Gene replacement with the human BRCA1 locus: tissue specific expression and rescue of embryonic lethality in mice

We have generated transgenic mice that harbor a 140 kb genomic fragment of the human BRCA1 locus (TgN.BRCA1(GEN)). We find that the transgene directs appropriate expression of human BRCA1 transcripts in multiple mouse tissues, and that human BRCA1 protein is expressed and stabilized following exposure to DIVA damage, Such mice are completely normal, with no overt signs of BRCA1 toxicity commonly observed when BRCA1 is expressed from heterologous promoters. Most importantly, however, the transgene rescues the otherwise lethal phenotype associated with the targeted hypomorphic allele (Brca1(Delta exIISA)). Brca1(-/-); TgN.BRCA1(GEN) bigenic animals develop normally and can be maintained as a distinct line. These results show that a 140 kb fragment of chromosome 17 contains all elements necessary for the correct expression, localization, and function of the BRCA1 protein, Further, the model provides evidence that function and regulation of the human BRCA1 gene can be studied and manipulated in a genetically tractable mammalian system.

A single nucleotide polymorphism in the 5' untranslated region of RAD51 and risk of cancer among BRCA1/2 mutation carriers

RAD51 colocalizes with both BRCA1 and BRCA2, and genetic variants in RAD51 would be candidate BRCA1/2 modifiers. We searched for RAD51 polymorphisms by sequencing 20 individuals. We compared the polymorphism allele frequencies between female BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with and without breast or ovarian cancer and between population-based ovarian cancer cases with BRCA1/2 mutations to cases and controls without mutations. We discovered two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at positions 135 g-->c and 172 g-->t of the 5' untranslated region. In an initial group of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, 14 (21%) of 67 breast cancer cases carried a c allele at RAD51:135 g-->c, whereas 8 (7%) of 119 women without breast cancer carried this allele. In a second set of 466 mutation carriers from three centers, the association of RAD51:135 g-->c with breast cancer risk was not confirmed. Analyses restricted to the 216 BRCA2 mutation carriers, however, showed a statistically significant association of the 135 c allele with the risk of breast cancer (adjusted odds ratio, 3.2; 95% confidence limit, 1.4-40). BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with ovarian cancer were only about one half as likely to carry the RAD51:135 g-->c SNP. Analysis of the RAD51:135 g-->c SNP in 738 subjects from an Israeli ovarian cancer case-control study was consistent with a lower risk of ovarian cancer among BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with the c allele. We have identified a RAD51 5' untranslated region SNP that may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and a lower risk of ovarian cancer among BRCA2 mutation carriers. The biochemical basis of this risk modifier is currently unknown.

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and ATM and Rad3 related kinase mediate phosphorylation of Brca1 at distinct and overlapping sites - In vivo assessment using phospho-specific antibodies

Recent studies have provided evidence that breast cancer susceptibility gene products (Brca1 and Brca2) suppress cancer, at least in part, by participating in DNA damage signaling and DNA repair. Brca1 is hyperphosphorylated in response to DNA damage and co-localizes with Rad51, a protein involved in homologous-recombination, and Nbs1·Mre11·Rad50, a complex required for both homologous-recombination and nonhomologous end joining repair of damaged DNA. Here, we report that there is a qualitative difference in the phosphorylation states of Brca1 between ionizing radiation (IR) and UV radiation. Brca1 is phosphorylated at Ser-1423 and Ser-1524 after IR and UV; however, Ser-1387 is specifically phosphorylated after IR, and Ser-1457 is predominantly phosphorylated after UV. These results suggest that different types of DNA-damaging agents might signal to Brca1 in different ways. We also provide evidence that the rapid phosphorylation of Brca1 at Ser-1423 and Ser-1524 after IR (but not after UV) is largely ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase-dependent. The overexpression of catalytically inactive ATM and Rad3 related (ATR) kinase inhibited the UV-induced phosphorylation of Brca1 at these sites, indicating that ATR controls Brca1 phosphorylation in vivo after the exposure of cells to UV light. Moreover, ATR associates with Brca1; ATR and Brca1 foci co-localize both in cells synchronized in S phase and after exposure of cells to DNA-damaging agents. ATR can itself phosphorylate the region of Brca1 phosphorylated by ATM (Ser-Gln cluster in the C terminus of Brca1, amino acids 1241-1530). However, there are additional uncharacterized ATR phosphorylation site(s) between residues 521 and 757 of Brca1. Taken together, our results support a model in which ATM and ATR act in parallel but somewhat overlapping pathways of DNA damage signaling but respond primarily to different types of DNA lesion.

