Adjuvant properties of a simplified C32 monomycolyl glycerol analogue

A simplified C32 monomycolyl glycerol (MMG) analogue demonstrated enhanced immunostimulatory activity in a dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA)/Ag85B-ESAT-6 formulation. Elevated levels of IFN-gamma and IL-6 were produced in spleen cells from mice immunised with a C32 MMG analogue comparable activity to the potent Th1 adjuvant, trehalose 6,6'-di-behenate (TDB).

Islamic project financing implementation for sustainable infrastructure development in Indonesia

Islamic financing in Indonesia infrastructure projects development has not been optimally implemented. Therefore this paper serves as a catalyst to explore alternative financial scheme such as Islamic financing for infrastructure development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the enablers and barriers in implementing Islamic project financing for public infrastructure development. The findings are then culminated into enablers and barriers in the implementation of Islamic project financing. The two main enablers are the readily availability of huge fund that can be used to support infrastructure projects; and the acceptability of the concept of shariah-compliant financing. On the other hand, the barriers include: high cost of funding; lack of financial institution capability; lack of government policy and regulation; insufficient government support and commitment; conflict between infrastructure and Islamic finance business practices; profit oriented mindset; lack of understanding of Islamic project financing knowledge in infrastructure; and insufficient project preparation.

Characterising an ECG signal using statistical modelling : a feasibility study

For clinical use, in electrocardiogram (ECG) signal analysis it is important to detect not only the centre of the P wave, the QRS complex and the T wave, but also the time intervals, such as the ST segment. Much research focused entirely on qrs complex detection, via methods such as wavelet transforms, spline fitting and neural networks. However, drawbacks include the false classification of a severe noise spike as a QRS complex, possibly requiring manual editing, or the omission of information contained in other regions of the ECG signal. While some attempts were made to develop algorithms to detect additional signal characteristics, such as P and T waves, the reported success rates are subject to change from person-to-person and beat-to-beat. To address this variability we propose the use of Markov-chain Monte Carlo statistical modelling to extract the key features of an ECG signal and we report on a feasibility study to investigate the utility of the approach. The modelling approach is examined with reference to a realistic computer generated ECG signal, where details such as wave morphology and noise levels are variable.

Modeling conditional correlations of asset returns : a smooth transition approach

In this paper we propose a new multivariate GARCH model with time-varying conditional correlation structure. The time-varying conditional correlations change smoothly between two extreme states of constant correlations according to a predetermined or exogenous transition variable. An LM–test is derived to test the constancy of correlations and LM- and Wald tests to test the hypothesis of partially constant correlations. Analytical expressions for the test statistics and the required derivatives are provided to make computations feasible. An empirical example based on daily return series of five frequently traded stocks in the S&P 500 stock index completes the paper.

A Design for Testability of Undetectable Crosspoint Faults in Programmable Logic Arrays

In this paper, the validity of'single fault assumption in deriving diagnostic test sets is examined with respect to crosspoint faults in programmable logic arrays (PLA's). The control input procedure developed here can be used to convert PLA's having undetectable crosspoint faults to crosspoint-irredundant PLA's for testing purposes. All crosspoints will be testable in crosspoint-irredundant PLA's. The control inputs are used as extra variables during testing. They are maintained at logic I during normal operation. A useful heuristic for obtaining a near-minimal number of control inputs is suggested. Expressions for calculating bounds on the number of control inputs have also been obtained.

Alkane Profiles in Tropical Forages

The role of n-alkanes in animal nutrition research has recently been reviewed by Dove and Mayes (1996). The measurement of voluntary intake (VI) using the naturally occurring odd chain length alkanes C31 or C33 in conjunction with administered even chain length alkanes such as C32 and C36 provides several advantages over the more conventional methods. Much of the development work involving this technology has been carried out with sheep or dairy cattle fed predominantly temperate pasture. Laredo et al., (1991) have published alkane profiles for a number of introduced tropical pasture grasses but no alkane profiles have been published for native tropical pasture grasses. Animal production for a consuming world : proceedings of 9th Congress of the Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies [AAAP] and 23rd Biennial Conference of the Australian Society of Animal Production [ASAP] and 17th Annual Symposium of the University of Sydney, Dairy Research Foundation, [DRF]. 2-7 July 2000, Sydney, Australia.

