Stellar populations in bulges of spiral galaxies

We present a few results of a work in progress tackling the radial spectroscopic properties of bulges of spiral galaxies.

Approximate Bayesian Computation for astronomical model analysis : a case study in galaxy demographics and morphological transformation at high redshift

Approximate Bayesian Computation’ (ABC) represents a powerful methodology for the analysis of complex stochastic systems for which the likelihood of the observed data under an arbitrary set of input parameters may be entirely intractable – the latter condition rendering useless the standard machinery of tractable likelihood-based, Bayesian statistical inference [e.g. conventional Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation]. In this paper, we demonstrate the potential of ABC for astronomical model analysis by application to a case study in the morphological transformation of high-redshift galaxies. To this end, we develop, first, a stochastic model for the competing processes of merging and secular evolution in the early Universe, and secondly, through an ABC-based comparison against the observed demographics of massive (Mgal > 1011 M⊙) galaxies (at 1.5 < z < 3) in the Cosmic Assembly Near-IR Deep Extragalatic Legacy Survey (CANDELS)/Extended Groth Strip (EGS) data set we derive posterior probability densities for the key parameters of this model. The ‘Sequential Monte Carlo’ implementation of ABC exhibited herein, featuring both a self-generating target sequence and self-refining MCMC kernel, is amongst the most efficient of contemporary approaches to this important statistical algorithm. We highlight as well through our chosen case study the value of careful summary statistic selection, and demonstrate two modern strategies for assessment and optimization in this regard. Ultimately, our ABC analysis of the high-redshift morphological mix returns tight constraints on the evolving merger rate in the early Universe and favours major merging (with disc survival or rapid reformation) over secular evolution as the mechanism most responsible for building up the first generation of bulges in early-type discs.

Additional angles to calculate the deformation of RNA helices induced by bulge loops

Bulges are common features of folded RNA structures. The RNA axial kinking caused by bulges has been confirmed by many experiments. Usually, a kinking angle zeta and a bending angle theta are used to describe the kinking and twisting of RNA molecules containing bulges. Here, we present two additional angles (twist angle zeta(1), twist angle zeta(2)) to describe the deformation of RNA helices induced by bulge loops because only two angles (a kinking angle zeta and a bending angle theta) are not enough to define the deformation of RNA induced by bulges. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Dynamics of RNA with A6 bulge loop

In order to understand the behavior of RNAs with large bulges In solution, molecular dynamics was performed on the RNA molecule in water with A6 bulge. The result of simulation showed that nonstacked conformation Is the main conformation in large bulges, and the backbone of large bulge is of great conformational flexibility, but bulges-induced bends are relatively rigid. The fluctuation in bulge has little influence on the bend angle of RNAs.

Rapport M/L de disques de galaxies issus de modèles CSPE et contrôle des contraintes mécaniques dans la conception de revêtements optiques

La thèse qui suit est organisée en deux volets: un premier volet portant sur les modèles de masse de galaxies et un second volet sur la conception de revêtements optiques et le contrôle de leurs propriétés mécaniques. Les modèles de masse présentés dans cette thèse ont été réalisés sur un sous-échantillon de dix galaxies de l'étude SINGS comprenant neuf galaxies normales et une galaxie naine. Ce travail visait à fixer le rapport masse-luminosité du disque à tout rayon en utilisant les résultats de modèles d'évolution galactique chimio-spectrophotométriques ajustés spécifiquement à chaque galaxie grâce à son profil de photométrie multi-bandes. Les résultats montrent que les disques stellaires tels que normalisés par les rapports masse-luminosité issus des modèles ont des masses cohérentes dans toutes les bandes étudiées de l'ultra-violet, du visible ainsi que du proche infrarouge (bandes FUV à IRAC2). Ces disques peuvent être considérés comme maximaux par rapport aux données cinématiques des galaxies étudiées. Ceci est dû au fait que le rapport M/L est plus élevé au centre que sur les bords. Les disques étant maximaux et physiquement justifiés, on ne peut dès lors ignorer les effets de composants tels que les bulbes ou les barres et les corrections nécessaires doivent être apportées aux profils de luminosité et de vitesses de rotation de la galaxie. Dans les travaux de la seconde partie, le logiciel en développement libre OpenFilters a été modifié afin de tenir compte des contraintes mécaniques dans la conception numérique de revêtements optiques. Les contraintes mécaniques dans les couches minces ont un effet délétère sur leurs performances optiques. Un revêtement destiné à rendre réflectives les lames d'un étalon Fabry-Perot utilisé en astronomie a été conçu et fabriqué afin d'évaluer les performances réelles de la méthode. Ce cas a été choisi à cause de la diminution de la finesse d'un étalon Fabry-Perot apporté par la courbure des lames sous l'effet des contraintes. Les résultats montrent que les mesures concordent avec les modèles numériques et qu'il est donc possible à l'aide de ce logiciel d'optimiser les revêtements pour leur comportement mécanique autant que pour leurs propriétés optiques.