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and ATM and Rad3 related kinase mediate phosphorylation of Brca1 at distinct and overlapping sites - In vivo assessment using phospho-specific antibodies

Recent studies have provided evidence that breast cancer susceptibility gene products (Brca1 and Brca2) suppress cancer, at least in part, by participating in DNA damage signaling and DNA repair. Brca1 is hyperphosphorylated in response to DNA damage and co-localizes with Rad51, a protein involved in homologous-recombination, and Nbs1.Mre11.Rad50, a complex required for both homologous-recombination and nonhomologous end joining repair of damaged DNA. Here, we report that there is a qualitative difference in the phosphorylation states of Brca1 between ionizing radiation (IR) and UV radiation. Brca1 is phosphorylated at Ser-1423 and Ser-1524 after IR and W; however, Ser-1387 is specifically phosphorylated after IR, and Ser-1457 is predominantly phosphorylated after W. These results suggest that different types of DNA-damaging agents might signal to Brca1 in different ways. We also provide evidence that the rapid phosphorylation of Brca1 at Ser-1423 and Ser-1524 after IR (but not after W) is largely ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase-dependent. The overexpression of catalytically inactive ATM and Rad3 related (ATR) kinase inhibited the UV-induced phosphorylation of Brca1 at these sites, indicating that ATR controls Brca1 phosphorylation in vivo after the exposure of cells to UV light. Moreover, ATR associates with Brca1; ATR and Brca1 foci co-localize both in cells synchronized in S phase and after exposure of cells to DNA-damaging agents. ATR can itself phosphorylate the region of Brca1 phosphorylated by ATM (Ser-Gln cluster in the C terminus of Brca1, amino acids 1241-1530), However, there are additional uncharacterized ATR phosphorylation site(s) between residues 521 and 757 of Brca1, Taken together, our results support a model in which ATM and ATR act in parallel but somewhat overlapping pathways of DNA damage signaling but respond primarily to different types of DNA lesion.

Expression of a truncated Brca1 protein delays lactational mammary development in transgenic mice

To address the hypothesis that certain disease-associated mutants of the breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 have biological activity in vivo, we have expressed a truncated Brca1 protein (trBrca1) in cell-lines and in the mammary gland of transgenic mice. Immunofluorescent analysis of transfected cell-lines indicates that trBRCA1 is a stable protein and that it is localized in the cell cytoplasm. Functional analysis of these cell-lines indicates that expression of trBRCA1 confers an increased radiosensitivity phenotype on mammary epithelial cells, consistent with abrogation of the BRCA1 pathway. MMTV-trBrca1 transgenic mice from two independent lines displayed a delay in lactational mammary gland development, as demonstrated by altered histological profiles of lobuloalveolar structures. Cellular and molecular analyses indicate that this phenotype results from a defect in differentiation, rather than altered rates of proliferation or apoptosis. The results presented in this paper are consistent with trBrca1 possessing dominant-negative activity and playing an important role in regulating normal mammary development. They may also have implications for germline carriers of BRCA1 mutations.

