Quantitation of C4a and C4b in systemic lupus erythematosus patients

The fourth component of human complement (C4) exists in blood as two major forms or isotypes which differ in their biochemical and functional properties. Because C4A preferentially transacylates onto amino groups, it has been postulated that this isotype is more important in the clearance of immune complexes. Patients having systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease, have an increased incidence of C4A null genes and presumably decreased levels of C4A. Currently accepted methods for the detection of C4, however, cannot accurately quantitate C4A and C4B. Thus, their role in disease susceptibility and activity has not been studied. A novel immunoassay, which utilized heat-aggregated IgG to activate and capture C4, was developed for accurate quantitation of total C4, C4A and C4B by monoclonal antibody conjugates. Higher mean total C4 values were found in a healthy Black control population when compared to White controls. This appeared to be due to an increase in C4B. In SLE patients, mean total C4 levels were significantly lower than controls regardless of disease activity. Serial patient studies showed that the ratio of C4A:C4B remained relatively constant. When the patient group was compared to controls based on C4 null gene status, the mean levels of C4A were identical while C4B was decreased in the patients. This suggests that the common HLA-B8, Dr3 C4A*Q0 gene deletion found in SLE patients may also adversely affect genetic control of the C4B genes. Furthermore, low levels of C4A cannot fully account for disease development in SLE patients having C4A null genes. ^

Contribuição para o estudo de sistemas de baixo custo para tratamento de água a implementar em zonas economicamente desfavorecidas

A atual crise mundial da água está relacionada, entre outros fatores, com a sua escassez, qualidade e distribuição desigual. No caso do Brasil, apesar de existirem regiões com elevada disponibilidade hídrica, nomeadamente na região hidrográfica da Amazónia, parte da população, sobretudo a mais vulnerável em termos económicos, não tem acesso aos serviços básicos de abastecimento de água que permitam o seu fornecimento mínimo para usos diretos. Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo, a apresentação de sistemas simplificados de tratamento de água, adequados ao contexto socioeconómico das populações a abastecer. Para o efeito, foram selecionados três estudos de caso no Brasil: Rio Juruena, Lago Piratuba e Rio Nhamundá, com diferentes tipologias de qualidade de água, servindo, respetivamente, às populações de Campos de Júlio, Pracuúba e Faro. Com base no estudo efetuado, concluiu-se que o rio Juruena apresenta contaminação microbiológica, necessitando apenas da operação de desinfeção. O Lago Piratuba, além de contaminação microbiológica, apresenta valores de turvação de 57 NTU, superiores aos valores máximos permitidos pela legislação, encontrando-se hipereutrofizado, com índice de estado trófico de 192 μg Fósforo total/l, necessitando das etapas de coagulação/floculação, decantação, filtração e desinfeção. O rio Nhamundá apresenta valores de contaminação microbiológica e valores de concentração de arsénio de 0,04 mg/l, valores superiores ao limite máximo imposto pela legislação, necessitando de etapas que permitam a remoção deste elemento, assim como a etapa de desinfeção. Os sistemas de tratamento de água apresentados em cada estudo de caso teriam, não só de garantir a qualidade de água mínima para usos diretos, mas também, necessitariam de ser viáveis e sustentáveis a nível económico e social. Após a seleção e descrição dos sistemas de tratamento de água simplificados, tendo em consideração o custo unitário de cada um, a caraterização sócio-económica da população e a caraterização climática da região, foram selecionados os cenários económico-energéticos mais adequados para, posteriormente, serem propostas estratégias de simulação de um projeto piloto a desenvolver em cada comunidade. Deste modo, no caso da comunidade de Campos de Júlio, foi escolhido o cenário C4A, utilizando o agente desinfetante Waterguard®, como sendo a linha de tratamento de água mais adequada. No caso da população de Pracuúba, foi escolhido o cenário C3B, utilizando o agente coagulante Moringa Oleífera, o filtro Hydraid® e o agente desinfetante Waterguard®. Por ultimo, no caso da população de Faro, foi selecionado o cenário C4Cc, recorrendo ao filtro Kanchan® e ao produto Waterguard®.

Involvement of C4 allotypes in the pathogenesis of human diseases

The complement system is an important humoral defense mechanism that plays a relevant role against microbial agents, inflammatory response control, and immunocomplex clearance. Classical complement pathway activation is antibody-dependent. The C4 component participates in the initial step of activation, and C4 expression is determined by 2 pairs of allotypes: C4A and C4B. Deficiencies in C4 allotypes have been associated with several diseases. The aim of the present review is evaluate the reported data in the literature regarding specific C4A and C4B deficiencies and characterize their clinical relevance. We searched the MEDLINE and LILACS databases. Papers referring to total C4 deficiency without allotype evaluation and case reports of primary C4 deficiency were not included. Deficiencies in C4 allotypes have been associated with Mycobacterium leprae infection, erythema nodosum, systemic sclerosis with anti-topoisomerase I antibodies, intermediate congenital adrenal hyperplasia with DR5 genotype, diabetes mellitus type 1 with DR3,4 genotype, and diabetes mellitus with antibodies against islet cells. C4 allotype deficiency is also related to C4B deficiency and autoimmune-associated diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, or diseases with an autoimmune component, such as autism. Some reports associate C4A with thyroiditis after delivery as well as limited and systemic sclerosis without anti-topoisomerase I antibodies. However, the studies with C4A and C4B have been concentrated in isolated populations, and some of the studies could not be reproduced by other authors.