Identification de caractéristiques communes et rares dans les ARN structurés dans la base de données Rfam

Les ARN non codants (ARNnc) sont des transcrits d'ARN qui ne sont pas traduits en protéines et qui pourtant ont des fonctions clés et variées dans la cellule telles que la régulation des gènes, la transcription et la traduction. Parmi les nombreuses catégories d'ARNnc qui ont été découvertes, on trouve des ARN bien connus tels que les ARN ribosomiques (ARNr), les ARN de transfert (ARNt), les snoARN et les microARN (miARN). Les fonctions des ARNnc sont étroitement liées à leurs structures d’où l’importance de développer des outils de prédiction de structure et des méthodes de recherche de nouveaux ARNnc. Les progrès technologiques ont mis à la disposition des chercheurs des informations abondantes sur les séquences d'ARN. Ces informations sont accessibles dans des bases de données telles que Rfam, qui fournit des alignements et des informations structurelles sur de nombreuses familles d'ARNnc. Dans ce travail, nous avons récupéré toutes les séquences des structures secondaires annotées dans Rfam, telles que les boucles en épingle à cheveux, les boucles internes, les renflements « bulge », etc. dans toutes les familles d'ARNnc. Une base de données locale, RNAstem, a été créée pour faciliter la manipulation et la compilation des données sur les motifs de structure secondaire. Nous avons analysé toutes les boucles terminales et internes ainsi que les « bulges » et nous avons calculé un score d’abondance qui nous a permis d’étudier la fréquence de ces motifs. Tout en minimisant le biais de la surreprésentation de certaines classes d’ARN telles que l’ARN ribosomal, l’analyse des scores a permis de caractériser les motifs rares pour chacune des catégories d’ARN en plus de confirmer des motifs communs comme les boucles de type GNRA ou UNCG. Nous avons identifié des motifs abondants qui n’ont pas été étudiés auparavant tels que la « tetraloop » UUUU. En analysant le contenu de ces motifs en nucléotides, nous avons remarqué que ces régions simples brins contiennent beaucoup plus de nucléotides A et U. Enfin, nous avons exploré la possibilité d’utiliser ces scores pour la conception d’un filtre qui permettrait d’accélérer la recherche de nouveaux ARN non-codants. Nous avons développé un système de scores, RNAscore, qui permet d’évaluer un ARN en se basant sur son contenu en motifs et nous avons testé son applicabilité avec différents types de contrôles.

In vitro characterization of two small nucleolytic ribozymes-the hairpin and the hammerhead ribozymes in their natural context