Germline BRCA1 promoter deletions in UK and Australian familial breast cancer patients: Identification of a novel deletion consistent with BRCA1 :psi VBRCA1 recombination

Inherited susceptibility to breast cancer results from germline mutations in one of a number of genes including BRCA1. A significant number of BRCA1-linked familial breast cancer patients, however, have no detectable BRCA1 mutation. This could be due in part to the inability of commonly used mutation-detection techniques to identify mutations outside the BRCA1 coding region. This paper addresses the hypothesis that non coding region mutations, specifically in the BRCA1 promoter, account for some of these cases. We describe a new and detailed restriction map of the 5' region of the BRCA1 gene including the nearby NBR2, psiBRCA1, and NBR1 genes and the isolation of a number of new informative hybridization probes suitable for Southern analysis. Using this information we screened DNA from lymphoblastoid cell-lines made from 114 UK familial breast cancer patients and detected one large deletion in the 5' region of BRCA1. We show that the breakpoints for this deletion are in BRCA1 intron 2 and between NBR2 and exon 2 of psiBRCA1, raising the possibility that this deletion arose via a novel mechanism involving BRCA1:psiBRCA1 recombination. We have also screened 60 familial breast cancer patients from the Australian population, using an amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) technique described previously by our group, and found one patient with a genotype consistent with a BRCA1 promoter deletion. These findings indicate that germline BRCA1 promoter deletions are a rare and yet significant mutation event and that they could arise via a novel genetic mechanism. Hum Mutat 19:435-442, 2002. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Breast cancer 1 (BrCa1) may be behind decreased lipogenesis in adipose tissue from obese subjects.

CONTEXT Expression and activity of the main lipogenic enzymes is paradoxically decreased in obesity, but the mechanisms behind these findings are poorly known. Breast Cancer 1 (BrCa1) interacts with acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) reducing the rate of fatty acid biosynthesis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate BrCa1 in human adipose tissue according to obesity and insulin resistance, and in vitro cultured adipocytes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS BrCa1 gene expression, total and phosphorylated (P-) BrCa1, and ACC were analyzed in adipose tissue samples obtained from a total sample of 133 subjects. BrCa1 expression was also evaluated during in vitro differentiation of human adipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells. RESULTS BrCa1 gene expression was significantly up-regulated in both omental (OM; 1.36-fold, p = 0.002) and subcutaneous (SC; 1.49-fold, p = 0.001) adipose tissue from obese subjects. In parallel with increased BrCa1 mRNA, P-ACC was also up-regulated in SC (p = 0.007) as well as in OM (p = 0.010) fat from obese subjects. Consistent with its role limiting fatty acid biosynthesis, both BrCa1 mRNA (3.5-fold, p<0.0001) and protein (1.2-fold, p = 0.001) were increased in pre-adipocytes, and decreased during in vitro adipogenesis, while P-ACC decreased during differentiation of human adipocytes (p = 0.005) allowing lipid biosynthesis. Interestingly, BrCa1 gene expression in mature adipocytes was restored by inflammatory stimuli (macrophage conditioned medium), whereas lipogenic genes significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS The specular findings of BrCa1 and lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue and adipocytes reported here suggest that BrCa1 might help to control fatty acid biosynthesis in adipocytes and adipose tissue from obese subjects.

Large-scale genomic analyses link reproductive aging to hypothalamic signaling, breast cancer susceptibility and BRCA1-mediated DNA repair.

Menopause timing has a substantial impact on infertility and risk of disease, including breast cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We report a dual strategy in ∼70,000 women to identify common and low-frequency protein-coding variation associated with age at natural menopause (ANM). We identified 44 regions with common variants, including two regions harboring additional rare missense alleles of large effect. We found enrichment of signals in or near genes involved in delayed puberty, highlighting the first molecular links between the onset and end of reproductive lifespan. Pathway analyses identified major association with DNA damage response (DDR) genes, including the first common coding variant in BRCA1 associated with any complex trait. Mendelian randomization analyses supported a causal effect of later ANM on breast cancer risk (∼6% increase in risk per year; P = 3 × 10(-14)), likely mediated by prolonged sex hormone exposure rather than DDR mechanisms.

Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations in families with medium and high risk of breast and ovarian cancer in Brazil

Of all malignant neoplasias affecting women, breast cancer has the highest incidence rate in Brazil. The objective of the present study was to determine the frequency of genetic modifications in families with medium and high risk for breast and ovarian cancer from different regions of Brazil. An exploratory, descriptive study was carried out on the prevalence of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in case series of high-risk families for breast and/or ovarian cancer. After heredogram construction, a blood sample was taken and DNA extraction was performed in all index cases. The protein truncation test was used to screen for truncated mutations in exon 11 of the BRCA1 gene and in exons 10 and 11 of the BRCA2 gene. Of the 612 individuals submitted to genetic testing, 21 (3.4%), 19 women and 2 men, had mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Of the 19 BRCA1 mutations found in the 18 participants, 7 consisted of ins6kb mutations, 4 were 5382insC, 3 were 2156delGinsCC, 2 were 185delAG, 1 was C1201G, 1 was C3522T, and 1 was 3450del4. With respect to the BRCA2 gene, 3 mutations were found: 5878del10, 5036delA and 4232insA (one case each). The prevalence of germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes found in the present study was lower than reported by other studies on high-risk Brazilian populations. The inclusion of individuals with medium risk may have contributed to the lower prevalence observed.

Identificación de mutaciones en los genes BRCA1 y BRCA2 en pacientes del noreste de México con cáncer de mama

Tesis (Doctorado en Ciencias con Especialidad en Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Genética) UANL

Étude du transcriptome des cellules non tumorales de l’épithélium de surface de l’ovaire des femmes porteuses d’une mutation des gènes BRCA1 et BRCA2

Nous avons étudié le transcriptome de neuf échantillons d'ARN extraits de cultures primaires de cellules non tumorales de l’épithélium de surface de l’ovaire (NOSE) provenant de quatre donneuses non porteuses de mutation, deux mutées sur BRCA1 et trois sur BRCA2, ainsi que de quatre échantillons d’ARN extraits de cultures primaires de cellules tumorales de l’ovaire (TOV) provenant de trois donneuses porteuses de mutation sur BRCA1 et une sur BRCA2. Nous avons identifié, pour la première fois, les signatures moléculaires associées à la présence d’une mutation de BRCA1 et BRCA2 dans les cellules NOSEs ainsi que la signature associée à la transformation tumorale des cellules NOSEs en TOVs chez les porteuses de mutation de BRCA1. Nous avons également localisé les domaines chromosomiques comportant des gènes corégulés en association avec la présence d’une mutation de BRCA1 dans les cellules NOSEs. Les allèles sauvage et muté de BRCA2 étaient exprimés dans les cellules TOVs provenant des porteuses de la mutation 8765delAG sur BRCA2. Nous avons observé que le niveau d’expression des transcrits de BRCA2 était plus élevé dans les cellules provenant des tumeurs ovariennes les plus agressives chez les femmes porteuses de la mutation 8765delAG sur BRCA2, les transcrits correspondants à l’allèle muté contribuant avec un pourcentage élevé du niveau d’expression total du gène. Le phénotype tumoral observé chez les Canadiennes Françaises porteuses de cette mutation pourrait résulter d’un effet de dosage de l’allèle muté.

Rôles de BRCA1 dans la régulation de la recombinaison homologue : implications pour le maintien de la stabilité du génome humain et la carcinogenèse

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

The role of ubiquitination and deubiquitination in the regulation of BRCA1 function during genotoxic stress