Efecto de las Estatinas sobre el Peptidoma Plasmático y Urinario de Pacientes Trasplantados Renales

Estudiem l’efecte de l’atorvastatina sobre perfil lipídic, funció renal, marcadors d’inflamació, peptidoma plasmàtic i urinari de 54 pacients trasplantats renals. L’estudi proteòmic es basa en tecnologia d’esferes magnètiques combinada amb espectrometria de masses MALDI-TOF. L’atorvastatina va millorar el perfil lipídic dels pacients i va provocar canvis significatius al peptidoma plasmàtic. Es va observar la disminució en plasma de pèptids derivats de fragments del quininogen i de C4. Atès que bradiquinina i C4a, que s’alliberen de quininogen i C4, son potents mediadors de la inflamació, els nostres resultats poden aclarir els efectes antiinflamatoris atribuïts a les estatines.

21-Hydroxylase deficiency in Brazil

We determined the frequency of large rearrangements and point mutations in 130 Brazilian patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency and correlated genotype with phenotype. The frequency of CYP21 deletions was lower (4.4%) than in most of the previous series described, whereas the frequency of large gene conversions was similar to the frequency reported in the literature (6.6%). The most frequent point mutations were I2 splice (41.8% in salt wasting - SW), I172N (32.6% in simple virilizing - SV) and V281L (40.2% in the late onset form - LO). The frequency of the nine most common point mutations was similar to that reported for other countries. The 93 fully genotyped patients were classified into 3 mutation groups based on the degree of enzymatic activity (A<2%, B @ 2%, C>20%). In group A, 62% of cases presented the SW form; in group B, 96% the SV form, and in group C, 88% the LO form. We diagnosed 80% of the affected alleles after screening for large rearrangements and 15 point mutations. To diagnose these remaining alleles we sequenced the CYP21 gene of one patient with the SV form and identified a heterozygous G->A transition in codon 424. This mutation leads to a substitution of glycine by serine in a conserved region and was also found in a compound heterozygous state in 4 other patients. The mutation G424S presented a linkage disequilibrium with CYP21P and C4A gene deletions and HLA DR17, suggesting a probable founder effect. Search for the G424S mutation in other populations will reveal if it is restricted to the Brazilian patients or if it has a wider ethnic distribution.

Complement 4 phenotypes and genotypes in Brazilian patients with classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency

The aim of this work was to analyse C4 genotypes, C4 protein levels, phenotypes and genotypes in patients with the classical form of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Fifty-four patients from 46 families (36 female, 18 male; mean age 10.8 years) with different clinical manifestations (31 salt-wasting; 23 simple-virilizing) were studied. Taq I Southern blotting was used to perform molecular analysis of the C4/CYP21 gene cluster and the genotypes were defined according to gene organization within RCCX modules. Serum C4 isotypes were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results revealed 12 different haplotypes of the C4/CYP21 gene cluster. Total functional activity of the classical pathway (CH50) was reduced in individuals carrying different genotypes because of low C4 concentrations (43% of all patients) to complete or partial C4 allotype deficiency. Thirteen of 54 patients presented recurrent infections affecting the respiratory and/or the urinary tracts, none of them with severe infections. Low C4A or C4B correlated well with RCCX monomodular gene organization, but no association between C4 haplotypes and recurrent infections or autoimmunity was observed. Considering this redundant gene cluster, C4 seems to be a well-protected gene segment along the evolutionary process.

Age-related macular degeneration and modification of systemic complement factor H production through liver transplantation

Purpose: To investigate whether modification of liver complement factor H (CFH) production, by alteration of liver CFH Y402H genotype through liver transplantation (LT), influences the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design: Multicenter, cross-sectional study. Participants: We recruited 223 Western European patients ≥55 years old who had undergone LT ≥5 years previously. Methods: We determined AMD status using a standard grading system. Recipient CFH Y402H genotype was obtained from DNA extracted from recipient blood samples. Donor CFH Y402H genotype was inferred from recipient plasma CFH Y402H protein allotype, measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. This approach was verified by genotyping donor tissue from a subgroup of patients. Systemic complement activity was ascertained by measuring levels of plasma complement proteins using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, including substrates (C3, C4), activation products (C3a, C4a, and terminal complement complex), and regulators (total CFH, C1 inhibitor). Main Outcome Measures: We evaluated AMD status and recipient and donor CFH Y402H genotype. Results: In LT patients, AMD was associated with recipient CFH Y402H genotype (P = 0.036; odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-2.4) but not with donor CFH Y402H genotype (P = 0.626), after controlling for age, sex, smoking status, and body mass index. Recipient plasma CFH Y402H protein allotype predicted donor CFH Y402H genotype with 100% accuracy (n = 49). Plasma complement protein or activation product levels were similar in LT patients with and without AMD. Compared with previously reported prevalence figures (Rotterdam Study), LT patients demonstrated a high prevalence of both AMD (64.6% vs 37.1%; OR, 3.09; P<0.001) and the CFH Y402H sequence variation (41.9% vs 36.2%; OR, 1.27; P = 0.014). Conclusions: Presence of AMD is not associated with modification of hepatic CFH production. In addition, AMD is not associated with systemic complement activity in LT patients. These findings suggest that local intraocular complement activity is of greater importance in AMD pathogenesis. The high AMD prevalence observed in LT patients may be associated with the increased frequency of the CFH Y402H sequence variation. © 2013 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology Published by Elsevier Inc.