Hairpin Ribozyme kommen natürlich in den Minussträngen der Satelliten RNAs dreier Pflanzenviren (sTRsV, sArMV and sCYMoV) vor. In dieser Arbeit wurden mit dem Programm Mfold darin mehrere distinkte Sekundärstrukturelemente gefunden, die außerhalb des katalytischen Zentrums der Ribozyme lokalisieren. Verschiedene Varianten der drei Ribozyme wurden hergestellt und die Funktion der beobachteten peripheren Strukturelemente biochemisch untersucht. Die sTRsV Hairpin Ribozyme mit unterschiedlichen Längen in Arm C wiesen ähnliche cis-Spaltungsreaktionen auf, unabhängig von der Anzahl interner bulges in Arm C. Das gleiche Verhalten, jedoch bei schnelleren Spaltungsraten, wurde nach Entfernen der three-way junction, die 3’ von der Spaltstelle in Arm A liegt, beobachtet. Hier hat Arm C demnach keinen Einfluss auf die Katalyse, wogegen ein verlängerter Arm A die Reaktion verlangsamt. Unter den experimentellen Bedingungen war die Rückreaktion in Anwesenheit des natürlichen Arms A nicht messbar. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten alle Varianten ohne die Arm A Erweiterung Ligationsaktivität, die am höchsten in dem Molekül mit dem längsten Arm C war, und gleichermaßen erniedrigt für zwei Varianten mit kürzerem Arm C. Keine der Reaktionen diverser sArMV Hairpin Ribozyme konnte reproduzierbar analysiert werden. Für das sCYMoV Hairpin Ribozym wurde schließlich in cis-Spaltungsreaktionen eine Zunahme der Geschwindigkeit mit Abnahme der Länge von Arm D beobachtet. Dies war der Fall in Anwesenheit der three-way junction in Arm A, nicht jedoch in ihrer Abwesenheit, wo Varianten mit unterschiedlichen Längen des Arms D ähnliche Spaltungsreaktionen aufwiesen. In Anwesenheit der three-way junction in Arm A war eine Reduzierung der Ligationsgeschwindigkeit zu beobachten, und bei ihrer Abwesenheit stieg diese mit der Länge von Arm D. Dies zeigt, dass sowohl die three-way junction in Arm A, als auch die Länge und Anzahl der bulges in Arm D die Reaktion des Hairpin Ribozyms aus sCYMoV beeinflussen, wobei sich Unterschiede in Vorwärts- und Rückreaktion auf die experimentellen Bedingungen zurückführen lassen. In zwei Serien wurde die zentrale five-way junction dieses Ribozyms durch verschiedene four-way junctions ersetzt. Die kinetischen Parameter der Selbstspaltung waren ähnlich für Varianten ohne Arm E auf, jedoch verlangsamt bei Varianten ohne Arm C. Dies zeigt, dass das sCYMoV Hairpin Ribozym auch um eine four-way junction gebildet werden kann, deren konstituierenden Helices jedoch nicht beliebig sind. In einem zweiten Projekt wurde die Konservierung von Hammerhead Ribozym-motiven, die bereits früher im Genom der Brassicacee A. thaliana gefunden worden waren, exemplarisch an zehn Mitgliedern dieser Familie untersucht. Da deren Genome nicht sequenziert sind, wurde PCR mit Primern angewandt, die für die A. thaliana Motive spezifisch waren. Damit konnten Ribozymmotive in allen untersuchten Brassicaceen außer B. nigra and B. oleracea gefunden werden. Diese gehören zu den sechs Brassica Pflanzen, für die der koreanische Botaniker U 1935 im “triangle of U” die genetische Verwandtschaft beschrieb. Darin ist B. carinata, für die Ribozymmotive gezeigt wurden, die Tochterspezies der Brassica Pflanzen ohne diese Motive. Dieser Widerspruch könnte darauf zurückzuführen sein, dass in der PCR unspezifische Primer genutzt wurden, oder aber die Motive aus B. carinata könnten ein Artefakt aus einer Luft-übertragenen Kontamination sein. Technische Schwierigkeiten in der Durchführung von Southern Blots, mit denen zwischen diesen Möglichkeiten unterschieden werden sollte, haben eine abschließende Antwort verhindert. Nach einer Optimierung der Methode sollte diese aber geeignet sein, diese Frage zu klären.

Molecular archaeology of Flaviviridae untranslated regions: duplicated RNA structures in the replication enhancer of flaviviruses and pestiviruses emerged via convergent evolution.

