Does Gender Matter? Women Business Angels and the Supply of Entrepreneurial Finance

There is a substantial literature on the relationship between gender and access to finance. However, most studies have been concerned with access to debt finance. More recently, the focus of this research has broadened to examine women and venture capital. This article extends the focus further by examining the role of women in the business angel market, which is more important than the formal venture capital market in terms of both the number of ventures supported and total capital flows. Based on a detailed analysis of business angels in the U.K., the study concludes that women investors who are active in the market differ from their male counterparts in only limited respects. Future research into women business angels, and the possible existence of gender differences, needs to be based on more fully elaborated standpoint epistemologies that focus on the experience of the woman angel investor per se, and center on the examination of the role of homophily, social capital, networking, and competition in investment behavior.

Determinants of long-distance investing by business angels in the UK

The business angel market is usually identified as a local market, and the proximity of an investment has been shown to be key in the angel's investment preferences and an important filter at the screening stage of the investment decision. This is generally explained by the personal and localized networks used to identify potential investments, the hands-on involvement of the investor and the desire to minimize risk. However, a significant minority of investments are long distance. This paper is based on data from 373 investments made by 109 UK business angels. We classify the location of investments into three groups: local investments ( those made within the same county or in adjacent counties); intermediate investments ( those made in counties adjacent to the 'local' counties); and long-distance investments ( those made beyond this range). Using ordered logit analysis the paper develops and tests a number of hypotheses that relate long-distance investment to investment characteristics and investor characteristics. The paper concludes by drawing out the implications for entrepreneurs seeking business angel finance in investment-deficient regions, business angel networks seeking to match investors to entrepreneurs and firms ( which are normally their primary clients), and for policy-makers responsible for local and regional economic development.

Business angels: a forma como o empresário, o investidor e a empresa influenciam o montante investido

Este estudo pretende determinar a influência das características do empresário, das características do investidor e das características da empresa sobre o montante inicialmente investido pelos BA. Para esse efeito, recorreu-se a uma amostra extraída da base de dados da Kauffman Foundation, cujos dados dizem respeito a BA dos E.U.A.. Analisaram-se as estatísticas descritivas e as hipóteses foram testadas através de seis modelos de regressão linear múltipla. Os resultados obtidos mostram que seis dos nove fatores identificados dizem respeito ao empresário e à equipa de gestão; ABSTRACT: This study aims to determine the influence of entrepreneur characteristics, investor characteristics and the characteristics of the company on the amount initially invested by BA. For this purpose, we used a sample extracted from Kauffman Foundation database, whose data refer to BA from the United States of America. We performed descriptive statistics and hypotheses were tested through six models of multiple linear regression. The results show that six of the nine factors identified are related to the entrepreneur and management team.

El efecto producido por la presencia de "business angels" en la empresa

El creciente interés por fuentes de financiación alternativas, como son los business angels (BA) y el capital riesgo, ha producido la necesidad de estudiar los efectos que la presencia de este tipo de inversores produce en las empresas. Son muchas las investigaciones realizadas sobre el impacto generado por el capital riesgo en sus empresas participadas. Sin embargo, las características de los BA, entre las que destacan el anonimato y preferencia por la privacidad, dificultan considerablemente la elaboración de estudios e investigaciones sobre los efectos producidos por su actividad. Es por ello que el objetivo de este trabajo no es otro que analizar el efecto que la presencia de los BA produce en las empresas participadas. Para la consecución del objetivo establecido, la investigación se centra en analizar el efecto que la participación de los BA produce en la supervivencia de los proyectos empresariales. Además, se toman como referencia las ventas y el número de empleados para estudiar el impacto que la implicación de este tipo de inversores produce en el crecimiento de las mismas. En concreto, a través de la metodología aplicada se han obtenido resultados que muestran que la presencia de BA en empresas de reciente creación genera un impacto positivo en las dos variables propuestas: ventas y número de empleados. Además de lo anterior, se aprecia que las empresas en las que este tipo de inversores se encuentran implicados presentan tasas de supervivencia superiores respecto a las que no disponen de su respaldo. Por lo tanto, las conclusiones obtenidas a través de este trabajo sirven de base para dar comienzo a un estudio más profundo, que verifique que al igual que el capital riesgo, los BA también impactan positivamente en la evolución de las empresas participadas.

Financing innovative start-ups in Portuguese context: what is the role of business angels networks?

Business angels provide both financing and managerial experience, which increase the likelihood of the survival of innovative start-ups. Over the last years, European countries with developing informal venture capital markets have seen governments support the creation of business angels networks (BANs) to increase and consolidate these markets. Using the Portuguese context to carry out the empirical work, this paper provides an assessment of value added provided by angels’ networks. A total of 88 useable responses were received and analysed using non-parametric statistical techniques. This paper demonstrates that is evidence of positive contribution of BANs in terms of bringing together investors and linking them with entrepreneur’s seeking finance. BANs played an important role in financing innovative start-ups also in peripheral regions. Results lead us to conclude that government support BANs would appear to be an effective mechanism to stimulate the angel market in developing informal venture capital markets. The conclusions of this paper are likely to have relevance for countries where there is growing interest in the potential of business angels as a means of financing innovative start-ups.

