidades que potenciam as ligações e sinergias entre as três Convenções do Rio. Foram também identificadas questões de reforço das capacidades que são comuns e necessárias para a Gestão do Ambiente Mundial, visando integrar os acordos ambientais multilaterais (MEA, Convenções do Rio) nos documentos de planificação estratégica e orçamental (ODM, DSCRP, SMDD, PANA, PND). - Este documento é o resultado das actividades da FASE IV do processo de implementação do NCSA em Cabo Verde. Este processo envolve 5 fases chave: o lançamento do processo (Fase I), o diagnostico da situação ambiental, (Fase II), a elaboração dos perfis temáticos (Fase III), a análise intersectorial (Fase IV), e a elaboração da Estratégia Nacional e Plano de Acção – NCSA (Fase V). - De acordo com a metodologia e orientações do projecto NCSA este documento é o resultado da 2ª actividade, de análise dos pontos de convergência e ligações sinérgicas existentes entre as 3 convenções de Rio. Tendo como ponto de partida a elaboração dos perfis temáticos CBD, CCC e CCD. A abordagem utilizada foi a análise de toda a documentação existente sobre as três Convenções (CCD, CBD; CCC) e Gestão Ambiental, realização de entrevistas e a recolha de informações através da realização de jornadas e ateliers a nível de alguns municípios – chaves. Os consultores animaram algumas sessões de trabalho, três (3) jornadas, mesas redondas regionais no Tarrafal, em S.Domingos (Santiago) e no Mindelo (S. Vicente) e dois ateliers nacionais Mindelo - S. Vicente (8 e 9 de Fevereiro 2007) e Praia – Santiago (01 de Março 2007) para aprofundar o entendimento das questões ligadas aos perfis temáticos e avaliar as necessidades prioritárias de reforço das capacidades nacionais no quadro das três Convenções (CCD, CBD,CCC) e da Gestão Ambiental. As sessões de trabalho foram realizadas com responsáveis de instituições públicas, privadas e ONGs, estruturas directamente envolvidas nas questões do ambiente. Os ateliers incluíram diferentes actores, parceiros técnicos e financeiros tais como representantes da administração central, do poder local, do sector privado e da sociedade civil. - Nesta fase IV, identificou-se um conjunto de necessidades de reforço das capacidades a nível de cada Convenção específica. De seguida, a análise focalizou, de acordo com o processo NCSA, as questões de reforço das capacidades intersectoriais comuns as três Convenções do Rio. Identificou-se ainda actividades habilitantes de integração entre os sectores de intervenção das 3C e as sinergias para a implementação das Convenções. Os resultados desta fase são a base para o arranque da fase V, que visa a elaboração da Estratégia Nacional e Plano de Acção NCSA. As possíveis linhas de orientação são: • Gestão (integrada) dos RN • Reforço das Capacidades para a GI - RN • Investigação para a GI-RN - Concluindo este trabalho, no âmbito da fase IV, recomenda-se para: • Proceder a uma revisão dos documentos de politica e estratégia nacional do desenvolvimento e do ambiente, para sua integração numa ESTRATEGIA NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTAVEL; • Implementar uma Estratégia de Mobilização de fundos, para garantir em primeiro lugar a durabilidade do processo NCSA em Cabo Verde, e em segundo lugar a sustentabilidade das instituições nacionais para a implementação da política de Gestão Ambiental; • Implementar uma Estratégia de Comunicação NCSA, para apoiar o desenvolvimento de uma estratégia de IEC em gestão ambiental; Reforçar o actual SIA para sua transformação num verdadeiro Sistema Nacional de Gestão Ambiental, enquanto instrumento estratégico de ordenamento do território, apoio à decisão, planificação do desenvolvimento económico visando a conservação e utilização durável dos recursos naturais.