RNA secondary structures in the 3'untranslated regions (3'UTR) of the viruses of the family Flaviviridae, previously identified as essential (promoters) or beneficial (enhancers) for replication, have been analysed. Duplicated enhancer elements are revealed as a global feature in the evolution of the 3'UTR of distantly related viruses within the genera Flavivirus and Pestivirus. For the flaviviruses, duplicated structures occur in the 3'UTR of all four distantly related ecological virus subgroups (tick-borne, mosquito-borne, no known vector and insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFV). RNA structural differences distinguish tick-borne flaviviruses with discrete pathogenetic characteristics. For Aedes- and Culex-associated ISFV, secondary RNA structures with different conformations display numerous short ssRNA direct repeats, exposed as loops and bulges. Long quadruplicate regions comprise almost the entire 3'UTR of Culex-associated ISFV. Extended duplicated sequence and associated RNA structures were also discovered in the 3'UTR of pestiviruses. In both the Flavivirus and Pestivirus genera, duplicated RNA structures were localized to the enhancer regions of the 3'UTR suggesting an adaptive role predominantly in wild-type viruses. We propose sequence reiteration might act as a scaffold for dimerization of proteins involved in assembly of viral replicase complexes. Numerous nucleotide repeats exposed as loops/bulges might also interfere with host immune responses acting as a molecular sponge to sequester key host proteins or microRNAs.

On the cause of a magnetospheric flux transfer event

We present a detailed investigation of a magnetospheric flux transfer event (FTE) seen by the Active Magnetospheric Tracer Explorer (AMPTE) UKS and IRM satellites around 1046 UT on October 28, 1984. This event has been discussed many times previously in the literature and has been cited as support for a variety of theories of FTE formation. We make use of a model developed to reproduce ion precipitations seen in the cusp ionosphere. The analysis confirms that the FTE is well explained as a brief excursion into an open low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL), as predicted by two theories of magnetospheric FTEs: namely, that they are bulges in the open LLBL due to reconnection rate enhancements or that they are indentations of the magnetopause by magnetosheath pressure increases (but in the presence of ongoing steady reconnection). The indentation of the inner edge of the open LLBL that these two models seek to explain is found to be shallow for this event. The ion model reproduces the continuous evolution of the ion distribution function between the sheath-like population at the event center and the surrounding magnetospheric populations; it also provides an explanation of the high-pressure core of the event as comprising field lines that were reconnected considerably earlier than those that are draped over it to give the event boundary layer. The magnetopause transition parameter is used to isolate a field rotation on the boundaries of the core, which is subjected to the tangential stress balance test. The test identifies this to be a convecting structure, which is neither a rotational discontinuity (RD) nor a contact discontinuity, but could possibly be a slow shock. In addition, evidence for ion reflection off a weak RD on the magnetospheric side of this structure is found. The event structure is consistent in many ways with features predicted for the open LLBL by analytic MHD theories and by MHD and hybrid simulations. The de Hoffman-Teller velocity of the structure is significantly different from that of the magnetosheath flow, indicating that it is not an indentation caused by a high-pressure pulse in the sheath but is consistent with the motion of newly opened field lines (different from the sheath flow because of the magnetic tension force) deduced from the best fit to the ion data. However, we cannot here rule out the possibility that the sheath flow pattern has changed in the long interval between the two satellites observing the FTE and subsequently emerging into the magnetosheath; thus this test is not conclusive in this particular case. Analysis of the fitted elapsed time since reconnection shows that the core of the event was reconnected in one pulse and the event boundary layer was reconnected in a subsequent pulse. Between these two pulses is a period of very low (but nonzero) reconnection rate, which lasts about 14 mins. Thus the analysis supports, but does not definitively verify, the concept that the FTE is a partial passage into an open LLBL caused by a traveling bulge in that layer produced by a pulse in reconnection rate.

To what extent can mutual shifting of folded carbonaceous walls in slit-like pores affect their adsorption properties?

We have performed systematic Monte Carlo studies on the influence of shifting the walls in slit-like systems constructed from folded graphene sheets on their adsorption properties. Specifically, we have analysed the effect on the mechanism of argon adsorption (T = 87 K) and on adsorption and separation of three binary gas mixtures: CO2/N2, CO2/CH4 and CH4/N2 (T = 298 K). The effects of the changes in interlayer distance were also determined. We show that folding of the walls significantly improves the adsorption and separation properties in comparison to ideal slit-like systems. Moreover, we demonstrate that mutual shift of sheets (for small interlayer distances) causes the appearance of small pores between opposite bulges. This causes an increase in vapour adsorption at low pressures. Due to overlapping of interactions with opposite walls causing an increase in adsorption energy, the mutual shift of sheets is also connected with the rise in efficiency of mixtures separation. The effects connected with sheet orientation vanish as the interlayer distance increases.