Formalization of the informal venture capital market - Business angel networks and syndicates

Business angels are natural persons who provide equity financing for young enterprises and gain ownership in them. They are usually anonym investors and they operate in the background of the companies. Their important feature is that over the funding of the enterprises based on their business experiences they can contribute to the success of the companies with their special expertise and with strategic support. As a result of the asymmetric information between the angels and the companies their matching is difficult (Becsky-Nagy – Fazekas 2015), and the fact, that angel investors prefer anonymity makes it harder for entrepreneurs to obtain informal venture capital. The primary aim of the different type of business angel organizations and networks is to alleviate this matching process with intermediation between the two parties. The role of these organizations is increasing in the informal venture capital market compared to the individually operating angels. The recognition of their economic importance led many governments to support them. There were also public initiations that aimed the establishment of these intermediary organizations that led to the institutionalization of business angels. This study via the characterization of business angels focuses on the progress of these informational intermediaries and their ways of development with regards to the international trends and the current situation of Hungarian business angels and angel networks.

Angel Investing in Finland: An Analysis Based on Agency Theory and the Incomplete Contracting Theory

Wealthy individuals - business angels who invest a share of their net worth in entrepreneurial ventures - form an essential part of an informal venture capital market that can secure funding for entrepreneurial ventures. In Finland, business angels represent an untapped pool of capital that can contribute to fostering entrepreneurial development. In addition, business angels can bridge knowledge gaps in new business ventures by means of making their human capital available. This study has two objectives. The first is to gain an understanding of the characteristics and investment behaviour of Finnish business angels. The strongest focus here is on the due diligence procedures and their involvement post investment. The second objective is to assess whether agency theory and the incomplete contacting theory are useful theoretical lenses in the arena of business angels. To achieve the second objective, this study investigates i) how risk is mitigated in the investment process, ii) how uncertainty influences the comprehensiveness of due diligence as well as iii) how control is allocated post investment. Research hypotheses are derived from assumptions underlying agency theory and the incomplete contacting theory. The data for this study comprise interviews with 53 business angels. In terms of sample size this is the largest on Finnish business angels. The research hypotheses in this study are tested using regression analysis. This study suggests that the Finnish informal venture capital market appears to be comprised of a limited number of business angels whose style of investing much resembles their formal counterparts’. Much focus is placed on managing risks prior to making the investment by strong selectiveness and by a relatively comprehensive due diligence. The involvement is rarely on a day-to-day basis and many business angels seem to see board membership as a more suitable alternative than involvement in the operations of an entrepreneurial venture. The uncertainty involved does not seem to drive an increase in due diligence. On the contrary, it would appear that due diligence is more rigorous in safer later stage investments and when the business angels have considerable previous experience as investors. Finnish business angels’ involvement post investment is best explained by their degree of ownership in the entrepreneurial venture. It seems that when investors feel they are sufficiently rewarded, in terms of an adequate equity stake, they are willing to involve themselves actively in their investments. The lack of support for a relationship between increased uncertainty and the comprehensiveness of due diligence may partly be explained by an increasing trend towards portfolio diversification. This is triggered by a taxation system that favours investments through investment companies rather than direct investments. Many business angels appear to have substituted a specialization strategy that builds on reducing uncertainty for a diversification strategy that builds on reducing firm specific (idiosyncratic) risk by holding shares in ventures whose returns are not expected to exhibit a strong positive correlation.

Análisis de las estrategias de comunicación de las startups españolas. Estudio de casos

El fenómeno emprendedor ha experimentado una importante evolución en los últimos años. En este ecosistema surgen unas iniciativas marcadas por la innovación, que se denominan startups. Se trata de empresas emergentes que buscan emprender o montar un nuevo negocio. Muchos son los espacios dedicados a analizar y promover el entorno emprendedor –encuentros, congresos, aceleradoras, incubadoras, inversores, business angels-. Los medios desempeñan una labor muy importante como agentes difusores de historias de éxito empresarial. Cada vez se dedica más espacio en medios -generalistas, económicos y especializados en radio, TV, prensa, revistas, digitales, blogs- a hacerse eco de iniciativas innovadoras tanto por el tipo de producto o servicio que ofrecen, como por la manera de trabajar o porque satisfacen necesidades impensables hace poco tiempo. Si bien ya se han realizado varios estudios y algunos artículos científicos que muestran la radiografía de las startups (tipología de empresas, perfil de los emprendedores, internacionalización, claves de éxito), hasta el momento no se ha estudiado en profundidad su estrategia de comunicación. Esta tesis analiza la estrategia de comunicación en las startups españolas, el grado de profesionalización y perfil del responsable de comunicación, las principales actividades, las semejanzas o diferencias respecto a otra tipología de empresas, los canales o herramientas utilizados (si son específicos de este ámbito) y la medición de resultados. El ámbito de la investigación son las principales startups en España de todos los tamaños y sectores de actividad, ubicadas en el territorio español...

Health information management : What business are we in?

Developments in information technology will drive the change in records management; however, it should be the health information managers who drive the information management change. The role of health information management will be challenged to use information technology to broker a range of requests for information from a variety of users, including he alth consumers. The purposes of this paper are to conceptualise the role of health information management in the context of a technologically driven and managed health care environment, and to demonstrat e how this framework has been used to review and develop the undergraduate program in health information management at the Queensland University of Technology.