Amorphous Selenium films using CBD: A Novel Selenisation technique for preparing lndium Selenide and Copper lndium Selenide Thin Films

In the present work, we describe our efforts to develop device quality CuInSe2, films through low cost, simple and eco-friendly hybrid techniques. The most important point to be highlighted here is that the method fully avoids the use of poisonous gases such as H2Se/Se vapour. Instead, selenisation is achieved through solid state reaction between amorphous selenium and polycrystalline metal layers resulting in both binary and ternary selenides. Thin films of amorphous selenium (a-Se) used for this is deposited using Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD). CulnSe2 films are prepared through the selenisation process. Another PV material, indium selenide (In2Se3) thin films are also prepared using this process.

Nonpsychotropic plant cannabinoids, cannabidivarin (CBDV) and cannabidiol (CBD), activate and desensitize transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels in vitro: potential for the treatment of neuronal hyperexcitability

Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder, with over 50 million people worldwide affected. Recent evidence suggests that the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) may contribute to the onset and progression of some forms of epilepsy. Since the two nonpsychotropic cannabinoids cannabidivarin (CBDV) and cannabidiol (CBD) exert anticonvulsant activity in vivo and produce TRPV1-mediated intracellular calcium elevation in vitro, we evaluated the effects of these two compounds on TRPV1 channel activation and desensitization and in an in vitro model of epileptiform activity. Patch clamp analysis in transfected HEK293 cells demonstrated that CBD and CBDV dose-dependently activate and rapidly desensitize TRPV1, as well as TRP channels of subfamily V type 2 (TRPV2) and subfamily A type 1 (TRPA1). TRPV1 and TRPV2 transcripts were shown to be expressed in rat hippocampal tissue. When tested on epileptiform neuronal spike activity in hippocampal brain slices exposed to a Mg2+-free solution using multielectrode arrays (MEAs), CBDV reduced both epileptiform burst amplitude and duration. The prototypical TRPV1 agonist, capsaicin, produced similar, although not identical effects. Capsaicin, but not CBDV, effects on burst amplitude were reversed by IRTX, a selective TRPV1 antagonist. These data suggest that CBDV antiepileptiform effects in the Mg2+-free model are not uniquely mediated via activation of TRPV1. However, TRPV1 was strongly phosphorylated (and hence likely sensitized) in Mg2+-free solution-treated hippocampal tissue, and both capsaicin and CBDV caused TRPV1 dephosphorylation, consistent with TRPV1 desensitization. We propose that CBDV effects on TRP channels should be studied further in different in vitro and in vivo models of epilepsy.

Simultaneous quantification of delta-9-THC, THC-acid A, CBN and CBD in seized drugs using HPLC-DAD

An HPLC-DAD method for the quantitative analysis of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A (THCA-A), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) in confiscated cannabis products has been developed, fully validated and applied to analyse seized cannabis products. For determination of the THC content of plant material, this method combines quantitation of THCA-A, which is the inactive precursor of THC, and free THC. Plant material was dried, homogenized and extracted with methanol by ultrasonication. Chromatographic separation was achieved with a Waters Alliance 2695 HPLC equipped with a Merck LiChrospher 60 RP-Select B (5μm) precolumn and a Merck LiChroCart 125-4 LiChrospher 60 RP-Select B (5μm) analytical column. Analytes were detected and quantified using a Waters 2996 photo diode array detector. This method has been accepted by the public authorities of Switzerland (Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Federal Office of Public Health), and has been used to analyse 9092 samples since 2000. Since no thermal decarboxylation of THCA-A occurs, the method is highly reproducible for different cannabis materials. Two calibration ranges are used, a lower one for THC, CBN and CBD, and a higher one for THCA-A, due to its dominant presence in fresh plant material. As provider of the Swiss proficiency test, the robustness of this method has been tested over several years, and homogeneity tests even in the low calibration range (1%) show high precision (RSD≤4.3%, except CBD) and accuracy (bias≤4.1%, except CBN).

U.S. census of business: 1954. Central business district statistics, bulletin CBD 1-96.

Mode of access: Internet.