BRCA1 est un suppresseur de tumeur majeur jouant un rôle dans la transcription, la réparation de l’ADN et le maintien de la stabilité génomique. En effet, des mutations dans le gène BRCA1 augmentent considerablement le risque de cancers du sein et de l’ovaire. BRCA1 a été en majorité caractérisé pour son rôle dans la réparation de l’ADN par la voie de recombinaison homologue (HR) en présence de bris double brins, par example, induits par l’irradiation gamma (IR). Cependant, la fonction de BRCA1 dans d’autres voies de réparation de l’ADN, comme la réparation par excision de nucléotides (NER) ou par excision de base (BER), demeurent toutefois obscures. Il est donc important de comprendre la régulation de BRCA1 en présence d’agents génotoxiques comme le méthyle méthanesulfonate (MMS) ou l’UV, qui promouvoient le BER et le NER respectivement. Nos observations suggèrent que BRCA1 est dégradée par le protéasome après traitement avec le MMS ou les UV, et non avec l’IR. Par ailleurs, cette dégradation semble compromettre le recrutement de Rad51, suggérant que la voie de HR est inhibée. Nos résultats suggèrent que la HR est inhibée afin d’éviter l’activation simultanée de multiples voies de réparation. Nous avons aussi observé que la dégradation BRCA1 est réversible et que la restauration des niveaux de BRCA1 coïncide avec le recrutement de Rad51 aux sites de dommages. Cela suggère que la HR est réactivée tardivement par les bris double brins générés suite à l’effondrement des fourches de réplication. Ayant observé que BRCA1 est hautement régulé par l’ubiquitination et est ciblé par le protéasome pour dégradation, nous avons émis une hypothèse que BRCA1 est régulé par des déubiquitinases. Cela amène à caractériser plus en profondeur par un criblage en déplétant les déubiquitinases individuellement par RNAi et en observant leur effet sur le recrutement de BRCA1 et des protéines reliées à cette voie. Un criblage préliminaire nous a permi d’identifié candidats potentiels tel que BAP1, CXORF53, DUB3, OTUB1 et USP36.

Biochemical and functional characterization of the tumor suppressors BRCA1 and BAP1

L’ubiquitination est une modification post-traductionnelle qui joue un rôle majeur dans la régulation d’une multitude de processus cellulaires. Dans cette thèse, je discuterai de la caractérisation de deux protéines, BRCA1 et BAP1, soit deux suppresseurs de tumeurs fonctionnellement reliés. BRCA1, une ubiquitine ligase qui catalyse la liaison de l’ubiquitine à une protéine cible, est mutée dans les cancers du sein et de l'ovaire. Il est bien établi que cette protéine aide à maintenir la stabilité génomique suite à un bris double brin de l’ADN (BDB), et ce, à l’aide d’un mécanisme de réparation bien caractérisé appelé recombinaison homologue. Cependant, les mécanismes de régulation de BRCA1 suite à des stresses génotoxiques n’impliquant pas directement un BDB ne sont pas pleinement élucidés. Nous avons démontré que BRCA1 est régulée par dégradation protéasomale suite à une exposition des cellules à deux agents génotoxiques reconnus pour ne pas directement générer des BDBs, soit les rayons UV, qui provoquent la distorsion de l’hélice d’ADN, et le méthyle méthanesulfonate (MMS), qui entraîne l’alkylation de l’ADN. La dégradation de BRCA1 est réversible et indépendante des kinases associées à la voie des PI3 kinase, soit ATM, ATR et DNA-PK, protéines qui sont rapidement activées par les dommages à l’ADN. Nous proposons que la dégradation de BRCA1 prévienne son recrutement intempestif, ainsi que celui des facteurs qui lui sont associés, à des sites de dommages d’ADN qui ne sont pas des BDBs, et que cette régulation coordonne la réparation de l’ADN. L’enzyme de déubiquitination BAP1 a initialement été identifiée comme une protéine capable d’interagir avec BRCA1 et de réguler sa fonction. Elle est également connue pour sa capacité à se lier avec les protéines du groupe Polycomb, ASXL1 et ASXL2. Cependant, l’importance de ces interactions n’a toujours pas été établie. Nous avons démontré que BAP1 forme deux complexes protéiques mutuellement exclusifs avec ASXL1 et ASXL2. Ces interactions sont critiques pour la liaison de BAP1 à l’ubiquitine ainsi que pour la stimulation de son activité enzymatique envers l’histone H2A. Nous avons également identifié des mutations de BAP1 dérivées de cancers qui empêchent à la fois son interaction avec ASXL1 et AXSL2, et son activité de déubiquitinase, ce qui fournit un lien mécanistique direct entre la déubiquitination de H2A et la tumorigenèse. Élucider les mécanismes de régulation de BRCA1 et BAP1 menera à une meilleure compréhension de leurs rôles de suppresseurs de tumeurs, permettant ainsi d’établir de nouvelles stratégies de diagnostic et traitement du cancer.

Metilação e expressão do gene BRCA1 em meningiomas

Pós-graduação em Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (Biotecnologia Médica) - FMB