Thermodynamics of oxygen in liquid copper, lead and copper lead alloys

Solid oxide galvanic cells of the type Pt, Ni-NiO I Solid electrolyte ( Ometa,, Cermet. Pt were used to measure the activity coefficient of oxygen in liquid copper at 11 00 and 1 300eC, and in lead at 11 00'C. Similar cells were used to study the activity coefficient of oxygen in the whole range of Cu + Pb alloys at 1100'C and in lead-rich alloys at 900 and 750'C.The results obtained are discussed in terms of proposed solution models. An equation based on the formation of 'species' of the form M,O in solutions of oxygen in binary alloys is shown to fit the experimental data.

Caracterização e pirólise de arenitos asfálticos oriundos da Formação Pirambóia, Bacia do Paraná: avaliação da viabilidade para produção de óleo

Neste trabalho, algumas caracterizações químicas foram realizadas em arenitos asfálticos da região de Piracicaba-SP, Formação Piramboia da Bacia do Paraná, para verificar seu potencial de produção de óleo. Para isso, as amostras obtidas da região foram submetidas a avaliação por termogravimetria, teor de umidade, teor de cinzas, teor de material orgânico por extração, pirólise, análise elementar e fracionamento em coluna. Por TGA observou-se que a 500 C praticamente todo material orgânico presente sofreu pirólise. A extração colaborou para se obter a classificação das amostras quanto ao teor de material orgânico, apresentando entre 4 e 13%, sendo que pelos teores encontrados a amostra AM06 é considerada de alto potencial produtivo, as amostras AM05, AM08 e AM09 são de médio, as amostras AM01, AM02, AM03 e AM07 possuem baixo, mas ainda atrativo, e a AM04 não possui atratividade. Pela avaliação elementar, a relação H/C e O/C dos extratos evidenciaram que algumas amostras estão no processo final da diagênese e outras no início da catagênese, indicando que elas estão no processo inicial de maturação. A avaliação cromatográfica dos extratos revelou que houve perdas de óleo por intemperismo restando majoritariamente compostos de alto peso molecular. O fracionamento permitiu verificar que as amostras AM01, AM06 e AM09 possuem maior quantidade de hidrocarbonetos livres e as amostras AM06 e AM07 e AM09 apresentaram maior teor de óleo. O procedimento de pirólise evidenciou que as amostras AM01, AM05, AM06 e AM09 apresentam maior potencial de geração de óleo, sendo que a faixa encontrada de óleo pirolítico ficou entre 2 e 8%, e através de avaliação por CGAR e CGAR-EM observou-se que ela promove a liberação de quantidades consideráveis de substâncias mais leves do que quando comparados aos extratos obtidos diretamente nas amostras originais. Além de produzir uma série homóloga de hidrocarbonetos parafínicos e olefínicos. A comparação dos produtos de pirólise dos arenitos com os produtos de pirólise de um resíduo de vácuo por CGAR-EM permitiu observar que existe similaridade entre suas composições, onde o processo de pirólise do resíduo de vácuo gera uma série homóloga de hidrocarbonetos entre C10 a C32, similar aos produtos de pirólise da amostra AM09, porém com menor variedade de tipos de hidrocarbonetos. A pré-avaliação da co-pirólise dos arenitos com resíduos plásticos indicou que é possível aumentar a geração de líquidos, porém é necessário mais estudo para afirmações inequívocas. Com base nos resultados das avaliações realizadas podemos concluir que a região apresenta na sua maioria potencial interessante para produção de óleo utilizando pirólise

饱和链烷技术测定绵羊食性食量精确性研究

【目的】验证饱和链烷技术测定家畜食性和食量的精确性，确定绵羊粪便中链烷的回收率。【方法】于2004年秋季在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站用不同放牧演替阶段的优势植物羊草（Lcymus chincnsis）、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）和冷蒿（Artemisia frigide）按一定比例混合组成日粮，饲喂9只2岁羯羊，每只羊投喂一粒QSM胶囊，试验期内每天记录绵羊实际牧草采食量、采食成分和排粪量，利用气相色谱分析牧草和粪样的链烷含量，应用链烷技术测定绵羊的排粪量、不同牧草呆食比例和总干物质采食量，并与实际值进行比较。【结果】3种牧草链烷模式存在种间差异；绵羊粪便中链烷的回收率随链烷长度的增加而线性增加；绵羊排粪量测定值与实际值存在极显著的正相关（P〈0．01，r=0．9994）；绵羊采食羊草、糙隐子草和冷蒿比例的测定值与实际值存在极显著（P〈0．01）正相关，相关系数分别为0．9913、0．9864和0．9999；绵羊干物质采食量用C33：C32和C31：C31比值测定的值分别比实际值低4％（±1．3％）和7％（±1．3％），但差异不显著（P〉0．05）。【结论】饱和链烷技术可以精确测定典型草原绵羊的排粪量、食物组成和采食量。