Analysis of global compliance and implementation of the goals of international environmental treaties: A case study of the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD)

The Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) was created in 1992 to coordinate global governments to protect biological resources. The CBD has three goals: protection of biodiversity, achievement of sustainable use of biodiversity and facilitation of equitable sharing of the benefits of biological resources. The goal of protecting biological resources has remained both controversial and difficult to implement. This study focused more on the goal of biodiversity protection. The research was designed to examine how globally constructed environmental policies get adapted by national governments and then passed down to local levels where actual implementation takes place. Effectiveness of such policies depends on the extent of actual implementation at local levels. Therefore, compliance was divided and examined at three levels: global, national and local. The study then developed various criteria to measure compliance at these levels. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyze compliance and implementation. The study was guided by three questions broadly examining critical factors that most influence the implementation of biodiversity protection policies at the global, national and local levels. Findings show that despite an overall biodiversity deficit of 0.9 hectares per person, global compliance with the CBD goals is currently at 35%. Compliance is lowest at local levels at 14%, it is slightly better at national level at 50%, and much better at the international level 64%. Compliance appears higher at both national and international levels because compliance here is paper work based and policy formulation. If implementation at local levels continues to produce this low compliance, overall conservation outcomes can only get worse than what it is at present. There are numerous weaknesses and capacity challenges countries are yet to address in their plans. In order to increase local level compliance, the study recommends a set of robust policies that build local capacity, incentivize local resource owners, and implement biodiversity protection programs that are akin to local needs and aspirations.^

Analysis of Global Compliance and Implementation of the Goals of International Environmental Treaties: A Case study of the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD)

The Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) was created in 1992 to coordinate global governments to protect biological resources. The CBD has three goals: protection of biodiversity, achievement of sustainable use of biodiversity and facilitation of equitable sharing of the benefits of biological resources. The goal of protecting biological resources has remained both controversial and difficult to implement. This study focused more on the goal of biodiversity protection. The research was designed to examine how globally constructed environmental policies get adapted by national governments and then passed down to local levels where actual implementation takes place. Effectiveness of such policies depends on the extent of actual implementation at local levels. Therefore, compliance was divided and examined at three levels: global, national and local. The study then developed various criteria to measure compliance at these levels. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyze compliance and implementation. The study was guided by three questions broadly examining critical factors that most influence the implementation of biodiversity protection policies at the global, national and local levels. Findings show that despite an overall biodiversity deficit of 0.9 hectares per person, global compliance with the CBD goals is currently at 35%. Compliance is lowest at local levels at 14%, it is slightly better at national level at 50%, and much better at the international level 64%. Compliance appears higher at both national and international levels because compliance here is paper work based and policy formulation. If implementation at local levels continues to produce this low compliance, overall conservation outcomes can only get worse than what it is at present. There are numerous weaknesses and capacity challenges countries are yet to address in their plans. In order to increase local level compliance, the study recommends a set of robust policies that build local capacity, incentivize local resource owners, and implement biodiversity protection programs that are akin to local needs and aspirations.

Cannabinoid contents in cannabis products seized in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2006-2007

A rapid and simple method was optimized for determination of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) contents in cannabis products by gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID), using diazepam as internal standard. All parameters of validation of the method such as linearity, intraassay precision, and limits of detection and quantification of the analytes were satisfactory. Using the described method, cannabinoid contents of 55 cannabis product samples seized in Sao Paulo City, Brazil, in 2006 and 2007 were measured. Delta(9)-THC content in marijuana and hashish samples varied between 0.08% and 5.5%, with an average of 2.5%. The phenotypic ratio showed that the products were able to be designated as ""drug type.""

Search for Chronic Beryllium Disease Among Sarcoidosis Patients in Ontario, Canada

Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is clinically similar to other granulomatous diseases such as sarcoidosis. It is often misdiagnosed if a thorough occupational history is not taken. When appropriate, a beryllium lymphocyte proliferation tests (BeLPT) need to be performed. We aimed to search for CBD among currently diagnosed pulmonary sarcoidosis patients and to identify the occupations and exposures in Ontario leading to CBD. Questionnaire items included work history and details of possible exposure to beryllium. Participants who provided a history of previous work with metals underwent BeLPTs and an ELISPOT on the basis of having a higher pretest probability of CBD. Among 121 sarcoid patients enrolled, 87 (72%) reported no known previous metal dust or fume exposure, while 34 (28%) had metal exposure, including 17 (14%) with beryllium exposure at work or home. However, none of these 34 who underwent testing had positive test results. Self-reported exposure to beryllium or metals was relatively common in these patients with clinical sarcoidosis, but CBD was not confirmed using blood assays in this population.