Texture selection mechanisms in uniaxially extruded magnesium alloys

Extrusion textures in magnesium alloys are of high interest due to their influence on yield asymmetry. This data supports work describing three mechanisms of texture selection that may play a role during extrusion. These mechanisms involve localized differences in deformation at the grain level, the change in local environment experienced by grain boundary bulges and shear banding. The work employs visco-plastic crystal plasticity and electron backscattering diffraction.

Experimental studies and modelling of the deformation behaviour of multiple nanolayers

Microcompression tests were performed on monolithic Cu and Fe thin films and a Cu/Fe multilayer that had each individual layer of 200 nm thick, to understand the mechanical behaviour of multiple nanolayers. The micron-sized pillars were prepared by focused-ion beam (FIB) technique and compressed with a flat punch in a nanoindenter. The flow curves of the monolithic Cu and Fe thin films and Cu/Fe multilayer were extracted from the microcompression tests. The monolithic Cu thin film bulges in the top region of the pillar, while the Fe thin film cracks due to its columnar grain structure. For the Cu/Fe multilayer, the ductile Cu layers accommodate the majority of plastic deformation upon compression, while cracking in the Fe layers leads to the failure of the multilayer. Finite element models of microcompression tests were also developed to provide insights into the deformation behaviours of the multilayer and monolithic thin films. © 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Ultrastructural morphology and morphometry of the normal corneal endothelium of adult crossbred pig

O endotélio corneal é uma monocamada de células poligonais. A integridade e saúde dessa camada são essenciais para a manutenção da transparência corneal normal. Este estudo reportou pela primeira vez, de forma detalhada, a morfologia ultra-estrutural e a morfometria do endotélio corneal de suínos adultos mestiços à microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A superfície endothelial corneal apresentou um padrão regular de células poligonais, com predomínio da forma hexagonal e de bordas celulares nítidas. O núcleo foi observado como protuberância arredondada no centro da célula. Também foram observados os cílios (2-4) em apenas algumas células da região periférica da córnea, as aberturas das vesículas pinocitóticas na proximidade dos cílios, as microvilosidades, as varas da borda e as bordas celulares em formato de zigzag. A área celular média foi significativamente maior (P<0,05) no centro da córnea do que na periferia, com um coeficiente de variação menor no centro da córnea. A densidade celular média foi significativamente maior na periferia (P<0,05) e 43,9% maior que os dados reportados por outros autores na microscopia especular, o que demonstra o efeito da retração celular durante o processamento das amostras. O valor médio do número de lados das células (pleomorfismo) foi de 5,9, o que evidencia um predomínio do formato hexagonal. A percentagem de células hexagonais foi significativamente maior no centro (P<0,001). Os parâmetros obtidos nesta pesquisa servirão de base para estudos futuros sobre o efeito de medicamentos, cirurgias intracamerulares ou soluções para armazenamento de córneas para transplantes no endotélio corneal do suíno.

Análise topológica experimental por perfilometria cíclica indutiva de superficies de paredes estruturais

To enhance the maintenance practices, Oil and Gas Pipelines are inspected from the inside by automated systems called PIG (Pipeline Inspection Gauge). The inspection and mapping of defects, as dents and holes, in the internal wall of these pipelines are increasingly put into service toward an overall Structural Integrity Policy. The residual life of these structures must be determined such that minimize its probability of failure. For this reason, the investigation on the detection limits of some basic topological features constituted by peaks or valleys disposed along a smooth surface is of great value for determining the sensitivity of the measurements of defects from some combinations of circumferential, axial and radial extent. In this investigation, it was analyzed an inductive profilometric sensor to scan three races, radius r1, r2, r3, in a circular surface of low carbon steel, equipped with eight consecutive defects simulated by bulges and holes by orbit, equally spaced at p/4 rad. A test rig and a methodology for testing in laboratory were developed to evaluate the sensor response and identify their dead zones and jumps due to fluctuations as a function of topological features and scanning velocity, four speeds different. The results are presented, analyzed and suggestions are made toward a new conception of sensor topologies, more sensible to detect these type of damage morphologies