Modeling Multivariate Interest Rates Using Time-Varying Copulas and Reducible Nonlinear Stochastic Differential Equations

We propose a new approach for modeling nonlinear multivariate interest rate processes based on time-varying copulas and reducible stochastic differential equations (SDEs). In the modeling of the marginal processes, we consider a class of nonlinear SDEs that are reducible to Ornstein--Uhlenbeck (OU) process or Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross (1985) (CIR) process. The reducibility is achieved via a nonlinear transformation function. The main advantage of this approach is that these SDEs can account for nonlinear features, observed in short-term interest rate series, while at the same time leading to exact discretization and closed-form likelihood functions. Although a rich set of specifications may be entertained, our exposition focuses on a couple of nonlinear constant elasticity volatility (CEV) processes, denoted as OU-CEV and CIR-CEV, respectively. These two processes encompass a number of existing models that have closed-form likelihood functions. The transition density, the conditional distribution function, and the steady-state density function are derived in closed form as well as the conditional and unconditional moments for both processes. In order to obtain a more flexible functional form over time, we allow the transformation function to be time varying. Results from our study of U.S. and UK short-term interest rates suggest that the new models outperform existing parametric models with closed-form likelihood functions. We also find the time-varying effects in the transformation functions statistically significant. To examine the joint behavior of interest rate series, we propose flexible nonlinear multivariate models by joining univariate nonlinear processes via appropriate copulas. We study the conditional dependence structure of the two rates using Patton (2006a) time-varying symmetrized Joe--Clayton copula. We find evidence of asymmetric dependence between the two rates, and that the level of dependence is positively related to the level of the two rates. (JEL: C13, C32, G12) Copyright The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.

Organizational Design of R&D Activities

This paper addresses the question of whether R&D should be carried out by an independent research unit or be produced in-house by the firm marketing the innovation. We define two organizational structures. In an integrated structure, the firm that markets the innovation also carries out and finances research leading to the innovation. In an independent structure, the firm that markets the innovation buys it from an independent research unit which is financed externally. We compare the two structures under the assumption that the research unit has some private information about the real cost of developing the new product. When development costs are negatively correlated with revenues from the innovation, the integrated structure dominates. The independent structure dominates in the opposite case.

Quadratic M-Estimators for ARCH-Type Processes

This paper addresses the issue of estimating semiparametric time series models specified by their conditional mean and conditional variance. We stress the importance of using joint restrictions on the mean and variance. This leads us to take into account the covariance between the mean and the variance and the variance of the variance, that is, the skewness and kurtosis. We establish the direct links between the usual parametric estimation methods, namely, the QMLE, the GMM and the M-estimation. The ususal univariate QMLE is, under non-normality, less efficient than the optimal GMM estimator. However, the bivariate QMLE based on the dependent variable and its square is as efficient as the optimal GMM one. A Monte Carlo analysis confirms the relevance of our approach, in particular, the importance of skewness.

Methods to Estimate Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Models

This paper employs the one-sector Real Business Cycle model as a testing ground for four different procedures to estimate Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models. The procedures are: 1 ) Maximum Likelihood, with and without measurement errors and incorporating Bayesian priors, 2) Generalized Method of Moments, 3) Simulated Method of Moments, and 4) Indirect Inference. Monte Carlo analysis indicates that all procedures deliver reasonably good estimates under the null hypothesis. However, there are substantial differences in statistical and computational efficiency in the small samples currently available to estimate DSGE models. GMM and SMM appear to be more robust to misspecification than the alternative procedures. The implications of the stochastic singularity of DSGE models for each estimation method are fully discussed.

Distribution-Free Bounds for Serial Correlation Coefficients in Heteroskedastic Symmetric Time Series

We consider the problem of testing whether the observations X1, ..., Xn of a time series are independent with unspecified (possibly nonidentical) distributions symmetric about a common known median. Various bounds on the distributions of serial correlation coefficients are proposed: exponential bounds, Eaton-type bounds, Chebyshev bounds and Berry-Esséen-Zolotarev bounds. The bounds are exact in finite samples, distribution-free and easy to compute. The performance of the bounds is evaluated and compared with traditional serial dependence tests in a simulation experiment. The procedures proposed are applied to U.S. data on interest rates (commercial paper rate).