Prospective randomized trial of EUS versus ERCP-guided common bile duct stone removal: an interim report (with video)

Background: EUS is being increasingly utilized for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis and microlithiasis, especially in patients with biliary colic. Simultaneously, there is also a rising interest in the use of EUS for therapeutic interventions. Objectives: Our goal was to assess the effectiveness of EUS-directed common bile duct (CBD) stone removal to compare its safety and effectiveness with ERCP-directed intervention. Design: interim results of a prospective, randomized, single-center blinded clinical trial. Setting: A single tertiary care referral center. Patients: Fifty-two patients with uncomplicated CBD stones were prospectively randomized to CBD cannulation and stone removal under EUS or ERCP guidance. Main Outcome Measurements and Interventions: Primary outcome measure was the rate of successful cannulation of the CBD. Secondary Outcome measures included Successful removal of stones and overall complication rates. Results: CBD cannulation followed by stone extraction was successful in 23 of 26 patients (88.5%) in the EUS group (1) versus 25 of 26 patients (96.2%) in the ERCP group (11) (95% CI, -27.65%, 9.88%). Overall, there were 3 complications in the EUS group and 4 complications in the ERCP group. Limitation: The current study is an interim report from a single center report and performed by a single operator. Conclusions: Our preliminary analysis indicates that Outcomes following EUS-guided CBD stone retrieval are equivalent to those following ERCP EUS-related adverse events are similar to those following ERCP. ERCP and EUS-guided stone retrieval appears to be equally effective for therapeutic interventions of the bile duct. Additional studies are required to validate these preliminary results and to determine predictors of success of EUS-guided stone removal. (Gastrointest Endosc 2009;69:238-43.)

Management of Common Bile Duct Stones in Cirrhotic Patients with Coagulopathy: A Comparison of Supra-Papillary Puncture and Standard Cannulation Technique

Bleeding is not uncommon following endoscopic sphincterotomy. Supra-papillary puncture (SPP) might be safer than standard cannulation (SC) techniques in patients with coagulopathy. The aim of the study was to compare the safety and effectiveness of SPP and SC. This was a prospective case control intervention study. Decompensated cirrhotic patients with coagulopathy and choledocolithiasis underwent SC and SPP methods for biliary access. One hundred five patients (56 [53.3%] men, mean [SD] age 56 [15.8]) underwent ERCP. SC and SPP were performed in 63 and 42 patients, respectively. Biliary access was achieved in 56/63 (89%) and 40/42 (95%) of patients undergoing SC and SPP, respectively (P = 0.13; 95% CI [-0.16; 0.03]). Complications occurred in 10/63 (15.8%) patients undergoing SC and 5/42 (11.9%) SPP (P = 0.28; 95% CI [-0.17, 0.16]). Five (7.9%) and two (3.2%) episodes of post-sphincterotomy bleeding was seen in the SC and SPP groups, respectively (P = 0.36; 95% CI [-0.16, 0.05]). In contrast, three (4.8%) episodes of pancreatitis were seen in the SC and none in the SPP group (P = 0.05; 95% CI [0.001; 0.004]). A cost-effectiveness analysis demonstrated that SPP is an acceptable alternative at an ICER of US$ 5,974.92 per additional successful procedure. SPP is a safe and effective technique for the management of common bile duct stones in decompensated cirrhotic patients. Conditional to the willingness-to-pay and to the local ERCP-related costs, SPP is also a cost-effective alternative to the SC methods. SPP is associated with a lower rate of complications but larger studies to validate these findings are necessary.